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The southern Rocky Mountains in Colorado and northern New Mexico hosted intracontinental magmatism that developed during a tectonic transition from shortening (Laramide orogeny, ca. 75 to 40 Ma) through extension and rifting. We present a novel approach that uses stochastic weighted bootstrap simulations of a large set of new and historical geochronology data to better understand how regional anisotropies responsible for focusing magma emplacement evolved through time. This technique can detect subtle trends in directional distributions, including multi‐modal orientations, and can be filtered from regional to local scales. Our results indicate that magmatism followed first the northeast trend of the Colorado mineral belt between 75 and 40 Ma and deviated afterward. These deviations vary depending on the scale of the analysis. At the smallest scale we evaluated (<75 km), the orientation of magmatism from 45 to 30 Ma rotated counter‐clockwise before aligning with the north‐south trend of the modern Rio Grande rift. Larger, regional‐scale analyses indicate magma centers between 40 to 35 Ma and 25 to 20 Ma were dominantly oriented southwest‐northeast, whereas magmatism between 35 and 25 Ma had north‐south orientation. The large areal footprint of magmatism and shifting regional patterns suggest that ancient zones of weakness in the North American lithosphere accommodated magma flow at different moments in time, rather than controlled by a retreating interface of the Farallon and North American plates. Plain Language Summary: Continents can be deformed by compression or extension, and this deformation is commonly accompanied by magma ascension and crystallization in the upper crust. In many cases, magmas generated during a given time period are emplaced and crystallize aligned to their dominant stress fields, such as compression or extension. It is also possible for magmas to solidify aligned along ancient faults (and associated weaknesses), and therefore their spatial orientations may reflect tectonic events much older than magma crystallization. However, these "magma alignments" are not always obvious in maps, because there are many factors that go into dating magma systems, and magma flow is not always limited to one or a few obvious faults or related features. This study introduces a technique that treats sample locations for dated rocks as a point pattern and applies previously developed point pattern analyses to detect subtle alignments in magmatism. We apply this tool to a well‐known example in the western United States, where magmatism was continuous from tectonic compression through extension, to evaluate how magma alignments shifted through time. Key Points: Fry analyses reveal shifting regional orientations in Eocene‐Oligocene magmatism in the southern Rocky MountainsRegional‐scale magmatism followed ancient continental structures at various time periodsSmaller‐scale analyses indicate magma orientations rotated counter‐clockwise between 45 and 30 Ma [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comment addresses the incorrect treatment and presentation of data from laser ablation ICP-MS U–Pb age determinations of two samples of the Třebíč Pluton. This results in inaccurate ages and error assessment, invalidating the age interpretations of the authors. To corroborate our arguments, new high-precision chemical abrasion ID-TIMS data are presented that unequivocally define the emplacement age of the Třebíč pluton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies in patients with acne, psoriasis, or atopic eczema and the attitudes about CAM of these patients. Design: This was a qualitative study, utilizing semistructured interviews and thematic analysis. Setting: Patients were recruited from the practices of dermatologists and general practitioners in a noncapital Australian city. Results: Twenty-six (26) interviews were conducted with patients with acne, 29 with psoriasis, and 7 with atopic eczema. Use of CAM therapies was common. Participants tended to value CAM over orthodox therapies because of their preference for natural approaches to their skin diseases and the perceived lesser potential for adverse effects of CAM therapies. Respondents with acne were more confident about the efficacy of CAM than were those with psoriasis or eczema. The resulting sense of control attenuated psychologic sequelae of acne. This was not apparent in psoriasis or eczema. Conclusions: Practitioners should be cognizant of the likely use of CAM and its implications (including the potential for attenuation of psychologic morbidity) in their patients who have skin diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining social support is an important aspect of managing stress. Within the unit management model, prison officers provide supportive assistance to prisoners and provide access to other sources of support. Officers' capacity to fulfill these aspects of their duties relies, in part, upon prisoners' willingness to approach officers for support. Data from 187 prisoners in a male maximum-security prison indicated that they would rarely approach prison officers for support, although this varied according to the type of problem encountered. Prisoners reported a greater willingness to seek practical help than emotional support from prison officers. There were no differences between those prisoners who reported a history of self-harm and those who did not. The data suggest if prisoners' only access to support is through prison officers, then prisoners in need would be reluctant to seek help. Moreover, if efforts to identify prisoners at risk of self-harm were reliant on prisoners' self-disclosure of distress then these efforts would not be effective. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on a study which examined the relationship of patients with acne, psoriasis or atopic eczema with their doctors. The study was conducted from January 2004 to April 2005 using thematic analysis and modified grounded theory. It discovered the prevalence of patients who have had negative experiences with their doctors. Patients claim that general practitioners and dermatologists have poor understanding of the psychological implications of skin diseases.

Background: The use of Clinical Data Management Systems (CDMS) has become essential in clinical trials to handle the increasing amount of data that must be collected and analyzed. With a CDMS trial data are captured at investigator sites with "electronic Case Report Forms". Although more and more of these electronic data management systems are used in academic research centres an overview of CDMS products and of available data management and quality management resources for academic clinical trials in Europe is missing.Methods: The ECRIN (European Clinical Research Infrastructure Network) data management working group conducted a two-part standardized survey on data management, software tools, and quality management for clinical trials. The questionnaires were answered by nearly 80 centres/units (with an overall response rate of 47% and 43%) from 12 European countries and EORTC.Results: Our survey shows that about 90% of centres have a CDMS in routine use. Of these CDMS nearly 50% are commercial systems; Open Source solutions don't play a major role. In general, solutions used for clinical data management are very heterogeneous: 20 different commercial CDMS products (7 Open Source solutions) in addition to 17/18 proprietary systems are in use. The most widely employed CDMS products are MACRO and Capture System, followed by solutions that are used in at least 3 centres: eResearch Network, CleanWeb, GCP Base and SAS. Although quality management systems for data management are in place in most centres/units, there exist some deficits in the area of system validation.Conclusions: Because the considerable heterogeneity of data management software solutions may be a hindrance to cooperation based on trial data exchange, standards like CDISC (Clinical Data Interchange Standard Consortium) should be implemented more widely. In a heterogeneous environment the use of data standards can simplify data exchange, increase the quality of data and prepare centres for new developments (e.g. the use of EHR for clinical research). Because data management and the use of electronic data capture systems in clinical trials are characterized by the impact of regulations and guidelines, ethical concerns are discussed. In this context quality management becomes an important part of compliant data management. To address these issues ECRIN will establish certified data centres to support electronic data management and associated compliance needs of clinical trial centres in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thorough knowledge of the regulatory requirements is a challenging prerequisite for conducting multinational clinical studies in Europe given their complexity and heterogeneity in regulation and perception across the EU member states.Methods: In order to summarise the current situation in relation to the wide spectrum of clinical research, the European Clinical Research Infrastructures Network (ECRIN) developed a multinational survey in ten European countries. However a lack of common classification framework for major categories of clinical research was identified, and therefore reaching an agreement on a common classification was the initial step in the development of the survey.Results: The ECRIN transnational working group on regulation, composed of experts in the field of clinical research from ten European countries, defined seven major categories of clinical research that seem relevant from both the regulatory and the scientific points of view, and correspond to congruent definitions in all countries: clinical trials on medicinal products; clinical trials on medical devices; other therapeutic trials (including surgery trials, transplantation trials, transfusion trials, trials with cell therapy, etc.); diagnostic studies; clinical research on nutrition; other interventional clinical research (including trials in complementary and alternative medicine, trials with collection of blood or tissue samples, physiology studies, etc.); and epidemiology studies. Our classification was essential to develop a survey focused on protocol submission to ethics committees and competent authorities, procedures for amendments, requirements for sponsor and insurance, and adverse event reporting following five main phases: drafting, consensus, data collection, validation, and finalising.Conclusion: The list of clinical research categories as used for the survey could serve as a contribution to the, much needed, task of harmonisation and simplification of the regulatory requirements for clinical research in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]