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Simple Summary: Polistes metricus colonies consist of two female castes, namely workers that have active ovaries and participate in colony care and reproductives that emerge as gynes with inactive ovaries and prepare for diapause, and males that do not overwinter. Cues during the larval stage and upon eclosion have been found to affect caste determination in Polistes females. The relative importance of cues experienced by larvae and those upon eclosion has not been teased out. Worker-, gyne- and male-destined pupae were housed in containers devoid of cues that affect caste determination. Thus, individuals experienced all of the normal larval cues but none experienced by adults. Adults had access to high-protein and high-carbohydrate diets. If larval cues play a larger role in caste determination in Polistes, the workers would be expected to prefer a high-protein diet due to their active ovaries and gynes a high-carbohydrate diet to build up lipid stores to overwinter. If the cues upon eclosion play a larger role, then all females would be predicted to have a similar diet. Males were expected to have a high-carbohydrate diet. The amounts of carbohydrates and protein consumed as well as nutrients stored in the individuals were measured. The adults showed no difference in the levels of nutrients consumed. Whole-body nutrient levels did not differ between the two female castes. Males had lower protein levels. Larval cues alone appear not to be sufficient for caste differentiation in female Polistes. Males appear to process the food differently than females. There is growing evidence that paper wasps' (Polistes') fate as workers or reproductive females (gynes) is affected by cues that exist at the larval stage and during eclosion. The nutritional requirements for workers and gynes are different early in their adult lives. Males are short-lived and have different nutritional needs than females. To determine the relative importance of larval and adult cues, we reared Polistes metricus individuals from prepupae to adults isolated from known environmental cues shown to affect caste differentiation. Individuals were given access to two foods with different ratios of protein and carbohydrates. Levels of protein, amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids were measured after the feeding trials. If larval experience drove feeding behavior in adults, we expected to see differences in protein and carbohydrate intake as well as differences in nutrient levels. Females showed no differences in feeding or nutrient levels. Males had lower levels of protein and amino acids than females but had similar feeding results to females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a series of 18 chapters focusing on concepts prominent within this tradition, the book ultimately provides a more realistic point of access for understanding the evolution of international financial markets in recent decades and the implications for emerging economies. I Emerging Economies and the Global Financial System: Post-Keynesian Analysis i provides a comprehensive new insight into the practice and theory of the contemporary integration of emerging economies into the world economy. It is hard to see how many emerging economy governments might be able at will to "avoid current account deficits and foreign debt", as the authors recommend - or that such commonplaces constitute useful advice. [Extracted from the article]

We present a suite of seven 3D supernova simulations of non-rotating low-mass progenitors using multigroup neutrino transport. Our simulations cover single star progenitors with zero-age main-sequence masses between |$9.6$| and |$12.5 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$| and (ultra)stripped-envelope progenitors with initial helium core masses between |$2.8$| and |$3.5 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$|⁠. We find explosion energies between |$0.1$| and |$0.4\, \mathrm{Bethe}$|⁠, which are still rising by the end of the simulations. Although less energetic than typical events, our models are compatible with observations of less energetic explosions of low-mass progenitors. In six of our models, the mass outflow rate already exceeds the accretion rate on to the proto-neutron star, and the mass and angular momentum of the compact remnant have closely approached their final value, barring the possibility of later fallback. While the proto-neutron star is still accelerated by the gravitational tug of the asymmetric ejecta, the acceleration can be extrapolated to obtain estimates for the final kick velocity. We obtain gravitational neutron star masses between |$1.22$| and |$1.44 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$|⁠, kick velocities between |$11$| and |$695\, \mathrm{km}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$|⁠, and spin periods from |$20\, \mathrm{ms}$| to |$2.7\, \mathrm{s}$|⁠, which suggest that typical neutron star birth properties can be naturally obtained in the neutrino-driven paradigm. We find a loose correlation between the explosion energy and the kick velocity. There is no indication of spin–kick alignment, but a correlation between the kick velocity and the neutron star angular momentum, which needs to be investigated further as a potential point of tension between models and observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent discoveries of many double neutron star systems and their detection as LIGO-Virgo merger events call for a detailed understanding of their origin. Explosions of ultrastripped stars in binary systems have been shown to play a key role in this context and have also generated interest as a potential explanation for rapidly evolving hydrogen-free transients. Here, we present the first attempt to model such explosions based on binary evolution calculations that follow the mass transfer to the companion to obtain a consistent core-envelope structure as needed for reliable predictions of the supernova transient. We simulate the explosion in 2D and 3D, and confirm the modest explosion energies $${\sim } 10^{50}\, \mathrm{erg}$$ and small kick velocities reported earlier in 2D models based on bare carbon–oxygen cores. The spin-up of the neutron star by asymmetric accretion is small in 3D with no indication of spin-kick alignment. Simulations up to shock breakout show the mixing of sizeable amounts of iron group material into the helium envelope. In view of recent ideas for a mixing-length treatment (MLT) of Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities in supernovae, we perform a detailed analysis of the mixing, which reveals evidence for buoyancy-drag balance, but otherwise does not support the MLT approximation. The mixing may have implications for the spectroscopic signatures of ultrastripped supernovae that need to be investigated in the future. Our stellar evolution calculation also predicts presupernova mass-loss due to an off-centre silicon deflagration flash, which suggests that supernovae from extremely stripped cores may show signs of interactions with circumstellar material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a taxonomy of reflexive development practice, suggesting an examination of external values and norms; an assessment of the importance of local context; a recognition that policies can worsen the problems that they try to solve; and the idea that theory and policy should be revised as circumstances change. The taxonomy is developed as a way of addressing the difficulties encountered by the modernist Washington Consensus on the one hand and postmodernism on the other. The discussion draws on the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, who tries to move the debate further using the concept of reflexivity, combining the objectivism of the outsider with the attention to context of the locally embedded researcher. JEL Classifications: O10, B41 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reviewed: Les Haïtiens au Québec. Déjean, Paul.