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Comprehensive Summary: Amorphous nanomaterials are metastable nanomaterials which only have short‐range order within a few neighboring atoms, based on the local chemical bondings. Different from crystalline materials, the amorphous nanomaterials lack of long‐range order exhibit many intriguing and unique structu ral features, such as abundant active sites, structural flexibility, intrinsic isotropy and fast ionic transport. However, due to the unco nventional structural complexity, the systematic study and understanding of amorphous nanomaterials are still in the early stage. In this review, we will describe our journey to the synthesis, characterization and applications of amorphous nanomaterials, including catalysis, energy storage, optics and mechanics. What is the most favorite and original chemistry developed in your research group? Our group developed a variety of universal methods, such as "coordination etching" method, "self‐hydrolytic etch‐precipitation" method, photoetching method, co‐precipitation method, etc., to achieve the controllable preparation of amorphous nanomaterials with different morphology, size and dimension, and the catalytic, mechanical and optical properties of the materials and their potential applications were also studied. Moreover, the relevant mechanisms were proposed, the structure‐activity relationship was established, and the development and application of amorphous micro‐nanomaterials were promoted. How do you get into this specific field? Could you please share some experiences with our readers? My journey into the field of amorphous nanomaterials began 20 years ago when I developed a fascination for materials science and nanotechnology. During my early research experiences, I encountered the intriguing world of amorphous nanomaterials. These materials, lacking a long‐range crystalline order, presented both challenges and opportunities in terms of their synthesis and understanding their properties. It's a field where creativity and precision intersect, driving me to continually seek innovative solutions and deepen my understanding of nanoscale phenomena. How do you supervise your students? As a professor, I supervise students by setting clear expectations, holding regular meetings for feedback and guidance, and encouraging independent thinking. I support their career development by identifying opportunities and creating a collaborative environment. Adapting to individual needs, I foster a fair and consistent approach to help students grow professionally and academically. What is the most important personality for scientific research? One of the most important traits for scientific research is curiosity. It drives researchers to ask questions, explore new ideas, and seek innovative solutions. Curiosity fuels the desire to understand the unknown, propelling scientific discovery and breakthroughs. Additionally, persistence is crucial as research often involves challenges and setbacks that require perseverance to overcome. Clear communication skills are also vital for sharing findings and collaborating effectively within the scientific community. Who influences you mostly in your life? As a researcher, my greatest influences come from my mentors, Prof. Hesun Zhu, Qianshu Li and Shihe Yang who guide my academic journey and collaborators who inspire new ideas and perspectives. My mentors, who provide guidance and expertise play a crucial role in shaping my approach to research and career development. Their insights and support empower me to navigate challenges and continuously strive for excellence in my scientific endeavors. What are your hobbies? My hobbies are a blend of activities that complement and enrich my professional life. I enjoy participating in discussions and workshops within my academic community, where I can exchange ideas and learn from peers outside of formal research settings. Key Scientists: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Great Famine in China from 1959 to 1961 is recognized as one of the most severe social and public health disasters of the 20th century, with profound long-term impacts on the health of survivors, particularly on their mental health. Early-life malnutrition and psychological trauma are considered to contribute to a range of health issues in adulthood, including depression. Objective: This study aims to explore how the experience of the Chinese Great Famine from 1959 to 1961 affects the risk of depressive symptoms among the elderly. Using a mechanism analysis, the study investigates the roles of social support, socioeconomic status, and intergenerational support in this process. Methods: Using micro-level individual data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS), combined with province-level excess mortality data, this study employs a cohort-based difference-in-differences model to identify the causal effects of the famine experience on depression levels among the elderly. Results: The study reveals that experiencing the Great Famine significantly increases the risk of depression among the elderly. This effect is more pronounced among rural residents, those who experienced the famine during adolescence, and in regions less influenced by Confucian culture. The mechanism analysis indicates that diminished social support, lower socioeconomic status, and insufficient intergenerational support are the primary pathways through which the famine experience influences depression levels in the elderly. Conclusions: The experience of the Great Famine has exerted a long-term and profound impact on the mental health of the elderly in China, particularly in terms of depression. The findings provide new perspectives on understanding the long-term effects of major historical events on health and offer important empirical evidence for the development of mental health intervention policies for the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Triptolide (TP), a principal active substance from Tripterygium wilfordii, exhibits various pharmacological effects. However, its potential hepatotoxicity has always been a significant concern in clinical applications. Purpose: This research aimed to explore the involvement of ferroptosis in TP-mediated hepatic injury and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: In this study, in vitro and in vivo experiments were involved. Hepatocyte damage caused by TP was evaluated using MTT assays, liver enzyme measurement and H&E staining technique. Ferroptosis was assessed by measuring iron level, lipid peroxide, glutathione (GSH), mitochondrial morphology and the key protein/mRNA expression implicated in ferroptosis. To verify the contribution of ferroptosis to TP-induced liver damage, the ferroptosis inhibitor Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and a plasmid for overexpressing glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) were employed. Subsequently, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockout mice and Nrf2 overexpression plasmid were utilized to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Nontargeted lipidomics was used to analyze lipid metabolism in mouse liver. Moreover, the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), cycloheximide (CHX) and MG132 treatments, and immunoprecipitation (IP) assays were applied to validate the binding of TP to Nrf2 and their interactions. Results: TP triggered ferroptosis in hepatocytes, as indicated by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis was responsible for TP-induced hepatic injury. During the process of TP-induced liver damage, the Nrf2 signaling pathway was significantly suppressed. Notably, the deletion of Nrf2 in mice aggravated the extent of liver injury and ferroptosis associated with TP, whereas enhancing Nrf2 expression in cells significantly reduced TP-induced ferroptosis. Additionally, dysregulation of lipid metabolism was associated with TP-induced liver injury. TP may directly bind to Nrf2 and enhance its degradation through the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway, thereby inhibiting or reducing Nrf2 expression. Conclusion: In summary, the suppression of Nrf2 by TP facilitated the occurrence of ferroptosis, resulting in liver damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing interest in ferroelectric materials has witnessed the thriving prospect of bio-inspired artificial neuromorphic system, where multi-level polarization states play a crucial role. In this work, with typical BaTiO3 ferroelectric thin film as the model system, we explore the physical effects of inhomogeneity on polarization switching dynamics and neuromorphic performance. Inhomogeneous films exhibited pinched polarization–electric field hysteresis loops, leading to a high recognition accuracy of 96.03% for hand-written digits, compared to about 10.31% for homogeneous films. The inhomogeneity in switching dynamics was analyzed by inhomogeneous field mechanism. Diffusive distributions of switching time and local electric fields were observed, aligning with experimental results and the expected inhomogeneity. The prolonged domain wall depinning time and lowered energy consumption suggest the potential for multi-level polarization states, a possibility further confirmed by phase-field simulations that demonstrated their presence during long-term potentiation/depression. Our work highlights the positive influence of inhomogeneity in enhancing the performance of ferroelectric-based neuromorphic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Users' online activities serve as a mirror, reflecting their unique personas, affiliations, interests, and hobbies within the real world. Network information dissemination is inherently targeted, as users actively seek information to facilitate precise and swift communication. Delving into the nuances of information propagation on the Internet holds immense potential for facilitating commercial endeavors such as targeted advertising, personalized product recommendations, and insightful consumer behavior analyses. Recognizing that the intensity of information transmission diminishes with the proliferation of competing messages, increased transmission distances, and the passage of time, this paper draws inspiration from the concept of heat attenuation to formulate an innovative information propagation model. This model simulates the "heat index" of each node in the transmission process, thereby capturing the dynamic nature of information flow. Extensive experiments, bolstered by comparative analyses of multiple datasets and relevant algorithms, validate the correctness, feasibility, and efficiency of our proposed algorithm. Notably, our approach demonstrates remarkable accuracy and stability, underscoring its potential for real‐world applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytohormones are organic compounds produced in trace amounts within plants that regulate their physiological processes. Their physiological effects are highly complex and diverse. They influence processes ranging from cell division, elongation, and differentiation to plant germination and rooting. Therefore, phytohormones play a crucial regulatory role in plant growth and development. Recently, various studies have highlighted the role of PHs, such as auxin, cytokinin (CK), and abscisic acid (ABA), and newer classes of PHs, such as brassinosteroid (BR) and peptide hormone, in the plant responses toward environmental stresses. These hormones not only have distinct roles at different stages of plant growth but also interact to promote or inhibit each other, thus effectively regulating plant development. Roots are the primary organs for water and mineral absorption in plants. During seed germination, the radicle breaks through the seed coat and grows downward to form the primary root. This occurs because the root needs to quickly penetrate the soil to absorb water and nutrients, providing essential support for the plant's subsequent growth. Root development is a highly complex and precisely regulated process influenced by various signals. Changes in root architecture can affect the plant's ability to absorb nutrients and water, which in turn impacts crop yield. Thus, studying the regulation of root development is of great significance. Numerous studies have reported on the role of phytohormones, particularly auxins, in root regulation. This paper reviews recent studies on the regulation of root development by various phytohormones, both individually and in combination, providing a reference for researchers in this field and offering perspectives on future research directions for improving crop yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A monthly runoff prediction model(STL-VMD-SVM) based on a secondary decomposition using loess (STL) and variational mode decomposition (VMD) combined with a support vector machine(SVM)was proposed to address the nonlinear and non-stationary characteristics of runoff sequences. This model utilized STL to decompose the original runoff sequence into seasonal, trend, and residual terms of different frequencies and decomposed the residual term into IMFs through VMD. An SVM model was established to predict seasonal, trend, and IMFs. The sum of the predicted values of all IMFs was the predicted value of the residual term, and the product of seasonal, trend, and residual terms was the final predicted value of the original runoff series. Based on the monthly runoff time series of Heishiguan Station and Gaocun Station on the mainstream of the Yellow River in the Yiluo River Basin, an example application and universality evaluation were conducted, and compared with the BP neural network model and the long shortterm memory neural network model(LSTM). The results showed that for the runoff prediction of Heishiguan Station in the Yiluo River Basin, the NSE, MAPE, RMSE, and R in the validation period of the proposed model were 0. 977, 13. 705%, 0. 327 and 0. 991, respectively, and their prediction accuracy was better than that of the single model and the primary decomposition model. The secondary decomposition of STL-VMD could effectively improve the prediction accuracy of the model. The NSE, MAPE, RMSE, and R during the validation period in the runoff prediction at Gaocun Station on the mainstream of the Yellow River were 0. 979, 8. 509%, 3. 263, and 0. 989, respectively, which also achieved good prediction results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the predictive value of the 21-gene recurrence score (RS) on the survival outcomes of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) in elderly patients with T1N0 luminal breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery. Methods: We retrospectively included patients aged ≥ 70 years and diagnosed with T1N0 luminal BC between 2004 and 2015 using the data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results. The RS groups were categorized using the TAILORx criteria as follows: low risk (RS < 11) (LR), intermediate risk (RS 11–25) (IR), and high risk (RS > 25) (HR). Kaplan–Meier analysis, propensity score matching (PSM), and Cox proportional hazards analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: We included 5901 patients in the analysis. Of the patients, 4492 (76.1%) underwent PORT, while 1409 (23.9%) did not receive PORT. There were 1588 (26.9%), 3613 (61.2%), and 700 (12.0%) patients classified as LR, IR, and HR, respectively. There were 1182 (74.4%), 2773 (76.8%), and 537 (76.7%) patients in the LR, IR, and HR groups receiving PORT, respectively (P = 0.182). A total of 1353 pairs of patients were completely matched using PSM. PORT was independently associated with better overall survival (OS) (P < 0.001) and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) (P = 0.015) in the entire cohort. The sensitivity analyses showed that the receipt of PORT was not associated with OS (P = 0.887) and BCSS (P = 0.861) in the LR group. However, the receipt of PORT was associated with OS (P < 0.001) and BCSS in the IRHR group (P = 0.026). Conclusion: Our study highlights the possible role of the 21-gene RS in predicting the survival outcomes of PORT following BCS in elderly patients with T1N0 luminal breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mismatch of medical resources is a significant issue in global healthcare, undermining both service accessibility and system efficiency. In China, despite the implementation of the "Healthy China" strategy, persistent mismatches remain due to factors such as industrialization, urbanization, and population aging. This study empirically evaluates the impact of Public Hospital Reform (PHR) on mitigating these mismatches. Methods: A Difference-in-Differences (DD) approach is applied to panel data from 300 cities spanning 2010 to 2021, using the phased implementation of PHR as a quasi-natural experiment. This allows for a comparative analysis of changes in resource allocation between cities that adopted the reform and those that did not. Quantile regression assesses the effects of PHR across varying levels of resource mismatch, while mechanism tests investigate how PHR influences mismatches through cost reduction and supply expansion. Results: PHR is found to reduce medical resource mismatches by 13.9%, primarily driven by cost reductions and increased resource supply. The effects are more pronounced at both lower and higher levels of mismatch, with a limited impact at mid-levels. Furthermore, the reform's effectiveness diminishes as it is extended to more cities, suggesting a potential saturation effect. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PHR significantly alleviates medical resource mismatches in China. The findings underscore the need to focus on cost control and resource supply in future healthcare reforms, providing key insights for policymakers in developing countries facing similar healthcare resource challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient catalysis of ammonia borane (AB) holds potential for realizing controlled energy release from hydrogen fuel and addressing cost challenges faced by hydrogen storage. Here, we report that amorphous domains on metallic Fe crystal structures (R-Fe2O3 Foam) can achieve AB catalytic performances and stability (turnover frequency (TOF) of 113.6 min−1, about 771 L H2 in 900 h, and 43.27 mL/(min·cm2) for 10×10 cm2 of Foam) that outperform reported benchmarks (most <14 L H2 in 45 h) by at least 20 times. These notable increases are enabled by the stable Fe crystal structure, while defects and unsaturated atoms in the amorphous domains form Fe-B intermediates that significantly lower the dissociation barriers of H2O and AB. Given that the catalyst lifetime is a key determinant for the practical use in fuel cells, our R-Fe2O3 Foam also provides decent H2 supply (180 mL H2/min, AB water solution of 7.5 wt% H2) in a driven commercial car fuel cell at stable power outputs (7.8 V and 1.6 A for at least 5 h). When considered with its facile synthesis method, these materials are potentially very promising for realizing durable high-performance AB catalysts and viable chemical storage in hydrogen powered vehicles. Hydrogen storage and release are critical issues for commercial use. Here, authors report a Fe Foam with amorphous domains for the hydrolysis of ammonia borane with ultra-long lifetime over 900 h, realizing the on-board H2 supply of a model car. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: With the continued prevalence of COVID-19, repeated infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become common. However, studies on immune persistence post Omicron XBB reinfection are limited. Methods: We prospectively studied the durability and cross-reactivity of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and T cell responses among 20 subjects who suffered Omicron BA.5 infection with or without Omicron XBB reinfection over 6-month through the pseudovirus neutralization test and the fluorospot assay. Results: NAbs against EG.5.1, BA.2.86, and JN.1 subvariants were decreased and undetectable at 6-month post Omicron BA.5 infection, while those elicited by Omicron XBB reinfection were significant increased and remained detectable against all detected variants within 6-month. Furthermore, in subjects with Omicron XBB reinfection, memory T cell responses could cross-recognized wild-type and Omicron spike peptides and reached peak at 3-month. Interestingly, comparable robust T cell responses were observed among nonseroconverted subjects post Omicron XBB exposure. Conclusion: Though the NAbs against various emerging Omicron subvariants elicited by Omicron XBB reinfection can persist for at least 6-month, the HCWs should strengthen personal protection and timely be immunized with updated vaccines upon current circulating variants or conserved T epitope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to gain an in-depth understanding of the geothermal geological characteristics and heat-forming conditions in the Tangyuan fault-depression area, this paper has carried out a series of detailed geological works, including geological surveys and geophysical explorations. Through these works, combined with the results of systematic drilling, sampling tests, and dynamic monitoring, we have studied, analyzed, and compared the relevant data to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the geological characteristics in the Tangyuan fault-depression area. During the research process, we preliminarily determined the stratigraphic structure and geological structure in this area and clarified the characteristics of the main geothermal reservoir and its burial conditions. These findings provide basic data support for our understanding of the formation and distribution of geothermal resources. At the same time, we have carried out a systematic analysis of the basic geothermal geological parameters, laying the foundation for the future calculation and evaluation of geothermal resource reserves. Through the collation and analysis of these research results, this paper not only provides a scientific basis for the development of geothermal resources in the Tangyuan fault-depression area but also provides specific references for future development prospect plans. This series of work will lay a solid foundation for further development and utilization of geothermal resources and promote the sustainable development of the regional economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene‐editing technology has become a transformative tool for the precise manipulation of biological genomes and holds great significance in the field of animal disease‐resistant breeding. Mastitis, a prevalent disease in animal husbandry, imposes a substantial economic burden on the global dairy industry. In this study, a regulatory sequence gene editing breeding strategy for the successful creation of a gene‐edited dairy (GED) goats with enhanced mastitis resistance using the ISDra2‐TnpB system and dairy goats as the model animal is proposed. This included the targeted integration of an innate inflammatory regulatory sequence (IRS) into the promoter region of the lysozyme (LYZ) gene. Upon Escherichia Coli (E. coli) mammary gland infection, GED goats exhibited increased LYZ expression, showing robust anti‐mastitis capabilities, mitigating PANoptosis activation, and alleviating blood‐milk‐barrier (BMB) damage. Notably, LYZ is highly expressed only in E. coli infection. This study marks the advent of anti‐mastitis gene‐edited animals with exogenous‐free gene expression and demonstrates the feasibility of the gene‐editing strategy proposed in this study. In addition, it provides a novel gene‐editing blueprint for developing disease‐resistant strains, focusing on disease specificity and biosafety while providing a research basis for the widespread application of the ISDra2‐TnpB system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop high-performance anion exchange membranes (AEMs), the effect of the length of semi-fluoroalkyl pendants on physical and electrochemical properties of the resulting AEMs was investigated. A series of 2,5-dichlorobenzene monomers differing in semi-fluoroalkyl pendant length were synthesized and copolymerized with 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)hexafluoropropane and piperidine functionalized 2,7-dichlorofluorene. The terpolymers provided bendable membranes by solution casting. The membranes with comparable ion exchange capacity (IEC = ca. 1.85 meq g−1) showed similar water uptake, while the hydroxide ion conductivity increased by 24% on increasing the pendant chain from 7 to 11 carbons. The maximum ion conductivity of 112 mS cm−1 (at 80 °C) was achieved for the membrane formulated with the C11 pendant. Cx-QPip-n membranes showed good alkaline stability; in particular, C11-QPip-1.86 retained 75% of the original conductivity after 1056 h under harsh alkaline conditions (8 M KOH at 80 °C). An alkaline water electrolysis cell assembled with the C11-QPip-1.86 membrane and with a PGM-free anode catalyst (Ni0.8Co0.2O) showed good performance (1.0 A cm−2 at 1.64 V) with high voltage efficiency (75%). The cell was durable for 1000 h with minor voltage change (28 μV h−1) under constant current density (1.0 A cm−2) operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed an innovative recyclable printed magnetoresistive sensor using GMR microflakes and AMR microparticles as functional fillers, with PECH as the elastomer binder. Under saturation magnetic fields of 100 mT and 30 mT, these sensors respectively exhibit magnetoresistance values of 4.7% and 0.45%. The excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability of the PECH elastomer binder endow these sensors with outstanding flexibility and temperature stability. This flexibility, low cost, and scalability make these sensors highly suitable for integration into flexible electronic devices, such as smart security systems and home automation. Moreover, these sensors are fully recyclable and reusable, allowing the materials to be separated, reused, and remanufactured without loss of performance. The low energy consumption of the production process and the recyclability of the materials significantly reduce the environmental impact of these magnetic field sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis is a form of cell death that is triggered by the presence of ferrous ions and is characterized by lipid peroxidation induced by these ions. The mechanism exhibits distinct morphological characteristics compared to apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. A notable aspect of ferroptosis is its ability to inhibit uncontrolled tumor replication and immortalization, especially in malignant, drug-resistant, and metastatic tumors. Additionally, immunotherapy, a novel therapeutic approach for tumors, has been found to have a reciprocal regulatory relationship with ferroptosis in the context of anti-tumor therapy. A comprehensive analysis of ferroptosis and immunotherapy in tumor therapy is presented in this paper, highlighting the potential for mutual adjuvant effects. Specifically, we discuss the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis and immunotherapy, emphasizing their ability to improve the tumor immune microenvironment and enhance immunotherapeutic effects. Furthermore, we investigate how immunotherapeutic factors may increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to ferroptosis. We aim to provide a prospective view of the promising value of combined ferroptosis and immunotherapy in anticancer therapy by elucidating the mutual regulatory network between each. Ferroptosis in the tumor microenvironment involves intricate crosstalk between tumor cells and immune cells. Through MHC recognition, CD8+T cells activate the JAK1/STAT1 pathway in tumor cells, impairing the function of System Xc and reducing GSH and GPX4 expression to promote tumor cell ferroptosis. Additionally, activation of the STAT1-IRF1-ACSL4 pathway could also promote ferroptosis. The blockade of the antioxidant pathway in tumor cells induces ferroptosis, and the released DAMPs could promote DCs maturation through the cGAMP-STING-TBK1 pathway, leading to antigen presentation that activates CD8+T cells. The release of DAMPs also induces the M1-type polarization of macrophages, which exerts an anti-tumor effect. The anti-tumor effects of CD8+T cells could also be enhanced by blocking inhibitory immune checkpoints such as PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA4, and LAG3. Abbreviations: ACSL4, acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4; BH4, tetrahydrobiopterin; cGAMP, cyclic GMP-AMP; CTLA4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4; DCs, dendritic cells; DHFR, dihydrofolate reductase; DHODH, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase; GPX4, glutathione peroxidase 4; GSH, glutathione; HIF-1α, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α;IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IRF1, interferon regulatory factor 1;IRP1, iron regulatory protein 1; JAK 1, janus kinase; LAG3, lymphocyte activation gene 3; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2; PD-1, programmed death protein -1; PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; ROS, reative oxygen species; STAT1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; STING, stimulator of interferon genes; TBK1, TANK-binding kinase 1 TLR2, toll-like receptor 2. This diagram was drawn by Figdraw (www.figdraw.com). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insufficient investigation of nocturnal floral visitors may bias our understanding of floral diversification in many plant lineages. Here we re-examined the pollination ecology of Rhododendron excellens, which lacks a narrow floral tube characteristic of many hawkmoth flowers and has been considered a bee specialist with daytime observations alone. We used five temporally sequential proxies (i.e. visitation rate, pollen deposition, fruit production, seed production, and seed viability) covering the entire process of reproduction to track the relative importance of the two floral visitor groups that were active by day and by night respectively. We then quantified the floral syndrome and tested the mating system with hand pollination treatments. Both bumblebees and hawkmoths regularly visited R. excellens in two flowering seasons. Hawkmoths' relative importance increased step-by-step from being inferior to bumblebees (floral visitation and pollen deposition) to making over three times the contribution by bumblebees (seed viability). This is probably because they differ in the ability to deliver outcross pollen for this partially self-compatible species. Correspondingly, R. excellens exhibits a floral syndrome associated with a particular subdivision of sphingophily. We revealed a distinctive pollination mode that mainly involves nocturnal pollinators and is likely to have repeatedly evolved in Rhododendron. Our findings also highlight the need to consider the 'quality' of pollen deposited onto stigmas, whose effect on plant fecundity may significantly expand over the course of sexual reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monoatomic-layered carbon materials, such as graphene1 and amorphous monolayer carbon2,3, have stimulated intense fundamental and applied research owing to their unprecedented physical properties and a wide range of promising applications4,5. So far, such materials have mainly been produced by chemical vapour deposition, which typically requires stringent reaction conditions compared to solution-phase synthesis. Herein, we demonstrate the solution preparation of free-standing nitrogen-doped amorphous monolayer carbon with mixed five-, six- and seven-membered (5-6-7-membered) rings through the polymerization of pyrrole within the confined interlayer cavity of a removable layered-double-hydroxide template. Structural characterizations and first-principles calculations suggest that the nitrogen-doped amorphous monolayer carbon was formed by radical polymerization of pyrrole at the α, β and N sites subjected to confinement of the reaction space, which enables bond rearrangements through the Stone–Wales transformation. The spatial confinement inhibits the C–C bond rotation and chain entanglement during polymerization, resulting in an atom-thick continuous amorphous layer with an in-plane π-conjugation electronic structure. The spatially confined radical polymerization using solid templates and ion exchange strategy demonstrates potential as a universal synthesis approach for obtaining two-dimensional covalent networks, as exemplified by the successful synthesis of monolayers of polythiophene and polycarbazole.Free-standing nitrogen-doped amorphous monolayer carbon consisting of mixed five-, six- and seven-membered rings was prepared through the polymerization of pyrrole within the confined interlayer cavity of a removable layered-double-hydroxide template. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is one of the major threats to human health and lives. However, effective cancer treatments remain a great challenge in clinical medicine. As a common approach for cancer treatment, chemotherapy has saved the life of millions of people; however, patients who have gone through chemotherapy often suffer from severe side effects owing to the inherent cytotoxicity of anti-cancer drugs. Stabilizing the blood concentration of an anti-cancer drug will reduce the occurrence or severity of side effects, and relies on using an appropriate drug delivery system (DDS) for achieving sustained or even on-demand drug delivery. However, this is still an unmet clinical challenge since the mainstay of anti-cancer drugs is small molecules, which tend to be diffused rapidly in the body, and conventional DDSs exhibit the burst release phenomenon. Here, we establish a class of DDSs based on biodegradable core–shell microspheres with encapsulated doxorubicin hydrochloride-loaded gold nanoparticles (DOX@Au@MSs), with the core–shell microspheres being made of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) in the current study. By harnessing the physical barrier of the biodegradable shell of core–shell microspheres, DOX@Au@MSs can provide a sustained release of the anti-cancer drug in the test duration (which is 21 days in the current study). Thanks to the photothermal properties of the encapsulated gold nanoparticle carriers, the core–shell biodegradable microspheres can be ruptured through remotely controlled near-infrared (NIR) light, thereby achieving an NIR-controlled triggered release of the anti-cancer drug. Furthermore, the route of the DOX-Au@MS-enabled controlled release of the anti-cancer drug can provide durable cancer cell ablation for the long period of 72 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional water pipe settlement meters mainly measure water levels through pressure sensors to calculate the settlement within the dam. However, it has the problem of poor measurement stability. To address these shortcomings, a water level measurement method for water pipe settlement meters based on deep learning is proposed. This technology includes a specially designed water gauge and corresponding algorithms. The method involves segmenting the water gauge from top to bottom using a camera and selecting the image containing the water level line. A QR code is used to correct the angle of the image and separate the water gauge, simultaneously, and centimeter-level water level coordinates are obtained. Based on the UNet model, an image matting model is used to accurately segment the water level. Finally, a YOLOv5 model is employed to identify millimeter-level coordinates on the gauge. Experimental results demonstrate that this technology has strong environmental adaptability. The measurement error is less than 0.3 mm compared to manual readings, meeting the requirements of practical engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Berry–Tabor (BT) conjecture is a famous statistical inference in quantum chaos, which not only establishes the spectral fluctuations of quantum systems whose classical counterparts are integrable but can also be used to describe other wave phenomena. In this paper, the BT conjecture has been extended to Lévy plates. As predicted by the BT conjecture, level clustering is present in the spectra of Lévy plates. The consequence of level clustering is studied by introducing the distribution of nearest neighbor frequency level spacing ratios P (r ∼) , which is calculated through the analytical solution obtained by the Hamiltonian approach. Our work investigates the impact of varying foundation parameters, rotary inertia, and boundary conditions on the frequency spectra, and we find that P (r ∼) conforms to a Poisson distribution in all cases. The reason for the occurrence of the Poisson distribution in the Lévy plates is the independence between modal frequencies, which can be understood through mode functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The serious problem of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning on the surface of Pt-based catalysts has long constrained the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Regeneration of Pt sites by maintaining CO scavenging ability through precise construction of the surface and interface structure of the catalyst is the key to obtaining high-performance CO-resistant catalysts. Here, we used molybdenum carbide (MoCx) as the support for Pt and introduced Ru single atoms (SA-Ru) at the Pt-MoCx interface to jointly decrease the CO adsorption strength on Pt. More importantly, the MoCx and SA-Ru are immune to CO poisoning, which continuously assists in the oxidation of adsorbed CO by generating oxygen species from water dissociation. These two effects combine to confer this anode catalyst (SA-Ru@Pt/MoCx) remarkable CO tolerance and the ability to operate stably in fuel cell with high CO concentration (power output 85.5 mW cm−2@20,000 ppm CO + H2 – O2), making it possible to directly use the cheap reformed hydrogen as the fuel for PEMFCs. Here, authors report a Pt-based catalyst resistant to high concentration CO poisoning for fuel cell applications, making it possible to use reformed hydrogen directly as fuel for fuel cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern medical technology innovation is a critical safeguard for human health, while a significant number of developing nations are confronted with the challenge of biopharmaceutical technological advancement. To investigate the possible routes of technological advancement, we investigated the impact of the endogenous knowledge spillover effect on firm innovation endeavors. Our research involves a theoretical two-stage R&D game model that is built around the characteristics of pharmaceutical organizations. Theoretical studies elucidated the impact as well as the probable mechanism of the spillover effect. To verify the theoretical study, we conducted econometric analysis using data from the pharmaceutical sector of Chinese enterprise listed on the A-share market. The study's findings indicate that endogenous knowledge spillovers impede organizations' innovation endeavors. This phenomenon may be attributed to the existence of the patent race paradigm and high concentration of enterprises' R&D endeavors in specific areas. Additional examination of heterogeneity demonstrates that private firms, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and non-high-tech enterprises experience a larger adverse impact from the spillover effect. Hence, we suggest implementing "loser's subsidies", reallocating R&D resources, and making modifications to competition policies as measures to enhance the innovation performance of biopharmaceutical markets. These policies will facilitate the technical advancement of medicines in developing nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The serious problem of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning on the surface of Pt-based catalysts has long constrained the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Regeneration of Pt sites by maintaining CO scavenging ability through precise construction of the surface and interface structure of the catalyst is the key to obtaining high-performance CO-resistant catalysts. Here, we used molybdenum carbide (MoCx) as the support for Pt and introduced Ru single atoms (SA-Ru) at the Pt-MoCx interface to jointly decrease the CO adsorption strength on Pt. More importantly, the MoCx and SA-Ru are immune to CO poisoning, which continuously assists in the oxidation of adsorbed CO by generating oxygen species from water dissociation. These two effects combine to confer this anode catalyst (SA-Ru@Pt/MoCx) remarkable CO tolerance and the ability to operate stably in fuel cell with high CO concentration (power output 85.5 mW cm−2@20,000 ppm CO + H2 – O2), making it possible to directly use the cheap reformed hydrogen as the fuel for PEMFCs. Here, authors report a Pt-based catalyst resistant to high concentration CO poisoning for fuel cell applications, making it possible to use reformed hydrogen directly as fuel for fuel cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importin β-superfamily nuclear import receptors (NIRs) mitigate mislocalization and aggregation of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), like FUS and TDP-43, which are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. NIRs potently disaggregate RBPs by recognizing their nuclear localization signal (NLS). However, disease-causing mutations in NLS compromise NIR binding and activity. Here, we define features that characterize the anti-aggregation activity of NIR and NLS. We find that high binding affinity between NIR and NLS, and optimal NLS location relative to the aggregating domain plays a role in determining NIR disaggregation activity. A designed FUS chimera (FUSIBB), carrying the importin β binding (IBB) domain, is solubilized by importin β in vitro, translocated to the nucleus in cultured cells, and downregulates the expression of endogenous FUS. In this study, we posit that guiding the mutual recognition of NLSs and NIRs will aid the development of therapeutics, illustrated by the highly soluble FUSIBB replacing the aggregation-prone endogenous FUS. This study developed a FUS chimera (FUSIBB) with a highly efficient anti-aggregation signal that is engaged by a nuclear import receptor, Importin beta. FUSIBB can mitigate aggregation and reduce expression of a neurodegeneration-linked protein, FUS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing high entropy alloys (HEAs) with both high mechanical properties and good corrosion performance is essential. In this study, FeCoCrNiMn-(N, Si) HEAs with harmonic structure (HS) and partially recrystallized structure were prepared by powder metallurgy and thermomechanical processing, respectively. Their microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior were systematically investigated. The HS sample has a microstructure where coarse grains are surrounded by fine grains. Nanotwins, microbands, and planar dislocations were the main deformed microstructure in FeCoCrNiMn-(N, Si) HEAs, contributing to a steady strain hardening rate. The partially recrystallized structure can effectively enhance mechanical properties but deteriorate the corrosion properties. In addition, the HS sample, which was fabricated by mixing coarse and fine powders, exhibited better strength and corrosion properties in comparison with the sample with a homogenized structure prepared using fine powders. Hence, this study demonstrates a method that allows the use of large size powders to achieve satisfactory properties while minimizing material waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importin β-superfamily nuclear import receptors (NIRs) mitigate mislocalization and aggregation of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), like FUS and TDP-43, which are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. NIRs potently disaggregate RBPs by recognizing their nuclear localization signal (NLS). However, disease-causing mutations in NLS compromise NIR binding and activity. Here, we define features that characterize the anti-aggregation activity of NIR and NLS. We find that high binding affinity between NIR and NLS, and optimal NLS location relative to the aggregating domain plays a role in determining NIR disaggregation activity. A designed FUS chimera (FUSIBB), carrying the importin β binding (IBB) domain, is solubilized by importin β in vitro, translocated to the nucleus in cultured cells, and downregulates the expression of endogenous FUS. In this study, we posit that guiding the mutual recognition of NLSs and NIRs will aid the development of therapeutics, illustrated by the highly soluble FUSIBB replacing the aggregation-prone endogenous FUS. This study developed a FUS chimera (FUSIBB) with a highly efficient anti-aggregation signal that is engaged by a nuclear import receptor, Importin beta. FUSIBB can mitigate aggregation and reduce expression of a neurodegeneration-linked protein, FUS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to develop a stacking model for accurately predicting axillary lymph node (ALN) response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) using longitudinal MRI in breast cancer. Methods: We included patients with node-positive breast cancer who received NAC following surgery from January 2012 to June 2022. We collected MRIs before and after NAC, and extracted radiomics features from the tumour, peritumour, and ALN regions. The Mann–Whitney U test, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and Boruta algorithm were used to select features. We utilised machine learning techniques to develop three single-modality models and a stacking model for predicting ALN response to NAC. Results: This study consisted of a training cohort (n = 277), three external validation cohorts (n = 313, 164, and 318), and a prospective cohort (n = 81). Among the 1153 patients, 60.62% achieved ypN0. The stacking model achieved excellent AUCs of 0.926, 0.874, and 0.862 in the training, external validation, and prospective cohort, respectively. It also showed lower false-negative rates (FNRs) compared to radiologists, with rates of 14.40%, 20.85%, and 18.18% (radiologists: 40.80%, 50.49%, and 63.64%) in three cohorts. Additionally, there was a significant difference in disease-free survival between high-risk and low-risk groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The stacking model can accurately predict ALN status after NAC in breast cancer, showing a lower false-negative rate than radiologists. Trial registration number: The clinical trial numbers were NCT03154749 and NCT04858529. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the differences in clinicopathological features and outcomes of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients with and without nephrotic syndrome. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, IgAN patients from January 2006 to December 2011 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were enrolled and followed up to Dec 31, 2013. Logistic and Cox regression were conducted to evaluate the associated factors of nephrotic syndrome (NS) and its relation with outcomes of creatinine doubling and progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Results: A total of 1413 patients with IgAN were enrolled in this study, 57 (4.0%) of whom exhibited NS. Meanwhile, 13 (22.8%) of NS IgAN patients had minimal change disease (MCD). Logistic regression showed that more presence of hypertension, less glomerular sclerosis, less tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis, and lower density of IgA deposition in mesangial region were significantly associated with NS IgAN that were independent of age and gender. In addition, a total of 921 patients (890 with non-NS IgAN and 31 with NS IgAN) were followed up to Dec 31, 2013. After adjusting for age, sex, baseline estimated glomerular rate, hypertension and hemoglobin, no significant difference was observed in outcomes of serum creatinine doubling and ESKD between patients with or without NS IgAN. Conclusions: Prevalence of NS IgAN patients was 4.0%, and 22.8% of them had MCD. Patients with NS IgAN had more severe clinical but less severe pathological features. However, outcomes of serum creatinine doubling and ESKD were not significantly different between patients with or without NS IgAN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the interrelationships between land use, climate change, and regional water yield is critical for effective water resource management and ecosystem protection. However, comprehensive insights into how water yield evolves under different land use scenarios and climate change remain elusive. This study employs the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) models, Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model, and Geodetector within a unified framework to evaluate the dynamics of land use, water yield, and their relationships with various factors (meteorological, social, economic, etc.). To forecast the land use/cover change (LUCC) pattern of the Yellow River Basin by 2030, three scenarios were considered: economic development priority (Scenario 1), ecological development priority (Scenario 2), and cropland development priority (Scenario 3). Climate change scenarios were constructed using CMIP6 data, representing low-stress (SSP119), medium-stress (SSP245), and high-stress (SSP585) conditions. The results show the following: (1) from 2000 to 2020, cropland was predominant in the Yellow River Basin, Henan Province, with significant land conversion to impervious land (construction land) and forest land; (2) water yield changes during this period were primarily influenced by meteorological factors, with land use changes having negligible impact; (3) by 2030, the water yield of Scenario 1 is highest among different land use scenarios, marginally surpassing Scenario 2 by 1.60 × 108 m3; (4) climate scenarios reveal significant disparities, with SSP126 yielding 54.95 × 108 m3 higher water yield than SSP245, driven predominantly by precipitation; (5) Geodetector analysis identifies precipitation as the most influential single factor, with significant interactions among meteorological and socio-economic factors. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and researchers in formulating land use and water resource management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In offshore engineering, soft clay foundations supporting infrastructure are subjected to significant multidirectional cyclic shear stresses due to earthquake or storm loads. To explore the undrained multidirectional cyclic behavior of foundation clays under critical loading conditions, a series of tests were conducted using a variable-direction dynamic cyclic shear system. By controlling the amplitude ratio (η) of two mutually perpendicular shear stresses in the horizontal plane, both unidirectional and multidirectional cyclic shear stress paths were achieved. The shear strength, stiffness, and pore water pressure are presented and discussed by considering the effects of η and cyclic stress ratio (CSR). The results suggest that the increase of CSR and η accelerates the cyclic failure, stiffness degradation, and pore water pressure accumulation of the clay specimens. An η-independent cyclic strength curve is established by normalizing the CSR to 0.755η. Although η hardly affects the shear modulus in the x direction (Gx) during the first cycle and at failure, it affects the parameter (χ) governing the shape of the stiffness degradation curve. Additionally, a model is proposed for predicting the evolution of normalized residual pore water pressure with respect to the number of cycles, wherein the parameter d remains unaffected by CSR and η. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum entanglement is a fundamental characteristic of quantum mechanics, and understanding the robustness of entanglement across different mixed states is crucial for comprehending the entanglement properties of general quantum states. In this paper, the robustness of entanglement of Dicke–W and Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) mixed states under different mixing ratios is calculated using the entanglement witness method. The robustnesses of entanglement of Dicke–W and GHZ mixed states are different when the probability ratio of Dicke to W is greater than 3 2 and less than 3 2 . For the probability of Dicke and W states greater than or equal to 3 2 , we study the robustness of entanglement of Dicke and GHZ mixed states and analyze and calculate their upper and lower bounds. For the probability of Dicke and W states less than 3 2 , we take the equal probability ratio of Dicke and W states as an example and calculate and analyze the upper and lower bounds of their robustness of entanglement in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal is a complex porous medium characterized by numerous pores and fractures within its internal structure, which provide a natural space for the storage of coalbed methane. The high surface free energy of coal significantly inhibits the efficient extraction of coalbed methane, resulting in the escape of considerable amounts of greenhouse gas during the later stages of coal mining. This exacerbates the challenges and costs associated with environmental governance. According to the principle of minimum capacity, the surface of the coal matrix reduces its surface free energy through gas adsorption. To investigate the competitive influence of gas adsorption and interface modification on the surface free energy of the coal matrix, isothermal adsorption and contact angle determination experiments were conducted. The results indicate that as equilibrium pressure increases, the amount of gas adsorption on the surface of the coal matrix also increases, while the adsorption potential exhibits a contrasting trend. Under the influence of gas adsorption, there is a significant increase in Gibbs variation, indicating a substantial decrease in the surface free energy of the coal matrix. Under the influence of interface modification, an increase in surfactant concentration resulted in a trend of energy reduction characterized by an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease. Moreover, interface modification effectively eliminated the water-blocking effect, leading to a significant enhancement in gas desorption. Consequently, interface modification offers important theoretical support for improving production in coalbed methane and mitigating the greenhouse effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic surface self‐reconstruction behavior in local structure correlates with oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance, which has become an effective strategy for constructing the catalytic active phase. However, it remains a challenge to understand the mechanisms of reconstruction and to accomplish it fast and deeply. Here, we reported a photo‐promoted rapid reconstruction (PRR) process on Ag nanoparticle‐loaded amorphous Ni‐Fe hydroxide nanosheets on carbon cloth for enhanced OER. The photogenerated holes generated by Ag in conjunction with the anodic potential contributed to a thorough reconstruction of the amorphous substrate. The valence state of unsaturated coordinated Fe atoms, which serve as active sites, is significantly increased, while the corresponding crystalline substrate shows little change. The different structural evolutions of amorphous and crystalline substrates during reconstruction lead to diverse pathways of OER. This PRR utilizing loaded noble metal nanoparticles can accelerate the generation of active species in the substrate and increase the electrical conductivity, which provides a new inspiration to develop efficient catalysts via reconstruction strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic metals cause risks to the ecological environment. Typha latifolia L. is a good candidate to clean potentially toxic metals contaminated water or soil. However, limited research investigated the impact of environmental factors (e.g., pH, soil substrate, flood duration) on metal accumulations in cattails. In this study, cattails were cultured in soils flooded with artificial wastewater with varying pH (5, 7 or 9) and different levels of Cr, Cd and Zn for four weeks to investigate the interactions between environmental conditions and metal uptake in cattails. The metal content in biomass were measured by an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. More Zn (>10,000 mg/kg dry biomass) entered plants compared to Cd and Cr (<1,000 mg/kg dry biomass). Approximately 80% of Zn from solutions with 50 mg/L Cd, 25 mg/L Cr, 250 mg/L Zn were removed by cattails. Most Cd and Cr were sorbed onto soils. Cattails exhibited relatively consistent performance in removing metals from wastewater with initial pH of 5, 7 or 9. The pH of all the solutions ended close to neutral after 4 weeks. More research is needed to further understand the influence of environmental conditions on metal uptakes in plants to improve phytoremediation efficiency. NOVELTY STATEMENT: It is the first study to evaluate metal accumulation in cattails cultured in soils flooded with artificial wastewater with varying pH and different levels of metals. This project investigated the interactions between growth conditions (e.g., pH, soil substrate, flooding) and different metal uptake in cattails, which was not conducted in previous research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As astronauts stay in the China Space Station for a long time during the operation phase, how to ensure the long-term safety of the scientific experimental rack (SER) in the field of space application is a problem that needs to be solved urgently. Each SER in the field of space station applications is a complex system that faces risks from different hazards. At present, there is no generalized monitoring and diagnosis system for the common risks faced by the SER. In this paper, a generalized safety fault diagnosis system is proposed to ensure the long-term safe and stable work of SERs in orbit, considering the actual risks faced by the SER. With the design of a generalized main control board, a measurement and control board, and an SSPC (solid-state power controller) board, the software and hardware cooperate to realize the acquisition of various physical quantities, data processing, power supply and distribution management, and other functions. Combined with relevant fault detection algorithms, the real-time detection and diagnosis of the relevant risks, abnormality warnings, and fault disposal operations are realized, which can effectively ensure the safety of the payloads in the field of space application, astronauts, and the space-station system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simple act of viewing and grasping an object involves complex sensorimotor control mechanisms that have been shown to vary as a function of multiple object and other task features such as object size, shape, weight, and wrist orientation. However, these features have been mostly studied in isolation. In contrast, given the nonlinearity of motor control, its computations require multiple features to be incorporated concurrently. Therefore, the present study tested the hypothesis that grasp computations integrate multiple task features superadditively in particular when these features are relevant for the same action phase. We asked male and female human participants to reach-to-grasp objects of different shapes and sizes with different wrist orientations. Also, we delayed the movement onset using auditory signals to specify which effector to use. Using electroencephalography and representative dissimilarity analysis to map the time course of cortical activity, we found that grasp computations formed superadditive integrated representations of grasp features during different planning phases of grasping. Shape-by-size representations and size-by-orientation representations occurred before and after effector specification, respectively, and could not be explained by single-feature models. These observations are consistent with the brain performing different preparatory, phase-specific computations; visual object analysis to identify grasp points at abstract visual levels; and downstream sensorimotor preparatory computations for reach-to-grasp trajectories. Our results suggest the brain adheres to the needs of nonlinear motor control for integration. Furthermore, they show that examining the superadditive influence of integrated representations can serve as a novel lens to map the computations underlying sensorimotor control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aromatic amines are important commercial chemicals, but their carcinogenicity poses a threat to humans and other organisms, making their rapid quantitative detection increasingly urgent. Here, amorphous MoO3 (a‐MoO3) monolayers with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect in the visible region are designed for the trace detection of carcinogenic aromatic amine molecules. The hot‐electron fast decay component of a‐MoO3 decreases from 301 fs to 150 fs after absorption with methyl orange (MO) molecules, indicating the plasmon‐induced hot‐electron transfer (PIHET) process from a‐MoO3 to MO. Therefore, a‐MoO3 monolayers present high SERS performance due to the synergistic effect of electromagnetic enhancement (EM) and PIHET, proposing the EM‐PIHET synergistic mechanism in a‐MoO3. In addition, a‐MoO3 possesses higher electron delocalization and electronic state density than crystal MoO3 (c‐MoO3), which is conducive to the PIHET. The limit of detection (LOD) for o‐aminoazotoluene (o‐AAT) is 10−9 M with good uniformity, acid resistance, and thermal stability. In this work, trace detection and identification of various carcinogenic aromatic amines based on a‐MoO3 monolayers is realized, which is of great significance for reducing cancer infection rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aromatic amines are important commercial chemicals, but their carcinogenicity poses a threat to humans and other organisms, making their rapid quantitative detection increasingly urgent. Here, amorphous MoO3 (a‐MoO3) monolayers with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect in the visible region are designed for the trace detection of carcinogenic aromatic amine molecules. The hot‐electron fast decay component of a‐MoO3 decreases from 301 fs to 150 fs after absorption with methyl orange (MO) molecules, indicating the plasmon‐induced hot‐electron transfer (PIHET) process from a‐MoO3 to MO. Therefore, a‐MoO3 monolayers present high SERS performance due to the synergistic effect of electromagnetic enhancement (EM) and PIHET, proposing the EM‐PIHET synergistic mechanism in a‐MoO3. In addition, a‐MoO3 possesses higher electron delocalization and electronic state density than crystal MoO3 (c‐MoO3), which is conducive to the PIHET. The limit of detection (LOD) for o‐aminoazotoluene (o‐AAT) is 10−9 M with good uniformity, acid resistance, and thermal stability. In this work, trace detection and identification of various carcinogenic aromatic amines based on a‐MoO3 monolayers is realized, which is of great significance for reducing cancer infection rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing suitable anion exchange ionomers is critical to improving the performance and in situ durability of anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs) as one of the promising devices for producing green hydrogen. Herein, highly gas‐permeable and dimensionally stable anion exchange ionomers (QC6xBA and QC6xPA) are developed, in which bulky cyclohexyl (C6) groups are introduced into the polymer backbones. QC650BA‐2.1 containing 50 mol% C6 composition shows 16.6 times higher H2 permeability and 22.3 times higher O2 permeability than that of QC60BA‐2.1 without C6 groups. Through‐plane swelling of QC650BA‐2.1 decreases to 12.5% from 31.1% (QC60BA‐2.1) while OH− conductivity slightly decreases (64.9 and 56.2 mS cm−1 for QC60BA‐2.1 and QC650BA‐2.1, respectively, at 30 °C). The water electrolysis cell using the highly gas permeable QC650BA‐2.1 ionomer and Ni0.8Co0.2O in the anode catalyst layer achieves two times higher performance (2.0 A cm−2 at 1.69 V, IR‐included) than those of the previous cell using in‐house ionomer (QPAF‐4‐2.0) (1.0 A cm−2 at 1.69 V, IR‐included). During 1000 h operation at 1.0 A cm−2, the QC650BA‐2.1 cell exhibits nearly constant cell voltage with a decay rate of 1.1 µV h−1 after the initial increase of the cell voltage, proving the effectiveness of the highly gas permeable and dimensionally stable ionomer in AEMWEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) Omicron subvariants raises concerns regarding the effectiveness of immunity acquired from previous Omicron subvariants breakthrough infections (BTIs) or reinfections (RIs) against the current circulating Omicron subvariants. In this study, we prospectively investigate the dynamic changes of virus‐specific antibody and T cell responses among 77 adolescents following Omicron BA.2.3 BTI with or without subsequent Omicron BA.5 RI. Notably, the neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) titers against various detected SARS‐CoV‐2 variants, especially the emerging Omicron CH.1.1, XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16, EG.5.1, and JN.1 subvariants, exhibited a significant decrease along the time. A lower level of IgG and NAbs titers post‐BTI was found to be closely associated with subsequent RI. Elevated NAbs levels and shortened antigenic distances were observed following Omicron BA.5 RI. Robust T cell responses against both Omicron BA.2‐ and CH.1.1‐spike peptides were observed at each point visited. The exposure to Omicron BA.5 promoted phenotypic differentiation of virus‐specific memory T cells, even among the non‐seroconversion adolescents. Therefore, updated vaccines are needed to provide effective protection against newly emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 variants among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: It has been assumed that decentering is one mechanism underlying the health-promoting benefits of mindfulness. This study aimed to investigate the potential mediating role of decentering in the relationship of mindfulness with psychological problems. Moreover, this study examined whether age and clinical status moderated this relationship. Method: This study systematically reviewed prior studies published until May 2023. Data were extracted from survey results in observational studies and from baseline scores in intervention studies. The technique of meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) was applied to analyze the aggregated data. Moderator analyses examined the role of individual characteristics in the relations between (1) mindfulness and decentering, (2) decentering and psychological problems, and (3) mindfulness and psychological problems. Results: The final meta-analysis included 110 effect sizes extracted from 57 studies, with a total number of 18,515 participants. Overall, the MASEM results showed that mindfulness had a positive, large direct effect on decentering (β = 0.42, 95% CI[0.38, 0.47]), and a negative, small-to-medium direct effect on psychological problems (β = − 0.25, 95% CI[− 0.31, − 0.20]). Decentering also had a negative, modest direct effect on psychological problems (β = − 0.24, 95% CI[− 0.29, − 0.19]). Regarding the indirect effect, decentering had a significant, small effect in the association between mindfulness and psychological problems (β = − 0.10, 95% CI[− 0.13, − 0.08]). Moderator analyses suggested that these effects were consistent across age and clinical status. Conclusions: The current results provide preliminary evidence that the correlation between mindfulness and decentering carries over to psychological problems. Understanding this correlation is an essential step towards mapping out the underlying psychological processes moving from mindfulness to psychological outcomes. The cultivation of decentering skills should be embedded in mindfulness-based training to confer benefits on psychological problems. Moreover, secular programs that do not include cultural or spiritual aspects of mindfulness need to expand their current knowledge of what decentering involves and what impedes effective decentering. Preregistration: This study is not preregistered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beijing is a city on the North China Plain with severe land subsidence. In recent years, Beijing has implemented effective measures to control land subsidence. Since this implementation, the development of time-series land subsidence in Beijing has slowed and has shown nonlinearity. Most previous studies have focused on the linear evolution of land subsidence; the nonlinear evolutionary patterns of land subsidence require further discussion. Therefore, we aimed to identify the evolution of land subsidence in Beijing, based on Envisat ASAR and Radarsat-2 images from 2003 to 2020, using permanent scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture radar (PS-InSAR) and cubic curve polynomial fitting methods. The dates of the extreme and inflection points were identified from the polynomial coefficients. From 2003 to 2020, the subsidence rate reached 138.55 mm/year, and the area with a subsidence rate > 15 mm/year reached 1688.81 km2. The cubic polynomials fit the time-series deformation well, with R2 ranging from 0.86 to 0.99 and the RMSE ranging from 1.97 to 60.28 mm. Furthermore, the subsidence rate at 96.64% of permanent scatterer (PS) points first increased and then decreased. The subsidence rate at 86.58% of the PS points began to decrease from 2010 to 2015; whereas the subsidence rate at 30.51% of the PS point reached a maximum between 2015 and 2019 and then decreased. The cumulative settlement continued to increase at 69.49% of the PS points. These findings imply that groundwater levels are highly correlated with the temporal evolution of subsidence in areas with pattern D (Vs+-, S+), with increasing and then decelerating rates and increasing amounts. In regions with a thickness of compressible clay layer over 210 m, subsidence follows pattern E (Vs+, S+), with increasing rates and amounts. Fractures such as the Gaoliying and Sunhe fractures significantly influence the spatial distribution of subsidence patterns, showing distinct differences on either side. Near the Global Resort Station, pattern E (Vs+, S+) intensifies in subsidence, potentially due to factors like land use changes and construction activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate pain hypervigilance in individuals suffering from chronic neck and shoulder pain (CNSP) and its underlying brain mechanism. Methods: The evaluation of pain vigilance was conducted through the utilization of pain vigilance and awareness questionnaires. Voxel-wise regional homogeneity (ReHo) from 60 CNSP patients and 60 healthy controls (HCs) using resting-state fMRI data. Voxel-wise two-sample T-test was conducted to reveal the ReHo variations between CNSP and HC. Correlation analyses were utilized to reveal the connection between brain abnormalities and medical measurements. Furthermore, a mediation analysis was conducted to elucidate the pathway-linking changes in brain function with medical measurements. Results: Our present study revealed three main findings. Firstly, patients with CSNP demonstrated a heightened vigilance of pain in comparison to healthy adults, a common occurrence among individuals with chronic pain conditions. Secondly, we observed brain abnormalities in various brain regions in CSNP patients, and these alterations were associated with the extent of pain vigilance. Lastly, the pain hypervigilance impact on the severity of pain was found to be controlled by regional neural activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in subjects with CSNP. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that long-term repetitive nociceptive input caused by chronic pain further aggravates the pain intensity by impairing the vigilance-related pain processing within the anterior cingulate cortex in CNSP patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The southern rice-growing region plays a crucial role in ensuring national food security in China. However, rice production in this area is often affected by unfavorable weather conditions such as rainy and dim days, which significantly impact rice yield. Therefore, we conducted two field experiments to explore and compare the effects of climate variations and simulated shading on rice yield and quality. The results indicated that (a) both interannual climate variation and simulated shading had adverse effects on rice yield and quality, (b) the impact of interannual climate variation on yield was less severe compared with simulated shading, but it had a more significant negative effect on rice quality, and (c) different cultivars/quality groups of rice exhibited variations in response to weak solar radiation, with high-quality rice being more susceptible. The findings suggest that in the production of high-quality rice, it is important to select cultivars that are resilient to interannual climate variation and to develop supporting cultivation techniques to cope with growing incidence of weakened solar radiation in the future. Breeders can try to tap into potential weak-light-resistance genes and cultivators can try to use different cultivation methods to determine the optimal water and fertilizer regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication that is associated with chronic kidney disease, early postsurgical mortality, and prolonged hospital stays. Preterm neonates who undergo surgery are at risk factors for AKI due to underdeveloped kidneys. To date, little is known about the incidence and perioperative risk factors for AKI in preterm neonates undergoing noncardiac surgery. Preterm neonates who underwent noncardiac surgery between January May 1, 2020, and February 28, 2023, were enrolled in the trial according to the inclusion criteria. Both multivariable and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the associations between characteristic data and AKI. In total, 106 preterm neonates met the inclusion criteria, and 25 preterm neonates (23.6%) developed postoperative AKI. Multivariate analysis revealed that the factors associated with AKI were gestational age < 32 weeks [OR: 4.88; 95% CI (1.23–19.42)], preoperative sepsis [OR: 3.98; 95% CI (1.29–12.28)], and intraoperative hypotension [OR: 3.75; 95% CI (1.26–11.15)]. Preterm neonates who developed AKI were more likely to have longer hospital length of stays (38 [18,69] days vs. 21[12,46]) and higher medical costs (93,181.6 [620450.0,173,219.0] ￥ vs. 58,134.6 [31015.1,97,224,1) ￥ than neonates who did not develop AKI. Preterm neonates who underwent noncardiac surgery had a high incidence of AKI. Independent risk factors for AKI in preterm neonates who underwent noncardiac surgery were low gestational age, preoperative sepsis, and intraoperative hypotension. Preterm neonates who developed AKI were more likely to have longer hospital stays and higher medical costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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