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The dynamics of a bilayer system filling a rectangular cuvette subjected to external heating is studied. The influence of two types of thermal exposure on the flow pattern and on the dynamic contact angle is analyzed. In particular, the cases of local heating from below and distributed thermal load from the lateral walls are considered. The simulation is carried out within the frame of a two-sided evaporative convection model based on the Boussinesq approximation. A benzine–air system is considered as reference system. The variation in time of the contact angle is described for both heating modes. Under lateral heating, near-wall boundary layers emerge together with strong convection, whereas the local thermal load from the lower wall results in the formation of multicellular motion in the entire volume of the fluids and the appearance of transition regimes followed by a steady-state mode. The results of the present study can aid the design of equipment for thermal coating or drying and the development of methods for the formation of patterns with required structure and morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissolved inorganic carbon is an essential component of the carbon cycle, especially in the northern regions; however, its loss through water bodies is still rarely included in regional carbon models. The tasks of the work comprise a detailed coverage of the methodological approach of "headspace equilibration" for assessing the concentration of dissolved CO2 in soil and surface waters and estimation of the CO2 concentration range in waters of different geneses in the landscapes of northern Western Siberia. The performed methodological work has allowed a headspace equilibration protocol for measuring the CO2 concentration in waters to be elaborated and described with detailed calculations. The CO2 concentration in soil (suprapermafrost) and surface waters (river, bog, lake, etc.) ranges from 13 to 2983 µmol/L (274 to 57 000 µatm), and the vast majority of objects are supersaturated with CO2 relative to the atmosphere. The maximum concentrations are characteristic of suprapermafrost soil and bog waters, and the minimum concentrations are in the waters of aquatic ecosystems (thermokarst and forest lakes). A high variability of CO2 concentrations in waters necessitates a large number of measurements to provide adequate estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study area in the north of Western Siberia is located in the southern tundra–taiga ecotone near the southern boundary of discontinuous permafrost zone. Three contrasting ecosystems—pine forests with Albic Podzols; palsa with Histic Oxyaquic Turbic Cryosols, and bogs with Fibric Histosols—predominate in this area. The objectives of the study included evaluation of the CO2 emission from soils in the growing seasons of 2019–2022 and analysis of the factors controlling spatial and interannual variability of the emission. The study included analysis of the soil respiration (static closed chamber method) data and soil hydrothermal parameters in August for four years. In the absence of definite trends in climatic parameters over the past 10 years, a gradual increase in the soil temperature in all ecosystems and an increase in the depth of summer thawing in palsa were observed. These changes were not accompanied by significant changes in the CO2 emission. Its averaged values varied from 485 to 540 mg CO2/(m2 h) in forest ecosystems and from 150 to 255 mg CO2/(m2 h) in the palsa–bog complex with high coefficients of spatial variability. High CO2 emission in forest ecosystems is determined by a favorable hydrothermal regime, high root biomass, and good water-physical properties. Part of the CO2 produced by palsa soils is transported with suprapermafrost water flows toward the adjacent bog and is released from the surface of bog soils. Soil temperature interrelated with seasonal thawing depth proved to be a significant predictor of the spatial variability of CO2 emission from the soils of the palsa–bog complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the study of a problem of thermocapillary convection in a flat bounded region filled with liquid and gas in contact along the interfacial interface under weak evaporation. It is proposed to investigate the heat and mass transfer processes and the parameters of phase transitions during local heating using a two-sided mathematical model based on the Oberbeck–Boussinesq equations. The characteristics of mass transfer through a thermocapillary interface due to evaporation and vapor content in the gas layer are analyzed with account for the influence of the Soret and Dufour effects. The results of a numerical study of the evolution of the interface and unsteady flows in a cell are presented. The calculation of the main characteristics of the liquid — gas system and the position of the interface at each time is carried out using a specially developed numerical algorithm. The model presented in this study makes it possible to describe the formation of characteristic thermal and concentration structures and the transition modes of cellular convection with a complex configuration of flows in layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the moisture content on the CO2 emission from peat soils of palsa mires in the discontinuous permafrost area was studied in the north of Western Siberia (Nadym region). The СО2 flux was measured in Histic Cryosols of permafrost peatlands (palsas) and Fibric Histosols of surrounding bog using the closed chamber method for four years at the peak of the growing season (August). Despite a significant difference in the soil moisture (34.8 ± 13.2 and 56.2 ± 2.1% on average), no significant difference in the CO2 emission from these ecosystems was found in any of the observation years; the rates of emission averaged 199.1 ± 90.1 and 182.1 ± 85.1 mg CO2 m–2 × h–1, respectively. Experimental wetting or drying (with a twofold difference in the moisture content) of peat soils at the two sites via their transplantation to a different position showed no significant effect on the CO2 emission even three years after the beginning of the experiment. The absence of significant differences in the CO2 flux between the two different ecosystems was explained by the presence of permafrost and the influence of many multidirectional factors mitigating changes in the CO2 production by soils. An increased CO2 emission from the peat soils of bogs was possible due to the additional contribution of the methanotrophic barrier and the lateral runoff of dissolved CO2 over the permafrost table from the palsa toward the surrounding bog. The absence of response of the CO2 emission to a significant change in the soil moisture content may be indicative of a wide optimum of this characteristic for the microbiological activity of peat soils in the studied region. The obtained data suggest that, while studying CO2 fluxes in cryogenic soils of hydromorphic landscapes, it is necessary to take into account not only biogenic sources, but also other factors, often of a physical nature, affecting the balance of CO2 fluxes and CO2 emission from soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern research proves the need to include waterbodies in regional and global models of carbon exchange. The concentration of carbon dioxide in surface waters is generally higher than that upon the equilibrium state with a partial atmospheric pressure of 400 µatm. The study of the functioning and regional role of aquatic systems, especially in regard to inorganic carbon dynamics, is insufficient, especially in circumboreal regions. The review highlights the theoretical foundations and relevance of studies of dissolved carbon dioxide; methodological approaches to assessing this indicator, as well as the role of dissolved CO2 in natural waters of boreal and arctic regions. Soil organic matter and dissolved carbon dioxide are the main sources of CO2 in surface waters, but this contribution has not yet been quantified. This is due to the underestimation of the abiotic aspects of soil gas exchange, the absolute predominance of studies of gas exchange at the soil/atmosphere interface without taking into account the interaction with groundwater, and methodological difficulties in measuring gas concentrations in ground and surface waters. Instrumental measurement methods are not standardized, and the calculated values have very high systematic and analytical errors. The conclusion points to the need to study the hydrological continuum: from a source (terrestrial ecosystems) to large rivers and lakes, with particular attention to the incorporation of CO2 from groundwater into the carbon budget of the entire watershed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the evaporation/condensation process of diffusion type in two-layer fluid flows under the assumption that both viscous heat-conducting incompressible fluids, a liquid and a gas-vapor mixture, have a common interface and occupy an infinite threedimensional rectangular channel. Based on the exact solution to the convection equations, we study the fluid flows arising in the case of a linearly distributed thermal load on the substrate and thermal insulation of the upper and lateral walls of the channel. It is observed that some complex vortex structures are formed under the action of the longitudinal temperature gradient and transversely directed gravity field. For the ethanol–nitrogen system we present the characteristics of hydrodynamic, thermal, and concentration fields, in particular, the profiles of the evaporative mass flow rates and interface tangential stresses, the topology of flows, and the temperature and vapor concentration distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Although today primary hyperparathyroidism and cancers are considered the main factors of hypercalcemia (HC), the latter is quite often detected in various endocrinopathies. According to modern data, ionized calcium (Ca2+) is an intracellular mediator in the functioning of enzymes and hormones. All this determines the importance of finding out the features of the associations between HC and biochemical indicators in various endocrine disorders, which was the purpose of this study. Materials and methods. Retrospectively, according to the medical histories of 537 patients with detected HC, who were treated at the endocrinology clinic of the V. Danilevsky Institute for the Endocrine Pathology Problems in 2020–2021, we have analyzed the features of correlations between HC (by the content of Ca2+) and the levels of phosphorus (P), total protein (TP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in various endocrine pathologies. Results. A significant difference between the spectrum and degree of probability of associations was found even within the limits of one type of pathological conditions. In the group with hypothyroidism, there was an inverse correlation of HC with P (p < 0.01) and a highly probable correlation with AST (p < 0.001). At the same time, a direct association with P (p < 0.01) and an inverse correlation with TP (p < 0.001), AST (p < 0.001) and ALT (p < 0.01) was revealed in case of Graves’ disease. The following data were obtained for tumors of endocrine organs: nontoxic multinodular goiter — direct with P (p < 0.001) and inverse with TP (p < 0.001) and ALT (p < 0.01); thyroid cancer — direct correlation with P (p < 0.01) and inverse highly probable with TP (p < 0.001) and ALT (p < 0.001); nodular pathology of the adrenal glands — direct correlation with TP (p < 0.01) and inverse with AST (p < 0.01) and ALT (p < 0.001). In diabetes mellitus, only an inverse correlation with P was found (p < 0.01). There was an inverse correlation with P (p < 0.01) and TP (p < 0.001), and a direct one with ALT (p < 0.001) in primary hyperparathyroidism. Conclusions. Metabolic disorders in the presence of hypercalcemia in patients with various endocrine pathologies have their own characteristics. The nature of revealed correlations between ionized calcium and biochemical parameters in terms of various endocrine diseases must be taken into account when developing a therapeutic strategy for patients with hypercalcemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—The use of mixed formulations is a promising way to increase the efficiency of inhibitory protection of metals. Criteria for the additivity of the protective action of the components of mixed corrosion inhibitors, both their synergistic interaction and antagonism depend on the parameter used in evaluating the protection efficiency. Equations were proposed that make it possible to separate the effects of synergy and antagonism of inhibitors based on data on the degrees or terms of metal protection by each of the mixture components and the mixture itself. The synergism of the protective action is a direct recommendation for using the mixed inhibitor instead of each of its component. However, the absence of the synergism of protective action, and even an antagonism, is not always a contraindication for use of the mixture. Even an antagonistic mixture can provide more effective metal protection compared to its constituents. In the absence of specific interactions, the protective properties of the inhibitor mixtures always exceed the protective properties of their components. This superiority is higher with a greater effectiveness of mixed inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze different statements of the boundary value problem for the convection equations in order to use Ostroumov–Birikh type exact solutions for describing the evaporative convection regimes in two-layer systems of liquids and gas–vapor mixtures filling a plane channel. The statements differ in the types of boundary conditions for the vapor concentration and temperature functions on the channel walls. We discuss the boundary value problems modeling two-layer flows in the channel, describe the characteristics of hydrodynamic, thermal, and concentration fields for the working HFE7100-nitrogen system and classify the types of flows by distinguishing three classes: purely thermocapillary, mixed, and Poiseuille type flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The specific features of the electroreduction of chlorates in strongly acidic aqueous solutions are studied by carrying out the electrolysis of 12.5 mM solution of sodium chlorate in 8 M sulfuric acid under potentiostatic conditions at the limiting cathodic current. The periodically collected optical spectrum of solution reveals the main contribution made by chlorine dioxide ClO2. It is shown that both the current and the chlorine dioxide concentration vary in time by one and the same law corresponding to the autocatalytic redox-mediator mechanism. When the current passes through a sharp maximum typical of this mechanism, a considerable part of the total concentration of chlorine atoms in the system pertains to chlorine dioxide; hence, this component plays the key role in the process of chlorate electroreduction. The virtually complete conversion of initial chlorate to chloride is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An assessment of the spatial variability of the biological activity of anthropogenic soils on the territory of the Lomonosov Moscow State University and the factors controlling it has been performed. The properties of the upper horizon of the studied soils expectably differ from those of natural zonal soils in higher pH values (6.1–7.2), a significant increase in the total carbon content (0.9–10.6%) and its stock in the upper 10-cm-thick layer (0.7–7.2 kg m–2). Most of the urban soils are characterized by increased values of microbial respiration (up to 8 mg C–CO2 kg–1 h–1) in comparison with those in natural zonal soils at approximately the same values of the CO2 emission from the surface (230–750 mg CO2 m–2 h–1). A high spatial variability of soil properties, such as moisture content, CO2 emission, total carbon content, microbial respiration, and cellulolytic activity in urban soils is controlled by both natural and anthropogenic factors. It increases in the following series: CO2 emission < microbial respiration < cellulolytic activity. The high spatial variability of soil properties makes it difficult to determine criteria for allocating sampling sites. The closest correlative relationships with environmental factors have been found for microbial respiration. According to our data, the main predictors of microbial respiration are the contents of carbon and moisture, and the correlation with moisture is higher (r = 0.87, р = 0.0002). A significant enrichment of urban soils with carbon determines the potential for an increase in the CO2 flux upon changes in the parameters of soil functioning. Difficulties in the interpretation of the results arise due to the unaccounted anthropogenic factors of variability, which are not included to the common set for such studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—With the correct adjustment of conditions, thermal treatment of a magnesium alloy in 5-chloro-1,2,3-benzotriazole vapor can lead to the formation of nanosized adsorption inhibitor layers on its surface, which hydrophobicizes the metal surface and increase its corrosion resistance due to inhibition of the anodic process. The protective aftereffect of the adsorption layers of 5-chloro-1,2,3-benzotriazole depends on the temperature and duration of the chamber treatment. The temperature optimal for chamber treatment of the MA8–5-chloro-1,2,3-benzotriazole system is 150°C, and the optimal duration of treatment is 1 h. Protective films formed on a magnesium alloy during chamber treatment are capable of self-assembling under these conditions. The protective effect of adsorption films formed under optimal conditions increase with an increase in the time of exposure of the samples to heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the existing methodological approaches used in Russian and foreign studies of urban soils. Methods for studying the soil cover as an object of landscape design, considering its formation and functioning, are analyzed by the example of the city of Moscow. Information on the territorial and functional organization of urban space is given. From the point of view of methodological approaches to the study of urban soils, it is proposed to specify them into two groups: uneven-aged soils with filled surface horizons from various recultivants formed according to design documents, and natural surface-transformed soils without a filled layer. The features of methodological approaches for studying each soil group are considered. It is noted that the composition of material from which urban soils are formed exerts a significant impact on their structure, properties, and functioning. The use of ground materials of different composition and properties for the formation of the upper part of urban soils, sometimes an unknown history of their functioning and use, and numerous possible violations, cause extremely high and most often unsystematic spatial and time variability of urban soils. The interest of the scientific community in the qualitative assessment of the urban environment is increasing, and, in this connection, the elaboration of methods for studying the resulting ecological functions of urban soils, using integral indicators, as well as the development of approaches, methods, and technologies for creating urban soils that meet the criteria of green environmental management, are the most promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peatland soils in permafrost area are among the major components of global carbon cycle. In the case of predicted climate change, they may act as a significant source of greenhouse gases efflux. A four-year transplantation experiment (transplantation of soil cores of 20 cm in height and 10 cm in diameter to other natural positions) with the peat horizon was arranged to assess the temperature sensitivity of CO2 efflux from palsa peatlands in the north of Western Siberia. The rise in temperature by 7°С caused a positive feedback (30–70%) of CO2 efflux (measured by the closed chamber method) from transplanted soils as compared with the control. Temperature dependence of CO2 efflux from transplanted soils had the highest value (R2 = 0.8) in the first two years as a result of maximum contrast of temperature conditions between sites and decreased in the next two years. On the contrary, the temperature sensitivity of CO2 efflux from transplanted soils showed a high value during most of observations (Q10 = 3–6) thus indicating the increased rate of organic matter mineralization in peat soils of permafrost area for a long (four years) period. Our results might be useful for calibration of regional carbon cycle data sets that consider the contribution of organic permafrost-affected soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrothermal regime of soils, which are formed on the same type of parent rock under different plant communities in ecosystems of large lysimeters at the Soil Experimental Station of Moscow State University, is characterized. The inter- and intra-annual influence of the vegetation cover on the dynamics of temperature and moisture content in soil horizons is evaluated. It is shown that over a 60-year period after the start of the experiment, the studied soils significantly differ in moisture and temperature conditions. The greatest impact is exerted by the tree layer, due to the precipitation redistribution and the transpiration effect, which significantly decrease soil moisture and lysimetric runoff. There is a 2–3-time difference in the moistening of the upper 20-cm layer and more than 10-time difference in the runoff volume between the driest ecosystem (spruce forest) and the most humid one (fallow). The specific effect of the forest type on the temperature regime of soils is revealed. The temperature is minimal under coniferous ecosystem and is maximal under broad-leaved ecosystem (the difference in the mean annual temperature in the 10-cm soil layer is more than 1.6°С). The role of the grass cover, which reduces temperature extremes and evaporation from the soil surface, is shown. Seasonal features of the effect of the plant cover on the hydrothermal soil regime are assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methodology based on a combination of experimental data obtained by in situ methods of spectroelectrochemistry and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance has been proposed for determination of the key parameters of the conjugated polymer deposition on the electrode surface via monomer electrooxidation. These parameters are: the current efficiency of the process, the charge spent per an oxidized monomer molecule, the number of monomer units inside the deposited film, and the average number of valence bonds per one monomer unit inside the film. Besides, the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance method applied to the discharge process of the electropolymerized film allows determining the average charging (oxidation) degree of the monomer unit at the polymerization potential and the degree of the solvent participation in the polymer's redox transitions. The applicability of the proposed approach has been demonstrated by example of magnesium polyporphine films obtained by oxidation of unsubstituted magnesium porphine on inert electrode in acetonitrile solution at a low potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literature review of harmful substances formed in arc welding of copper and its alloys is presented. Literature data on studying emissions of welding aerosols in welding of copper and copper alloys are considered. It is shown that to create new grades of welding materials that would satisfy not only their welding technology, but also sanitary and hygienic characteristics, it is necessary to continue the study of chemical composition and levels of emissions of welding aerosols using modern standardized international procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a set of physicochemical (ellipsometry and contact angle measurements), electrochemical (potentiometric anode polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), and corrosion (periodic moisture condensation test) methods, the properties of adsorption films formed on the AMg6 aluminum alloy surface by the chamber method in vapors of some amines of heterocyclic compounds, carboxylic acids, and their salts are studied. It is established that the use of the studied compounds in the chamber processing of the alloy increases—though not effectively enough—its corrosion resistance in a humid atmosphere. The most promising inhibitors are carboxylic acids themselves; the optimum temperature for surface treatment with them is 140°C. One-hour treatment of steel with pairs of oleic, neodecanoic acid, and carboxylic acid A at this temperature gives rise to the formation of nanoscale adsorption films on the AMg6 alloy, which slightly hydrophilize the surface, but possess a protective aftereffect. Apparently, further improvement of chamber protection methods of the AMg6 alloy should consist in the selection of synergists for chamber corrosion inhibitors of the carboxylate type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a set of physicochemical (ellipsometry and contact angle measurements), electrochemical (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization measurements), and corrosion (periodic moisture condensation and salt fog tests) methods, the properties of adsorption films formed on copper by the chamber method from vapors of benzotriazol (BTA), 1H-1,2,4-triazole, tolyltriazole (TTA), 5-chloro-1,2,3-benzotriazole (CBTA), 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole, and 4-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole at a temperature of 100°C are studied. It is shown that 1-h chamber treatment of copper with vapors of these compounds leads to the formation of nanoscale hydrophobic adsorption films on it, which inhibits the thermal growth of oxides, but stabilizes the passive state of the metal and increases its corrosion resistance. Among these different triazole compounds tested as chamber corrosion inhibitors, BTA and its substituted derivatives are distinguished. After a 1-h chamber treatment of copper, the protective aftereffect of the adsorption films of triazole derivatives grows symbatically with their saturated vapor pressure at the chamber treatment temperature, i.e., in the following increasing order: CBTA < TTA < BTA. This may indicate that the equilibrium adsorption films do not have time to form at 100°С on the metal within this time period. After a prolonged (24 h or more) chamber treatment of copper with vapors of substituted benzotriazoles, equilibrium adsorption films of inhibitors are formed on it. In this case, the influence of the chamber inhibitor properties on their protective aftereffect alternates. Under such conditions, the least volatile and most hydrophobic substituted benzotriazole, i.e., CBTA, provide the best metal protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Material and charge balances in the course of the electropolymerization process of the non-substituted Mg(II) porphine (MgP) at a low oxidation potential from its acetonitrile solutions of various concentrations have been studied via the in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance method (EQCM). Thus, registered electrode mass increase due to the MgP oxidation at its surface has been used, in combination with in situ spectroelectrochemical data, for determination of the key parameters of the polymerization process and of the magnesium polyporphine films deposited on the electrode surface: current efficiency of the film deposition process, average charge spent for transformation of a monomer molecule into monomer unit inside the film, number of monomer units inside the deposited film, average number of valence bonds per one monomer unit inside the film. Besides, the EQCM method applied to the discharge process of the electropolymerized film has allowed us to estimate the average charging (oxidation) degree of the monomer unit inside the film at the polymerization potential and the degree of the solvent participation in the course of the polymer's redox transitions. It has been established that the number of bonds between porphine units is within the range of 2.2 to 2.4, with its slight increase for films deposited at higher monomer concentrations. Conclusions on the structure of polyporphine chains have been made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of studies in typical forest ecosystems of the northern, middle, and southern taiga of Western Siberia performed at the peak of the growing season, the spatial variation of soil CO2 emissions and their relationships with the content of extractable and microbial soil carbon and soil hydrothermic parameters were estimated. The studied parameters of the soil carbon cycle are characterized by the high spatial variability in all the studied ecosystems. This fact indicates the need for a detailed investigation of the greenhouse gas soil emission in all ecosystems typical of a given natural zone. There is a statistically significant difference between the soils of the green-moss pine forests and the soils of the lichen pine forest of the northern taiga. In the green-moss pine forest, the carbon content of microbial biomass is 1.5 times higher (195 ± 24 and 127 ± 16 mg C/kg soil, respectively), the content of extractable carbon is 4 times higher (157 ± 25 and 41 ± 5 mg C/kg of soil, respectively), and the CO2 emission is 1.7 times higher (324 ± 20 and 190 ± 10 mg CO2/(m2 h), respectively) than those in the lichen pine forest. In the northern taiga zone, carbon dioxide emissions from soils in the green-moss pine forests are largely determined by the soil temperature; the role of soil moisture is less significant. In the soils of lichen pine forests, the CO2 emission is mainly controlled by the content of extractable carbon. Significant factors influencing the soil СО2 emission in forest ecosystems of the taiga zone are the content of extractable and microbial carbon and hydrothermic parameters of the soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous solutions of doxorubicin (DOX), doxorubicin with bovine serum albumin (DOX-BSA), and DOX-BSA in solutions containing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with different concentrations of each system component are studied for the first time. The study of the concentration and time-resolved dependences of optical density spectra indicates that the interaction of protonated molecules of the antibiotic with the citrate-covered surface of the nanoparticles of high concentration promotes the aggregation and precipitation of AuNPs. On the other hand, protein macromolecules effectively form conjugates with nanoparticles, preventing their aggregation. Competition of these processes significantly complicates the behavior of optical density spectra at the absorption band of doxorubicin. The simultaneous processes of AuNP aggregation and BSA-AuNP association allow reasonable result of calculation of equilibrium-binding constants for the DOX-BSA complexation process to be obtained only at low nanoparticle concentrations (up to 1.3 × 10−10 M). It was found that these constants decrease to K = 1.18 × 106 M−1 compared with K = 4.74 × 106 M−1 for the DOX-BSA complex, indicating lower stability of these complexes after citrate-stabilized nanoparticles addition. The number of binding sites in DOX-BSA complexes, as shown by the analysis of the isomolar series curves, stays the same for the indicated AuNPs concentrations and is equal to n = 2. The obtained results could be useful to clarify the appropriate concentration of such type of AuNPs upon the development of oncology prodrugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents literary and original data on the problems of falling for elderly patients. The relationship between the occurrence of a fall and the initiation of drug therapy with a known negative effect on the risk of falling is considered. Data on the frequency and structure of falls by patients with cardiovascular diseases over the age of 75 who received treatment at a multidisciplinary hospital are presented. The data analysis showed a tendency of fall prevalence: a fall was observed in 33.8% of patients in the first 5 days of the hospital stay. This may be associated with a high drug burden and the prescription of new drugs to the patient. The study noted that the therapy was chosen on the first day. Additional drugs were often prescribed, which led to the polypharmacy state. Analysis of individual groups of drugs allowed reliable confirmation of the relationship between the prescription of drugs that increase the fall risk and occurrence in relation to the ophthalmic form of β-blockers (p = 0.04). Polypharmacy as a risk factor of falling in gerontological patients, which was described in the scientific literature, also confirmed the negative effect in our study. Thus, patients who are newly administered drugs known to have negative effect on fall development can be attributed to the risk group for falling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem of thermocapillary convection is studied to analyze peculiarities of the flows arising in a gas–liquid system under action of an intense local thermal exposure. The "stream function–vorticity" formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations in the Boussinesq approximation is used to describe the fluid flows. The kinematic and dynamic conditions on the free boundary are stated in terms of tangential and normal velocities, while temperature conditions at the lower or upper boundary of the system take into account the presence of finite size heaters. Special attention is given to the study of the influence of the gravity intensity on the dynamics of heat and mass transfer in fluid layers and character of the interface deformations. Theoretical study of the thermocapillary convection includes development of the mathematical model and effective numerical algorithm. The results of numerical study of features of convective flows in the cavity being in the terrestrial or microgravity conditions and of the evolution of the interface allow one to validate the developed mathematical model, and to specify dominant mechanisms determining the flow regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical approaches for mathematical modelling of the convective flows with mass transfer through the liquid–gas interface are discussed. The special attention is payed to modelling with use of the classical Boussinesq approximation of the Navier–Stokes equations. The diffusion equation and the effects of thermodiffusion and thermal diffusivity (the Soret and Dufour effects) are taken into account additionally to describe vapor and heat transfer processes in the gas-vapor phase. The use of the Oberbeck–Boussinesq equations allows one to apply the group-analytical methods in the theory of the evaporative convection and to construct the exact solutions of special type of the governing equations. Joint flows of the evaporating liquid and gas-vapor mixture are studied with the help of a partially invariant solution for the convection equations. The 2D and 3D solutions are demonstrated to simulate two-phase flows in the infinite channels with interface being under action of a longitudinal temperature gradient and perpendicularly directed gravity field. In the present paper the fluid flows with diffusive evaporation/condensation in the terrestrial and microgravity conditions are studied in the steady case. The new results obtained for combined thermal regime on the external rigid boundaries are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, devices in the region of the microwave and extremely high frequency (EHF) ranges are being developed using the nonlinear properties of the bulk of III–V semiconductors, which manifest themselves under high electric fields. The formation processes of solitons and domains at various strength levels are studied in detail. Herewith, the question on the development of models convenient for practical application, which describe the behavior of carriers under the mentioned conditions, and on determination of the output parameters of the chip structure for use in equivalent device circuits remains poorly investigated. A phenomenological approach to heating processes in the bulk of III–V semiconductors etc. is considered in this work. A method for calculating the microwave and EHF conductivity based on solving equations of heating and carrier drift in strong electric fields and the simulation of processes occurring under the effect of a weak-intensity alternating field on the bulk of semiconductor structures under study is proposed. Analytical frequency dependences of the conductivity amplitude and phase illustrating the possibility of implementing the generation mode are derived. The quasi-time-independent I–V characteristic for the fundamental harmonic of the output signal is analyzed. The calculated amplitude–frequency and phase–frequency characteristics of the conductivity enable selection of the necessary constant field strength providing the required device operating mode for bulk semiconductor structures in the specified frequency range. The equation for the current density of hot carriers enables analytical determination of the amplitude ranges of the first (fundamental) harmonics of the output current at a specific frequency depending on the voltage amplitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atmospheric corrosion resistance of metals can be reached by the formation of ultrathin protective films on their surface. Over recent years, a fundamentally new feasibility of the nanodimension films on metals capable of ensuring high atmospheric corrosion resistance of metals at least for the period of transportation and in-process storage of the metals was studied. The method of formation of such films by semivolatile nontoxic compounds capable of being adsorbed on metal surface from gas phase at increased temperature (chamber inhibitors) was proposed for this purpose. It is based on the use of such low-volatile organic inhibitors, which are prone to chemisorption on protected metal, and, as a consequence, can provide the stability of the adsorbed layers and long protection after-effect. It was shown by the complex of accelerated corrosion, electrochemical, and optical techniques that the treatment of zinc by vapors of low-volatile corrosion inhibitors at increased temperature and suitable compilation of the reagents results in the formation of the adsorption film with the effect of the long protection after-effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of research performed in the continuous and discontinuous permafrost zone of the north of Western Siberia, the values of autotrophic (root) and heterotrophic (microbial) soil respiration and their ratio were estimated for typical ecosystems of the area. The data were obtained on the basis of a complex of field, laboratory, and calculation methods: shading, the root exclusion technique (comparison of emissions at similar sites with and without vegetation), the method of component integration or separate incubation, and the regression method. For soils of plateau palsa, the root contribution to total soil respiration was 16–30% with the use of the shading method and 14 ± 6% under the application of the component integration method. The contribution of root respiration was 60% for soils of shrub–green-moss pine forests and 30% for lichen pine forests. It may be assumed that, in forest ecosystems of the studied area, the contribution of root-derived respiration is even higher, which is related to the undercounting of respiration of tree roots and/or of rhizomicrobial microorganisms and priming effect by some methods. The contribution of root respiration in soils of mound palsa averaged 40%. For tundra with frost-boil ecosystems, the variation in the contribution of root respiration was 15–70%, depending on the location on microelements of cryogenic topography (boils and interboils). All the methods are characterized by disadvantages and some assumptions. These require additional studies to check or correct the data. The interpretation of the results is not always obvious. When using different techniques, similar results were obtained at a large number of replications of experiments during several seasons. The work also presents data on the absolute values of the specific root respiration for different species and size fractions, the value of the root biomass, and the microbial respiration of soils of different permafrost landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regimes of joint flows of the evaporating liquid and vapor-gas mixture in a 3D rectangular channel are studied with the help of a partially invariant solution for the convection equations. The effects of thermodiffusion and diffusive thermal conductivity in the gas–vapor phase are additionally taken into account in the governing equations and under interface conditions. A numerical simulation of the 3D fluid flows is carried out for the liquid–gas system like ethanol–nitrogen and HFE-7100–nitrogen under microgravity conditions. The influence of the thermal load, liquid layer thickness and heat-transfer liquid type on the structure of the fluid flows and evaporation characteristics is investigated. The solution allows one to describe the formation of longitudinal thermocapillary rolls observed in the experiments. The evaporative mass flow rate depends essentially on the thermophysical properties of the working liquid. Spatial size and a shape of thermal patterns are determined by the applied thermal load and they can be varied with the change in the liquid layer thickness. Topological structure of the flows (double or quadruple vortex composition) is defined by the combined influence of the thermocapillary and convective mechanisms and phase transition effects. The results discussed in the paper provide motivation for the development of a classification of the 3D flow regimes similar to the Napolitano's classification for 2D flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palsa peatland soils are known as significant terrestrial storage of the Earth's soil carbon. The response of these soils to changing climate may result in a strong feedback to global carbon balance. In laboratory, we investigated the effect of rising temperatures on the upper (T1) and lower (T2) horizons of Turbic Histic Cryosols using sequential (S) and equal-time (ET) methods. The S method was applied to estimate the response of organic carbon mineralization rate (R) to sequential temperature increase from 5 to 30°C; the ET method was used to study the response of the basal (microbial) respiration rate to equal-time incubation at 5, 15, and 25°C. The Q10 coefficient was calculated. In the T1 horizon, both methods (S and ET) demonstrated a positive response of respiration to the rise in temperature. The respiration intensity increased by 91 and 84%, respectively. In the T2 horizon, it increased by 93 and 91%, respectively. However, despite the overall positive response of soil respiration to the rise in temperature, the Q10 values demonstrated differences in the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration. These values were maximal in the cold (5–15°C) range for both horizons. For most of temperature ranges, Q10 was higher for T2 than for T1. For the T1 horizon and S method, Q10 slightly varied (2.7–3.0), whereas in the case of the ET method, it decreased by 3.3 times from the cold (4.9) to the warm 15–25°C (1.5) temperature range. For the T2 horizon, the S method also did not cause significant shifts in Q10 (3.0–3.5); the ET method caused a decrease in Q10 by 1.5 times from the cold (4.3) to the warm (2.8) temperature range. To sum up, the ET method leads to a wider variation of Q10 values in comparison with the S method thus indicating its better applicability for temperature sensitivity studies with palsa peatland soils under laboratory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method of component integration was tested in the course of studies in typical biogeocenoses of the north of Western Siberia. This method as applied for separate horizons made it possible not only to estimate the contribution of different sources to the total efflux of CO2 from soils but also to evaluate the participation of horizons in soil respiration. Root respiration contributed to about 14 ± 3% of the CO2 efflux from the permafrost-affected peat soil (Hemic Cryic Histosol) and to about 29 ± 6% of the CO2 efflux from the tonguing podzol (Glossic Albic Rustic Podzol (Arenic)). Histosol was characterized by a higher storage of total (organic and inorganic) carbon (26 kg C/m2), extractable carbon (Cextr) (32 g C/m2), and microbial carbon (Cmic) (43 g C/m2). Its upper horizon (TO) contained about 50% of the total soil storage of Cmic and 100% of the total storage of roots (up to 300 g/m2). It had the maximum activity of microbiota and contributed to more than 70% of the total efflux of CO2 from the active layer (on average, 35 cm in thickness) of Cryic Histosol. Podzol was characterized by the low storage of total carbon (6 kg C/m2), considerable storage of Cmic (38 g C/m2), and much higher microbial activity. This circumstance, together with a tenfold higher storage of the roots (up to 3000 g C/m2) and favorable temperature regime specified high values of the gross production of CO2 and its emission from the Podzol surface exceeding the corresponding values for the Cryic Histosol by three–five times. The mineral profile of Podzol contributed to about 20% of the total efflux of CO2 from this soil (on average, about 38 cm in thickness). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acidic aqueous solutions of bromic acid salts (bromates) are promising electrolytes for redox flow batteries due to their record high power capacity and the rate of electrode reactions proceeding in the autocatalytic regime. The paper gives a comparison of the results of mathematical modeling and experimental measurements of steady-state currents of bromate anion electroreduction in sulfuric acid medium on microelectrodes of various radii. An algorithm of solving the inverse problem suitable for determination of the key transport and kinetic process parameters was proposed and tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical foundations for mathematical modeling of the convective flows with evaporation are presented, and the topical research areas are given. The special attention is payed to models constructed within continuum mechanics, to comparison of the different formulations of corresponding problems including formulations of boundary conditions at the interfaces. Alternative analytical approaches and experimental studies are briefly discussed in the context of thermal convection accompanied by evaporation (or condensation) in the systems with thin liquid layers which are mostly sensitive to the phenomena of interphase exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical analysis of a vast body of data collected during five field seasons (2011-2015) was performed to characterize the biological activity of soils in the northern taiga ecosystems of Western Siberia. Automorphic forest soils, hydromorphic (oligotrophic bog) soils, and semihydromorphic (flat-topped and large peat mounds) soils were characterized. Statistically significant differences of average levels of CO2 emission from the soils were identified at the ecosystem level. The CO2 emission from podzols of automorphic forest ecosystems at the peak of the growing season (205 ± 30 to 410 ± 40 mg CO2/(m2 h)) was significantly higher than the emission from semihydromorphic soils of peat mounds (70 ± 20 to 116 ± 10 mg CO2/(m2 h)). The presence and depth of permafrost was a significant factor that affected ecosystem diversity and biological activity of northern taiga soils. Statistically significant differences in the total, labile, and microbial carbon pools were observed for the studied soils. Labile and microbial carbon pools in the organic layer (10 cm) of forest podzols amounted to 0.19 and 0.66 t/ha, respectively; those in the organic layer (40 cm) of peat cryozems of flat-topped peat mounds reached 1.24 and 3.20 t/ha, and those in the oligotrophic peat soils (50 cm) of large peat mounds were 2.76 and 1.35 t/ha, respectively. The portion of microbial carbon in the total carbon pool (Cmicr/Ctot, %) varied significantly; according to the values of this index, the soils were arranged into the following sequence: oligotrophic peat soil < peat cryozem < podzol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the discontinuous cryolithozone in the north of Western Siberia in forest and tundra biogeocoenoses, two field methods for individual determination of root and microbial soil respiration were tested: plant shading and root exclusion (comparison of the plots with vegetation and without it). The proportion of of root respiration in the total soil respiration in the forest biogeocoenosis was 7-50%; in the tundra, 10-50%. The plant shading method has been physiologically substantiated, is the least time-consuming, and the least damaging to soil function (moisture and temperature do not change). The proposed modification of the method (root exclusion on natural objects) demonstrated a satisfactory result, but it is not universal due to the specifics of objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a theoretical analysis of a convective fluid flow with a concurrent gas flow accompanied by evaporation at the interface. The analysis of two-layer flows is based on a mathematical model taking into account evaporation at a thermocapillary boundary and effects of thermal diffusion and diffusion heat conduction in the gas-vapor layer. New exact solutions describing steady two-layer flows in a channel with the interface remaining undeformed and examples of velocity and temperature profiles for the HFE-7100 (liquid)-nitrogen (gas) system are presented. The influence of longitudinal temperature gradients along the channel boundaries, the gas flow rate, and the height of the fluid layer on the flow regime and evaporation rate is studied. A comparison of the calculated data with experimental results is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differently directed and heterochronous cryogenic processes have contributed to the contrasting soil cover patterns and spatial heterogeneity of the properties of soils in hydromorphic ecosystems of the discontinuous permafrost zone of the northern taiga in Western Siberia. Frost heave and permafrost thawing within ecosystems of highmoor bogs have led to the development of specific cryogenic landforms, such as flat-topped and large peat mounds. A set of cryogenic soils is developed in these ecosystems; it includes different variants of cryozems, gleyzems (Cryosols), and peat soils (Histosols). The distribution of these soil types is controlled by the local topography and thawing depth, other factors being insignificant. Alternation of peat horizons of different types and ages, whirl-like patterns of horizon boundaries, considerable variations in the thickness of soil horizons, and inversions of soil horizons under the impact of frost cracking, frost heave, and cryoturbation are typical of the considered soils. Thawing depth is the most significant factor affecting the thickness of organic horizons, the soil pH, and the degree of decomposition of peat. As a result of the upward movement of bog ecosystems under the impact of frost heave, peat soils are subjected to considerable transformation: peat horizons undergo mineralization, and the thickness of organic horizons decreases; in some cases, eluvial-illuvial differentiation of the mineral horizons takes place, and peat podzols are developed. However, the opposite process of the return of the soils to the bog stage of pedogenesis with peat accumulation may take place in any time in the case of activation of thermokarst processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To carry out a comparative assessment of the clinical efficacy and safety of the original drug memantine and the generic drug (memantal) in patients with mild and moderate dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Materials and methods. A randomized, controlled, comparative study was performed over a period of six months in 50 patients with mild or moderate AD-associated dementia who had not previously received acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or memantine. The original memantine and memantal were prescribed at a starting dose of 5 mg/day, after which the dose was titrated in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Patients' status was evaluated using the MMSE scale, the Cummings NPI questionnaire, and the IADL questionnaire, and side effects were recorded. Results and conclusions. There were no significant differences in the actions of memantal and the original memantine in relation to measures of cognitive functioning, behavioral or psychotic symptoms, or operant activity, and there were no differences in safety. Both study drugs evoked minor improvements in cognitive functions, which were more marked in patients with mild AD-associated dementia than in those with late-onset AD. These results lead to the conclusion that there are no significant differences in the efficacy and safety of the generic (memantal) and the original memantine in patients with mild and moderate AD-associated dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the accumulation of antioxidants at аn early stage of development of organs of P. incarnata L. plants grown in greenhouses (medicinal aromatic plants were used for comparison), as well as to evaluate the effect of biostimulant Albit. The use of amperometric and biochemical methods made it possible to measure and evaluate the total antioxidant content in aqueous extracts of leaves of aromatic plants with sedative effects compared to aqueous extracts of P. incarnata L. leaves. The latter are characterized by a lower level of antioxidant accumulation. Seed treatment with biostimulant Albit and foliar treatment of aerial parts of the P. incarnata L. plant increased the total antioxidant content and the content of carotenoids, chlorophylls a and b, and the yield of aerial parts of the plant by 10-15%. The findings suggest that the P. incarnata L. plants grown in greenhouses can be used to create antioxidant herbal remedies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that brass is the construction material widely used when manufacturing agricultural equipment. An effective volatile inhibitor is offered to protect it from corrosion in the atmosphere of the livestock premises with 100% and close to it relative humidity of the air containing the stimulators of this process-CO, NH, H2S-in the concentrations that multiply exceed the background ones. A range of methods-weight corrosion tests and electrochemical measurements (potentiodynamic polarization, polarization resistance, fixed in the automatic mode)-define the conditions under which the inhibitors of the IFKHAN series multiply slow down the corrosion of brass. The general corrosion rate of L62 brass is decreased ten times in the presence of all studied inhibitors of this series in the atmosphere containing up to 20 mg/m of HS and 100% relative humidity. It is most reasonable to use the IFKHAN-112 inhibitor with the ammonia content up to 30 mg/m in the maximum humid atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permafrost and varying land surface properties greatly complicate modelling of the thermal response of Arctic soils to climate change. The forest-tundra transition near Nadym in west Siberia provides an excellent study area in which to examine the contrasting thermal properties of soils in a forested ecosystem without permafrost and peatlands with permafrost. We investigated the effects of forest shading, snow cover and variable organic soil horizons in three common ecosystems of the forest-tundra transition zone. Based on the year-round temperature profile data, the most informative annual parameters were: (1) the sum of positive average daily temperatures at depths of 10 and 20 cm; (2) the maximum penetration depth of temperatures above 10 °C; and (3) the number of days with temperatures below 0 °C at a depth of 20 cm. The insulative effect of snow cover in winter was at least twice that of the shading and cooling effect of vegetation in summer. In areas with shallow permafrost, the presence of a thick organic horizon, with an extremely low thermal diffusivity, creates a very steep temperature gradient that limits heat penetration to the top of the permafrost in summer. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active layer thickness, CO2 emission, and contents of organic substances (including the total organic carbon, labile carbon, and the carbon of microbial biomass) in the soils of flat-topped peat mounds in the area of the Nadym Experimental Station in the north of Western Siberia (experimental site CALM R1) are characterized by considerable spatial variability. The low values of the CО emission are confined to the microelevations on the peatland surface. The high values of the emission (>200 mg CO/(m h)) are typical of the soils with the highest content of the carbon of microbial biomass and the lowest content of the labile organic carbon. The soils of elevated flat-topped peat mounds statistically differ from the soils of waterlogged mires in the contents of total, labile, and microbial carbon and in the CO emission values. Though the soils of elevated flat-topped peat mounds are characterized by the high content of the carbon of microbial biomass (4260 ± 880 mg С/kg soil), the CO emission from them is low (158 ± 23 mg CO/(m h)), which is explained by the structure of microbial communities in the cryogenic soils and by the effect of specific hydrothermic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric corrosion stability of metals can be achieved by coating their surfaces with superthin nanoscale layers. The scientific principles of inhibiting metal corrosion have been under development for many years, but a new direction of progress has emerged recently. The main achievement of research in this new direction is the possibility of covering metals in nanoscale films that, despite their extreme thinness, ensure high corrosion resistance of the metals under various atmospheric conditions. To this end, methods are suggested for producing such coatings from volatile organic compounds that can adsorb on metal surfaces from the gaseous phase. Increasing the irreversibility of adsorption of volatile corrosion inhibitors is necessary to strengthen the protective effect of the nanolayers they form on the surface. Nanolayer-coating protection has a number of fundamental advantages, including retention of article dimensions, a lack of a need for special utilization and degreasing methods, and affordability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tracks the annual dynamics of carbon dioxide production (emission and profile concentration) by soils of the arboretum in the Moscow State University Botanical Garden that are planted with Siberian spruce and common pine. The high biological activity of the studied soils is caused by the high content of organic matter, slightly alkaline reaction, and good structure and texture. Differences in CO production by the soils of a spruce and pine forest (1.5-2 times higher in the latter) can be explained by different structures of soil profiles rather than a temperature regime. The seasonal dynamics of CO production are the same for both soils and associated with seasonal changes in climatic parameters. In the cold season, there is noticeable production of carbon dioxide by soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soils of the studied area function in different temperature regimes: under the influence of permafrost (Turbic Histic Cryosol and Cryic Eutric Histosol) and long-term seasonal freezing (Albic Podsol). Sporadic permafrost defines the differences in temperature regimes. All soils are characterized by the low production of carbon dioxide (an average of 160 mg CO/(m h)), indicating their low biological activity. The lack of easily available carbon for microorganisms is detected in all investigated soils by the C: C ratio despite the high reserves of organic matter. The value of CO emission and the C: C ratio are 'site-specific' for the region of investigation and may be used as indicators of environmental changes. Cryogenic peat soils represent a unique natural object and ensure the functional diversity and integrity of northern taiga ecosystems in Western Siberia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil temperature regimes were studied in three ecosystems of the north of Western Siberia in the zone of isolated permafrost: the forest ecosystem with gleyic loamy sandy podzol (Stagnic Albic Podzol), the flat-topped peat mound ecosystem with humus-impregnated loamy sandy to light loamy peat cryozem (Histic Oxyaquic Turbic Cryosol (Arenic)), and the peat mound (palsa) ecosystem with oligotrophic destructive permafrost-affected peat soil (Cryic Histosol). Annual temperature measurements in the soil profiles demonstrated that these soils function under different temperature regimes: very cold permafrost regime and cold nonpermafrost regime. The following annual temperature characteristics proved to be informative for the studied soils: sums of above-zero temperatures at the depths of 10 and 20 cm, the maximum depth of penetration of temperatures above 10°C, and the number of days with daily soil temperatures above (or below) 0°C at the depth of 20 cm. On the studied territory, the insulating effect of the snow cover in winter was at least two times more pronounced than the insulating effect of the vegetation cover in summer. Cryogenic soils of the studied region are characterized by the high buffering towards changing climatic parameters. This is explained by the presence of the litter and peat horizons with a very low thermal diffusivity and by the presence of permafrost at a relatively shallow depth with temperature gradients preventing penetration of heat to the permafrost table. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-layer gas-liquid flows and evaporation intensity at the interface were studied. The influence of gas flow rate, longitudinal gradient of temperature, the Soret effect on the nature of flow and transfer processes was demonstrated. Experimental and theoretical results were compared; they show dependence of evaporation at the interface on gas flow rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal properties of acrylic reactive adhesives modified with maleimides and copolymers of maleimide with methacrylic copolymers are studied. It is shown that such modification allows one to improve the operability of anaerobic and thermosetting adhesives upon exposure to elevated temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]