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The partial or total replacement of carbon black by silica fillers is initiated through various techniques for environment-friendly, smart, and fuel-efficient NR composites for high-end dynamic applications like tyre tread. The smart properties such as low rolling resistance, better wet skid resistance, and abrasion resistance as well as noise reduction, create tyre tread compounds with superior performance. The endeavour to maximise the incorporation of eco-friendly ingredients like silica filler in rubber compound associates to produce a green tyre product indeed. The present review encompasses those approaches with a substantial contribution in the area along with critical insights in the respective efforts. Initially, the various types of commercially available silica fillers are discussed in brief, followed by the various approaches for surface modification in detail. Finally, the miscellaneous initiatives along with their achievements and drawbacks are included under five strategic verticals for better understanding along with vital remarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delhi metropolitan area suffers from extreme haze during the post‐monsoon and winter season, impacting climate, public health, and economy. We used a high‐resolution time‐of‐flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR‐ToF‐AMS) and aethalometer at two urban locations in Delhi to capture non‐refractory PM2.5 (NR‐PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) during the post‐monsoon and winter season of 2019–2020. Four haze periods with high composition based‐PM2.5 (C‐PM2.5 = NR‐PM2.5 + BC) concentration and distinct chemical composition were identified, during all of which organics dominated but with varying contribution (∼[50%–70%] of C‐PM2.5). Biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA) was dominant in all periods (∼[31%–45%] of OA), but the majority of it was highly aged ∼(45%–50%) with high O/C (0.71 and 0.46 at the two sites), formed most likely through rapid dark oxidation of freshly emitted and partially oxidized BBOA. High polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) signals in the fresh BBOA mass spectra suggest incomplete combustion activities such as open biomass burning emissions as major source. During an agricultural burning event in north‐western India, we estimated that ∼(44%–53%) of total C‐PM2.5 (combined contribution of aged BBOA and oxygenated OA) measured in Delhi was influenced by long‐range transported biomass burning emissions. During winter, secondary inorganics constituted a significant fraction apart from organics ∼(48%–55%), mainly in the form of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3; up to ∼[19%–25%] of C‐PM2.5) and ammonium sulfate (NH4SO4; up to ∼[27%–38%]). Enhanced formation of NH4NO3 and related‐secondary organic aerosol (SOA) were linked to nighttime oxidation of BBOA, while NH4SO4 and related‐SOA were linked to heterogeneous aqueous phase oxidation under high RH conditions (>90%). Plain Language Summary: During post‐monsoon and winter seasons, Delhi experiences high concentration of fine particles leading to haze events. To design targeted mitigation policies, an understanding of key factors responsible for haze events is needed. We used an advanced suite of instrumentation to capture temporal trends of real‐time particle chemical composition at two urban locations in Delhi. Using advanced receptor modelling and molecular level source signatures, the open burning of biomass material was estimated to be the largest contributor to haze events during post‐monsoon and winter haze events. The post‐monsoon haze pollution was largely affected by the aged biomass burning particles likely from the long‐range transport of agricultural residue burning emissions in the upwind states of Delhi. Winter haze episodes were also highly affected by biomass burning emissions, likely from the local burning of wood, coal and/or roadside trash for heating and/or cooking purposes. However, the winter haze particles contained significant aged inorganic material including ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride aerosol apart from aged organics. This study also suggests that the nighttime aging of biomass burning emissions contributed in the rapid formation of aged organic and inorganic particles, causing haze events. Key Points: Four haze periods with distinct PM2.5 chemical composition were identified during post‐monsoon and winter season in DelhiBiomass burning organic aerosol was dominant in all haze periods with the majority of it present in highly aged formOpen biomass burning emissions undergo rapid nighttime oxidation resulting in high yields of secondary organic and inorganics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and air pollution have important societal consequences, especially in emerging economies, wherein transitions from polluting technologies to cleaner alternatives coincide with high population vulnerability to environmental threats. India is home to a fifth of the world's population and a gamut of human activities, employing a far ranging spectrum of technologies and fuels, with consequent emissions. Atmospheric fine particles or aerosols in the region predominate in carbonaceous constituents and dust. Multi-institutional studies in the region have earlier focused on natural and anthropogenic climate forcing by aerosols and feedbacks on regional and global climate. Important gaps remain in understanding human activities influencing emissions, emission aerosol properties, and regional atmospheric processes, specifically those related to carbonaceous aerosol impacts on climate and air quality. With an aim to address these gaps, the COALESCE (Carbonaceous Aerosol Emissions, Source Apportionment and Climate Impacts) project was launched on 7 July 2017. The project adopts integration of scientific methods developed by both the climate and air quality research communities. New fundamental knowledge from the project and strong links to India's policy framework would enable climate and clean-air action in the region. The article describes the scientific rationale, objectives, and planned activities under COALESCE to explore engagement with the international climate and air quality research communities and to enable eventual dissemination of research findings, knowledge products, and decision-support tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal variations in nitrogen (N2 ) fixation and denitrification rates were estimated in the sediment of Sundarban mangrove ecosystem, India. The mean rate of microbial N2 fixation (16.53 ηmol N fixed/hr/g dry wt of sediment) was relatively higher than the mean rate of denitrification (14.72 ηmol N2O-N /hr/dry wt of sediment) in the mangrove sediment throughout the study, suggesting satisfactory fertility of this ecoregion in terms of sediment nitrogen. Sediment from the deeper parts of this ecosystem showed higher N2 fixation rate (18.23 ηmol N fixed/hr/g dry wt of sediment) than the surface sediment (10.17 ηmol N fixed/hr/g dry wt of sediment). Similar trend was observed for the denitrification rate in all the seasons. The ratio of N2 fixation to denitrification rate showed an increasing trend with depth. The results depicted that under higher anoxic condition bacteria would prefer N2 fixation over denitrification and would ultimately enhance the nitrogen storage capacity of this mangrove ecosystem. Although population of free living N2 fixing bacteria decreased with increase in depth, the rate of N2 fixation showed a reverse trend, during the study period. These results suggested that anoxic condition and low level of nitratenitrogen content could stimulate the enzyme activity responsible for N2 fixation in this particular ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal variations in atmospheric hydrogen sulphide concentrations and its biosphere-atmosphere exchanges were studied in the World’s largest mangrove ecosystem, Sundarbans, India. The results were used to understand the possible contribution of H2S fluxes in the formation of atmospheric aerosol of different size classes (e.g. accumulation, nucleation and coarse mode). The mixing ratio of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) over the Sundarban mangrove atmosphere was found maximum during the post-monsoon season (October to January) with a mean value of 0.59 ± 0.02 ppb and the minimum during pre-monsoon (February to May) with a mean value of 0.26 ± 0.01 ppb. This forest acted as a perennial source of H2S and the sediment-air emission flux ranged between 1213 ± 276 μg S m−2 d−1(December) and 457 ± 114 μg S m−2 d−1 (August) with an annual mean of 768 ± 240 μg S m−2d−1. The total annual emissions of H2S from the Indian Sundarban were estimated to be 1.2 ± 0.6 Tg S. The accumulation mode of aerosols was found to be more enriched with non-sea salt sulfate with an average loading of 5.74 μg m−3 followed by the coarse mode (5.18 μg m−3) and nucleation mode (1.18 μg m−3). However, the relative contribution of Non-sea salt sulfate aerosol to total sulfate aerosol was highest in the nucleation mode (83%) followed by the accumulation (73%) and coarse mode (58%). Significant positive relations between H2S flux and different modes of NSS indicated the likely link between H2S, a dominant precursor for the non-sea salt sulfate, and non-sea sulfate aerosol particles. An increase in H2S emissions from the mangrove could result in an increase in enhanced NSS in aerosol and associated cloud albedo, and a decrease in the amount of incoming solar radiation reaching the Sundarban mangrove forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt has been made in this paper to decompose the real line R into two complementary sets whose ratio sets have empty interior. Another decomposition of the real line has been made into uncountable pairwise disjoint sets {Xα}α<ωc, where ωc is the smallest uncountable ordinal, i.e. ∪ Xα<ωc Xα = R and Xα ∩ Xβ = Φ for all α < ωc; β < ωc such that ratio sets of Xα (α < ωc) have non-empty interior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behaviour of suspended particulate matter (SPM), salinity profile, dissolved nutrients, total (T.Chl- a) and size fractionated chlorophyll- a (F.Chl- a) were studied seasonally at Chilika Lagoon, east coast of India, during 2008-2009. The study showed large spatio-temporal variations among these parameters. The concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and inorganic phosphate were found to be maximum during the monsoon, followed by post- and pre-monsoon, although the mean N:P ratios, which indicate the relative availability of N with respect to P, were 9.13 ± 3.09, 16.57 ± 11.53 and 5.47 ± 3.13, respectively. It was evident from the results that during pre-monsoon and postmonsoon, the lagoon exhibits nitrogen limitation. Mean T.Chl- a biomass in the lagoon showed distinct seasonality with maximum values during the pre-monsoon (23.12 ± 9.75 mg m) followed by monsoon and post-monsoon. Irrespective of seasons, maximum T.Chl- a was found in the northern part of the lagoon. SPM concentrations during the monsoon were relatively higher in the freshwater dominated zones compared to seawater dominated areas, indicating its riverine sources. The correlation between SPM and various dissolved nutrients ( p < 0.05) suggests its influence on the physico-chemical conditions at varying levels. It is summarized that seasonal variation of SPM and nutrients contributed by rivers, wind induced re-suspension events and in situ regeneration processes play a crucial role in the lagoon biogeochemical cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a paper [2] some kinds of f - projections of a planar set E has been defined for a function f : R → R (where R is set of real numbers) and word 'projection' has been used when f is linear. Some descriptive properties of projections (category and measure) of a planar set has been established. The main result in this paper is answered a question raised by Ceder and Ganguly [2]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effort has been made for the first time in Asia's largest brackish water lagoon, Chilika, to investigate the spatio-temporal variability in primary productivity (PP), bacterial productivity (BP), bacterial abundance (BA), bacterial respiration (BR) and bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) in relation to partial pressure of CO2(pCO2) and CO2air–water flux and the resultant trophic switchover. Annually, PP ranged between 24 and 376 µg C L−1d−1with significantly low values throughout the monsoon (MN), caused by light limitation due to inputs of riverine suspended matter. On the contrary, BP and BR ranged from 11.5 to 186.3 µg C L−1d−1and from 14.1 to 389.4 µg C L−1d−1, respectively, with exceptionally higher values during MN. A wide spatial and temporal variation in the lagoon trophic status was apparent from BP/PP (0.05–6.4) and PP/BR (0.10–18.2) ratios. The seasonal shift in net pelagic production from autotrophy to heterotrophy due to terrestrial organic matter inputs via rivers, enhanced the bacterial metabolism during the MN, as evident from the highpCO2(10,134 µatm) and CO2air–water flux (714 mm m−2d−1). Large variability in BGE and BP/PP ratios especially during MN led to high bacteria-mediated carbon fluxes which was evident from significantly high bacterial carbon demand (BCD >100% of PP) during this season. This suggested that the net amount of organic carbon (either dissolved or particulate form) synthesized by primary producers in the lagoon was not sufficient to satisfy the bacterial carbon requirements. Lagoon sustained low to moderate autotrophic–heterotrophic coupling with annual mean BCD of 231% relative to the primary production, which depicted that bacterioplankton are the mainstay of the lagoon biogeochemical cycles and principal players that bring changes in trophic status. Study disclosed that the high CO2supersaturation and oxygen undersaturation during MN was attributed to the increased heterotrophic respiration (in excess of PP) fuelled by allochthonous organic matter. On a spatial scale, lagoon sectors such as south sector, central sector and outer channel recorded “net autotrophic,” while the northern sector showed “net heterotrophic” throughout the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper we recall the definition of statistical convergence for single and double sequences. Introducing the notion of the quasi statistical convergence on double sequence we compare it with statistical convergence and give a charac- terization of quasi statistical convergence on double sequence. Furthermore we establish a decomposition theorem for quasi statistical convergence and some results are obtained relating to strong quasi summability for double sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With technology development and reduced foot print size of recent altimeters, estimation of water level height of inland water bodies with sub-meter level accuracy at the global scale with reasonable temporal and spatial resolution is possible. SARAL/Altika is the first altimeter working in very high frequency of Ka (36.5GHz) band. SARAL has 500 MHz bandwidth so the pulse width is reduced to 2 ns and effective footprint is reduced to 1.3 km for calm surfaces. The Brahmaputra River is one of the biggest rivers of the India located in the northeastern part of the country. Here in this study we have done waveform classification of Ka band and Ku band waveforms for Saral and Jason 2 respectively. We have analysed total 3000 Ku band waveforms of Jason-2 and 1000 Ka band waveforms of SARAL. We have classified different types of waveforms like Brown shaped, spiked, double spiked, multi spikes in leading edge, multi spikes in trailing eadge, very low power waveforms on the basis of their shape. Here we have studied the land to water and water to land transition of satellite altimeter derived from the change in the shape of wavefrom as a first step towards the waveform retracking for the water level estimation. As satellite approches from land to water, midpoint of leading edge shifts, power increases and number of peaks in the trailing edge decreases. The reverse pattern can be seen the water to land transition. We also showed seasonal variability of water spread of the Brahmaputra River. Geophysical corrections have major impact on the retrieval of water level from altimeter waveforms. We have also analyzed DTC (Dry Tropospheric Correction), WTC (Wet Tropospheric Correction) and IC (Ionospheric Correction) which we have applied to the range for the water level estimation of Brahmaputra River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem level changes in water quality and biotic communities in coastal lagoons have been associated with intensification of anthropogenic pressures. In light of incipient changes in Asia's largest brackish water lagoon (Chilika, India), an examination of different dissolved nutrients distribution and phytoplankton biomass, was conducted through seasonal water quality monitoring in the year 2011. The lagoon showed both spatial and temporal variation in nutrient concentration, mostly altered by freshwater input, regulated the chlorophyll distribution as well. Dissolved inorganic N:P ratio in the lagoon showed nitrogen limitation in May and December, 2011. Chlorophyll in the lagoon varied between 3.38 and 17.66 mg m . Spatially, northern part of the lagoon showed higher values of DIN and chlorophyll during most part of the year, except in May, when highest DIN was recorded in the southern part. Statistical analysis revealed that dissolved NH $_{4}^{\mathrm {+}}$-N and urea could combinedly explain 43% of Chlorophyll- a (Chl- a) variability which was relatively higher than that explained by NO $_{3}^{\mathrm {-}}$-N and NO $_{2}^{\mathrm {-}}$-N (12.4%) in lagoon water. Trophic state index calculated for different sectors of the lagoon confirmed the inter-sectoral and inter-seasonal shift from mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions largely depending on nutrient rich freshwater input. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the concept of order statistical convergence in a particular metric lattice we define the order statistical limit points and order statistical cluster points and obtain some related results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satellite altimetry for inland water applications has evolved from investigation of water height retrieval to monitoring since last two decades. Altimetry derived reservoir/ river levels can subsequently be used to deal with key inland water resources problems such as flood, rating curve generation for remote locations, reservoir operations, and calibration of river/lake models. In this work 29 inland water bodies were selected over Indian region to monitor from satellite altimetry. First cut selection of potential water bodies was based on availability of altimeter tracks and geographic locations. Then feasibility study was carried out to check the potential of availability of in-situ measurement and scope of GPS survey for final selection. An algorithm is proposed and tested for the water-level retrieval over the Ukai Reservoir which fulfil all the necessary requirements. The methodology is based on averaged high rate waveforms, modified retracker and range corrections. The results were then validated with the GPS survey and in-situ tide gauge dataset. SARAL derived water-level information for six different retrackers were compared with the in-situ tide-gauge dataset installed close to the Ukai Dam. Averaged high rate waveforms were analysed for better performance, i.e. single 40Hz, and multiple 40-Hz. A field trip was conducted on 17th January 2014, same day on the SARAL pass, using two Dual frequency GPS instruments. New improved retracker work best with overall RMSE within the range of 8 cm. The results supports that AltiKa dataset can be utilized for more accurate water level information over inland water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of the Taguchi method with grey relational analysis, to determine the laser micro-drilling parameters with consideration of multiple quality characteristics, is studied in this paper. The effort has been made to minimize the micro-drilling defects, such as hole taper and heat-affected zone width, to produce high-quality micro-drills. The Taguchi method coupled with grey relational analysis is therefore used as statistical design of experiment tools for optimization of both the quality characteristics, simultaneously. The optimal result obtained has been verified with the help of an additional confirmatory experiment. This indicates the application feasibility of the grey-Taguchi technique for continuous improvement in product quality in the manufacturing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated concentrations of arsenic in the sediment and pore water in the Sundarban wetlands pose an environmental risk. Adsorption and desorption are hypothesized to be the major processes controlling arsenic retention in surface sediment under oxic/suboxic condition. This study aims to investigate sorption kinetics of As(III & V) and its feedback to arsenic mobilization in the mangrove sediment. It ranges from sand to silty clay loam and shows the adsorption of As(III & V) following the Langmuir relation. Estimates of the maximum adsorption capacity are 59.11 ± 13.26 μg g for As(III) and 58.45 ± 8.75 μg g at 30°C for As(V) in the pH range 4 to 8 and salinity 15-30 psu. Extent of adsorption decreases with increasing pH from 4 to 8 and desorption is the rate-limiting step in the reaction of arsenic with sediment. Arsenic in the sediment could be from a Himalayan supply and co-deposited organic matter drives its release from the sediment. Arsenic concentration in the sediment is well below its maximum absorption capacity, suggesting the release of sorbed arsenic in pore water by the microbial oxidation of organic matter in the sediment with less feedback of adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In laser microdrilling, the formation of taper and the dimension of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) are important attributes that greatly influence the quality of a drilled hole. In this article, an experimental investigation into Nd:YAG laser microdrilling of alumina is carried out to produce desired high-quality microdrill. Four independently controllable process variables viz. lamp current, pulse frequency, air pressure, and pulse width are considered as input parameters, while hole taper and HAZ width are considered the output parameters. The Taguchi method combined with the grey relational analysis is used as a statistical design of experiment technique to set the optimal process parameters. The objective is set to minimize both quality characteristics, simultaneously. Grey relational analysis is applied to convert the multiple quality characteristics to a single performance characteristic, called grey relational grade. Optimal process parameters are then determined by the Taguchi method using grey relational grade as the quality index. Both of the quality characteristics of drilled holes are improved markedly at the optimal process condition, as verified by an additional confirmation test. This indicates the application feasibility of the grey-based Taguchi technique for continuous improvement of laser microdrilling quality in the manufacturing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role played by dendritic cells (DCs) in Leishmania donovani infection is poorly understood. Here, we report that L. donovani amastigotes efficiently infect human peripheral-blood monocyte-derived DCs. Opsonization with normal human serum enhanced the infectivity of amastigotes and promastigotes only marginally. Surface attachment versus internalization was distinguished by incubation of DCs with live, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled parasites, followed by quenching with crystal violet. Infection with amastigotes was accompanied by DC maturation, as was evident from the up-regulation of maturation-associated cell-surface markers, the nuclear translocation of RelB, and the release of cytokines. Amastigote-primed DCs produced inflammatory cytokines in response to subsequent treatment with interferon-gamma or anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody. When cocultured, amastigote-infected DCs induced T helper cell type 1 (Th1) responses both in naive allogeneic CD4(+) T cells and in autologous CD4(+) T cells from patients with kala-azar and up-regulated the expression of T-bet. Our data reveal that infection with L. donovani amastigotes induces a Th1 cytokine milieu in both DCs and T cells. Copyright © 2006 Infectious Diseases Society of America [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: There is increasing evidence of a link between tuberculosis and smoking. This paper reviews the epidemiological evidence from the UK, China, India and the USA, summarizing some of the main papers which indicate an association. Where an association has been found there seems to be an increase in tuberculosis case rates of between two- and four-fold for those smoking in excess of 20 cigarettes a day, but it may be difficult to control for other factors, particularly alcohol consumption. The final part of the paper reviews possible mechanisms. A likely possibility is that nicotine turns off the production of TNF-α by the macrophages in the lungs, rendering the patient more susceptible to the development of progressive disease from latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper the authors study some properties of the mid-point sets of sets of natural numbers using upper (lower) asymptotic density of sets of natural numbers. In this connection a set has been introduced here and studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of a hot water extract of black tea ( Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, Theaceae) on upper gastrointestinal transit and on diarrhoea was investigated employing conventional rodent models of diarrhoea. Black tea extract was found to possess antidiarrhoeal activity in all the models of diarrhoea used. Naloxone (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) significantly inhibited the antidiarrhoeal activity of the extract as well as loperamide, thus indicating a role of the opioid system in the antidiarrhoeal activity of the extract. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reviewed our experience of 25 children with adrenocortical tumours from January 1980 to December 1994. Their ages ranged from 7 months to 15 years; there were 16 girls and 9 boys. Truncal obesity, moon facies, hypertension, and virilisation were the most common clinical features. Establishment of the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome was accomplished by hormonal and radiological studies. Eighteen patients had adrenocortical carcinomas, but 2 of them refused operation; 7 had adrenocortical adenomas. Twenty-three patients were treated by surgery; 6 with carcinomas are still alive after periods of 6 months to 3 years. The results of treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma have been poor, but the prognosis is excellent for benign lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we define certain types of projections of planar sets and study some properties of such projections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In intercollicular decerebrate cats, some of which were made spinal in addition, the effect of oxotremorine (intravenous injection, 10-30 μg/kg) was tested on antidromically activated Renshaw cells. Methylatropine premedication prevented the otherwise often fatal drop in blood pressure; ipsilateral dorsal roots L6-S1 and contralateral hindlimb nerves were cut to exclude segmental receptor interference. During supramaximal stimulation of ventral root L7 or the gastrocnemius nerves, an increase of activity ranging from 10-110% was observed. The drug occasionally evoked spontaneous discharges in Renshaw cells, or enhanced activity already present. Alpha motoneuron activity decreased in most cases. The interaction of oxotremorine with atropine and eserine was also investigated on Renshaw cells. Our results suggest that one of the effects of oxotremorine may be a disbalance between motor output and recurrent inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the study related to the ganglionic blockage caused by Rhazidine, a monoquaternary alkaloid. Responses of the nictitating membrane to pre-ganglionic sympathetic stimulation were abolished without affecting post-ganglionic responses. Close intra-arterial administration of Rhazidine to the superior cervical ganglion in the cat invariably caused relaxation of the nictitating membrane followed by abolition of the responses to pre-ganglionic sympathetic stimulation. The responses to post-ganglionic stimulation were unaffected at a time when there was complete blockade to pre-ganglionic stimulation after injection of rhazidine. The results presented in this paper indicate that rhazidine, a monoquaternary alkaloid from Rhazya stricta, has potent ganglion-blocking activity.