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Background: The effectiveness of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) depends on participants adherence, making it crucial to assess and compare regimen options to enhance human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prophylaxis strategies. However, no prospective study in China has shown that the completion rate and adherence of single-tablet regimens in HIV PEP are higher than those of multi-tablet preparations. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the completion rate and adherence of two HIV PEP regimens. Methods: In this single-center, prospective, open-label cohort study, we included 179 participants from May 2022 to March 2023 and analyzed the differences in the 28-day medication completion rate, adherence, safety, tolerance, and effectiveness of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, and dolutegravir (TDF/FTC + DTG). Results: The PEP completion rate and adherence were higher in the BIC/FTC/TAF group than in the TDF/FTC + DTG group (completion rate: 97.8% vs. 82.6%, P = 0.009; adherence: 99.6 ± 2.82% vs. 90.2 ± 25.29%, P = 0.003). The incidence of adverse reactions in the BIC/FTC/TAF and TDF/FTC + DTG groups was 15.2% and 10.3% (P = 0.33), respectively. In the TDF/FTC + DTG group, one participant stopped PEP owing to adverse reactions (1.1%). No other participants stopped PEP due to adverse events. Conclusions: BIC/FTC/TAF and TDF/FTC + DTG have good safety and tolerance as PEP regimens. BIC/FTC/TAF has a higher completion rate and increased adherence, thus, is recommended as a PEP regimen. These findings emphasize the importance of regimen choice in optimizing PEP outcomes. Trial registration: The study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration number: ChiCTR2200059994(2022-05-14), https://www.chictr.org.cn/bin/project/edit?pid=167391). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnAl2O4 with a typical spinel structure is highly expected to be a novel rare‐earth‐free ion‐activated oxide phosphor with red emission, which holds high actual meaning for advancing phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diode (pc‐LED) lighting. Among the rare‐earth‐free activators, Mn4+ ions have emerged as one of the most promising activators. Considering the price advantage of MnCO3 generating Mn2+ ions and the charge compensation effect potentially obtaining Mn4+ ions from Mn2+ ions, this research delves into a collection of ZnAl2O4:Mn2+(Mn4+), x Li+ (x = 0%–40%) phosphors with Li+ as co‐dopant and MnCO3 as Mn2+ dopant source prepared by a high temperature solid‐state reaction method. The lattice structure was investigated using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL), and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectroscopy. Results suggest a relatively high probability of Li+ ions occupying Zn2+ lattice sites. Furthermore, Li+ ion doping was assuredly found to facilitate the oxidization of Mn2+ to Mn4+, leading to a shift of luminescence peak from 516 to 656 nm. An intriguing phenomenon that the emission color changed with the Li+ doping content was also observed. Meanwhile, the luminescence intensity and quantum yield (QY) at different temperatures, as well as the relevant thermal quenching mechanism, were determined and elucidated detailedly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The efficacy and safety of ainuovirine+lamivudine+tenofovir (ANV+3TC+TDF) and efavirenz+lamivudine+tenofovir (EFV+3TC+TDF) have been confirmed in previous clinical trials; however, there are no related studies on patient‐reported outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of these 2 antiretroviral therapy regimens and to understand the patient's symptom experience and subjective experience of sleep quality through patient‐reported outcomes. Methods: This is a single‐center prospective cohort study with 243 patients evaluated from October 1, 2021 to June 30, 2022. Virological effectiveness and patient‐reported outcomes results were analyzed. The primary endpoint was the proportion of HIV viral load <50 copies/mL (virological suppression rate) at 48 weeks and the changes in the HIV symptom index and Pittsburgh sleep quality index. Results: The virological suppression rates in the ANV+3TC+TDF and EFV+3TC+TDF groups were 83.6% (102/122) and 87.6% (106/121), respectively, at 48 weeks. In the ANV+3TC+TDF group, the scores of HIV symptom index and pittsburgh sleep quality index in the 48th week were lower than the baseline level (p < 0.05). Logistic regression results showed that the baseline regimen EFV+3TC+TDF was a risk factor for dizziness/lightheadedness (odds ratio = 3.153, 95% confidence interval: 1.473–6.748, p = 0.003), sadness/depression odds ratio = 2.404, 95% confidence interval:1.188–4.871, p = 0.015), and difficulty sleeping (odds ratio = 2.802, 95% confidence interval: 1.437–5.463, p = 0.002) at 48 weeks. Conclusions: Both regimens showed good virological effectiveness; however, compared with ANV+3TC+TDF, the EFV+3TC+TDF regimen reduced the prevalence of HIV‐related symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect and tolerance of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (BIC/FTC/TAF) use for 24 weeks in anti-retroviral therapy (ART)-naïve patients in China. This single-center retrospective cohort study included ART-naïve patients who received BIC/FTC/TAF from July 2021 to April 2022. The proportion of patients with HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL at the end point of 24 weeks (virological suppression rate) was the primary outcome, and the changes in CD4 cell count, CD4/CD8 ratio, weight, blood lipid, and safety were secondary outcomes. A total of 80 ART-naïve patients were enrolled. The virological suppression rate was 86.3% at 24 weeks. The median CD4 cell count increased from 212 cells/μL (interquartile range [IQR]: 90.3–398.3) at baseline to 348 cells/μL (IQR: 219.8–541.0) at 24 weeks. The median CD4/CD8 ratio increased from 0.25 (IQR: 0.13–0.37) at baseline to 0.40 (IQR: 0.26–0.66) at 24 weeks. During the follow-up of 80 ART-naïve patients using BIC/FTC/TAF, 16 participants had adverse events; however, these events did not lead to drug withdrawal. This real-world cohort study showed that BIC/FTC/TAF could achieve good immunological and virological responses in ART-naïve patients. In addition, this study also shows good safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the whole life cycle theory, the carbon effect of three different sizes of high-standard basic farmland construction projects is measured and analysed. The results show that the carbon emissions generated during the construction of high-standard basic farmland projects and the carbon absorption capacity at the later stage are different for projects of different sizes. The carbon emissions of different scales of high-standard basic farmland projects will increase during the construction stage. The results of carbon effect changes in the later operation and management stage show that the high-standard basic farmland construction projects will help reduce the carbon emissions of the field ecosystem where the farmland is located and increase its carbon sink capacity after the completion of construction, which is more obvious in larger projects. The emission reduction and carbon sequestration capacity of the farmland after remediation are improved to different degrees, which is more conducive to the ecological development of agricultural production and ecological environmental protection in the relevant areas. The study contributes to the green development of farmland, which is of some significance for the sustainable development of agriculture in Tianjin and the whole country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loxoprofen sodium is a chiral drug with two chiral centers. In our previous work, we found that the elimination of its four isomers showed stereospecificity in rats, while how the stereospecific behavior occurred in vivo was unclear. To clarify this issue, each single isomer of loxoprofen sodium was prepared by a chiral semi‐preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and then administered to rats. By analysis of each isomer in rat plasma utilizing an analytical chiral HPLC, it was discovered that the chiral inversion occurred only to its (2R)‐isomers, one from (1′S,2R)‐ to (1′S,2S)‐isomer and the other from (1′R,2R)‐ to (1′R,2S)‐isomer. The reduction of α‐substituted cyclopentanone occurred only to its (1′R)‐isomers, with (1′R,2R)‐isomer reduced to (2′S,1′R,2R)‐trans‐alcohol and (1′R,2S)‐ to (2′S,1′R,2S)‐trans‐alcohol. Interestingly, both the inversion and the reduction reaction occurred to its (1′R,2R)‐isomer due to the special stereo‐structure with both (2R)‐ and (1′R)‐configuration, and conversely, neither of them occurred to its (1′S,2S)‐isomer, which caused the significantly different elimination rate in vivo. These new findings were meaningful for evaluation of the safety and efficacy of chiral drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a type of drug eruption in dermatology emergencies that is rare in clinical practice but has a high mortality rate. The main causes are drug and viral infections. Unfortunately, no expert consensus on treating this disease exists, and a standard therapy is absent. Up to now, glucocorticoids combined with gamma globulin are commonly used in clinical practice, but their efficacy is highly controversial. This study reports on a 7-year-old girl with TEN who did not respond to traditional therapy, such as methylprednisolone combined with gamma globulin, but was finally cured with an additional low-dose etanercept. The results showed that etanercept therapy in paediatric TEN is safe, reliable and worth recommending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image interpretation algorithms based on deep learning are becoming increasingly important in land cover information acquisition. We propose CSSwin-unet, a network designed for the semantic segmentation of remote sensing images. CSSwin-unet is based on Swin-unet, follows the U-shaped codec structure of U-Net, but utilizes Swin transformer blocks with superior global modelling capabilities to constitute the codec. In addition, we design a parallel branch in the encoder with a context aggregation module (CAM) to enhance contextual information extraction and alleviate the semantic ambiguity problem resulting from occlusion. To address the problem of semantic information mismatch between codecs and improve the model's ability to extract spatial information, we constructed a space extraction module (SEM) in the skip connections, which replaces the direct copying of encoder features in Swin-unet. To reduce information loss during the downsampling process and strengthen the segmentation capacity of the network, we designed a feature shrinkage module (FSM) in the downsampling session. We conducted comprehensive ablation experiments on a dataset we produced ourselves and compared the results with other advanced methods. The test results showed significant improvement, with mIoU, mF1, and OA values improving by 2.83%, 2.47%, and 2.05%, respectively, compared to the second best performing model, Swin-unet. The above results prove the excellent performance of CSSwin-unet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) and dolutegravir plus lamivudine (DTG + 3TC) are well tolerated and effective in clinical trials. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these two schemes in a real-world setting and to obtain the first dataset for switching to BIC/FTC/TAF and DTG + 3TC in a Chinese population. Methods: This retrospective single-center cohort study in China included participants who switched to DTG + 3TC or BIC/FTC/TAF between January 2020 and February 2023. The main endpoint was the proportion of participants with HIV-1 RNA levels of ≥ 50 copies/mL. Safety, tolerance, and the incidence of low-level viremia (LLV) were evaluated. Results: A total of 525 participants were included, 454 of whom were included in the PP analysis. At week 48, the proportions of participants with HIV-1 RNA ≥ 50 copies/mL were 4.4% (10/225) for DTG + 3TC and 6.1% (14/229) for BIC/FTC/TAF; virological efficacy did not differ significantly between the two groups. Consistent results were obtained in an intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis. The incidences of LLV were 3.6% (7/193) and 4.9% (10/206), respectively. During the study, none of the participants stopped taking drugs because of a lack of efficacy or adverse reactions. Conclusions: Both regimens are well tolerated and effective for switching HIV-1 infection therapy. However, the detection of genotypic drug resistance should be considered when baseline virological non-suppression is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ainuovirine/lamivudine/tenofovir is a novel antiretroviral therapy regimen used to treat human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. This study aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics of ainuovirine/lamivudine/tenofovir in HIV-1-infected patients aged ≥ 65 (elderly patients) and ≤ 40 years (young patients). Methods: This prospective, open-label, parallel controlled clinical study included 15 young and 15 elderly patients. Blood (1 mL) was collected 30 min before dosing and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 h after dosing, to measure the plasma concentrations of ainuovirine/lamivudine/tenofovir. Safety was assessed by monitoring the adverse events, physical examinations, and clinical laboratory tests. Results: Plasma concentrations of each ainuovirine/lamivudine/tenofovir component reached peak levels 1–4 h after dosing and gradually decreased during the remaining observation period. Compared with the young group, ainuovirine had significantly higher T1/2Ke, AUC0–24, and AUC0–inf (all P < 0.05) in the elderly group, whereas Ke (P = 0.002) was significantly lower. However, the Cmax and Tmax of ainuovirine did not differ significantly. Lamivudine and tenofovir also had a significantly higher Cmax (p = 0.004 and p = 0.008, respectively) and AUC0–inf (P = 0.014 and P = 0.006, respectively) in the elderly group, whereas there was no significant difference in Tmax, Ke, and T1/2Ke. Ainuovirine/lamivudine/tenofovir was well tolerated in both the young and elderly groups. Conclusion: This study suggests that the ainuovirine/lamivudine/tenofovir regimen might be an effective and safe treatment regimen for HIV-1-infected patients aged ≥ 65 years and ≤ 40 years. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and develop optimal dosing regimens for elderly HIV-1-infected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prospective studies examining long‐term therapeutic outcomes of the Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) regimen in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remain limited. This study assessed the actual efficacy and safety of BIC/FTC/TAF in HIV‐infected individuals in southwest China. Methods: This was a single‐center, prospective study enrolling ART‐naïve (n = 32) and ART‐experienced (n = 177) HIV‐infected patients administered BIC/FTC/TAF treatment between March 2022 and August 2022. The data were collected until February 28, 2023. Virological reactions and adverse events to the treatment were recorded, and patient subjective feelings in the form of Electronic Patient Reporting Outcome (ePRO) were collected. The primary endpoint was the rate of patients with HIV viral load <50 copies/mL at Week 24. Results: At Week 24, 87.5% and 95.5% of ART‐naïve and ART‐experienced HIV patients had a viral load <50 copies/mL, respectively. CD4 cell counts in ART‐naïve and ART‐experienced patients increased significantly by 163.5 cells/μL (p =.002) and 55.0 cells/μL (p =.022), respectively. By Week 24, no patients had discontinued the BIC/FTC/TAF treatment due to adverse events. Based on ePRO data, ART‐naïve and ART‐experienced patients at Week 24 had stable disease symptom burden, quality of life, and depression level after treatment with BIC/FTC/TAF. Conclusion: BIC/FTC/TAF reduces the viral load in ART‐naïve patients with high viral load as well as ART‐experienced patients with residual viremia. The patient's subjective experience was maintained stable after treatment with BIC/FTC/TAF. This study also revealed a very low incidence for BIC/FTC/TAF drug‐related side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate road network data for open-pit mine is crucial for the effective implementation of ore mining and transportation scheduling systems as well as the operation of unmanned mining trucks. It is still a challenging task to accurately extract roads from open-pit mine because of their blurred boundaries and varying scales. Based on the characteristics of open-pit mine roads, we propose a local point feature enhancement network (LPFE-Net). The core of LPFE-Net is a point feature enhancement unit (PFE Unit) and a multiscale residual module. Among them, the PFE unit is used to fuse the key features of the neighboring points. The multiscale residual module superimposes the PFE unit to expand the perceptual field and uses multilevel residual connections to improve information flow and reduce model complexity. The experimental results show that the proposed LPFE-Net outperforms all the compared methods in the open-pit mine road extraction task while having a relatively fast extraction speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Short-term and long-term comparative outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for multivessel coronary artery (MVCA) or left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease are highly debated. Goals: We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the difference between PCI and CABG for the treatment of patients with MVCA or LMCA in long-term follow-up. Methods: Literatures were searched in PubMed, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library from January 1, 2000 to January 1, 2021, including RCTs and observational studies (OSs). The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 10 years follow-up, and the secondary outcomes included cardiac mortality, repeated revascularization, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Results: A total of 5 RCTs reporting data from 3013 participants and 4 OSs of 5608 participants were included for analysis. There was no significant difference between PCI and CABG in all-cause mortality (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.03 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89 to 1.19]), whereas PCI was associated with higher cardiac mortality (OR 0.76 [95% CI 0.65 to 0.90]) and repeated revascularization rate comparing to CABG (OR 1.77 [95% CI 1.08 to 2.89]; I2 = 94.61%). The difference between PCI and CABG in repeated revascularization in either RCTs or OSs, in myocardial infarction in either RCTs or OSs were not significant. In OSs, stroke rate in PCI group was lower than those in CABG, but not in RCTs. There was a significant increase of stroke rate in CABG comparing to PCI (OR 0.65 [95% CI 0.53 to 0.80]; I2 = 0.00%). No significant difference between PCI and CABG in myocardial infarction was not observed (OR 0.92 [95% CI 0.64 to 1.31]; I2 = 57.84%). Conclusion: Evidence from our study and prior studies suggested the superiority of CABG over PCI in improving 5- but not 10-year survival among patients with MVCA. In the contrast, there was no significant difference between CABG and PCI for treating patients with LMCA in either 5- or 10-year survival rate. More long-term trials are needed to better define differences of outcome between 2 techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term outcome data from real-world studies on the implementation of a two-drug dolutegravir plus lamivudine (DTG+3TC) regimen for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remain limited. This study evaluated the real-world effectiveness and safety of DTG+3TC in people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Southwestern China. This was an observational, single-center, retrospective study that enrolled antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve (n = 36) and ART-experienced patients with HIV (n = 86) between January 2019 and April 2021. The virological response to therapy and adverse events were documented. The primary endpoint was an HIV viral load (VL) <50 copies/mL at week 48. The proportion of treatment-naïve and ART-experienced PLHIV with a VL <50 copies/mL at 48 weeks was 97.2% and 97.7%, respectively. The CD4 count increased significantly by 80.2 cells/μL (P = 0.012) and 79.0 cells/μL (P = 0.021) in the ART-naïve and ART-experienced patients, respectively. No patients discontinued DTG+3TC by week 48 due to adverse events. Virologic suppression may be achieved with DTG+3TC, in ART-naïve patients with a high VL, and in ART-experienced patients with residual viremia. This study also demonstrated a low prevalence of drug-related side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Step-feature lines are one of the important geometrical elements for drawing the status quo maps of open-pit mines, and the efficient and accurate automatic extraction and updating of step-feature lines is of great significance for open-pit-mine stripping planning and analysis. In this study, an automatic extraction method of step-feature lines in an open-pit mine based on unmanned-aerial-vehicle (UAV) point-cloud data is proposed. The method is mainly used to solve the key problems, such as low accuracy, local-feature-line loss, and the discontinuity of the step-feature-line extraction method. The method first performs the regular raster resampling of the open-pit-mine cloud based on the MLS algorithm, then extracts the step-feature point set by detecting the elevation-gradient change in the resampled point cloud, further traces the step-feature control nodes by the seed-growth tracking algorithm, and finally generates smooth step-feature lines by fitting the space curve to the step-feature control nodes. The results show that the method effectively improves the accuracy of step-feature-line extraction and solves the problems of local-feature-line loss and discontinuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The average grade of iron ore is low in China, and it is significant for the effective utilization of iron ore to obtain grades. In the paper, the high-precision model was constructed based on the spectrum of hematite and the multiple hidden layers extreme learning machine with random values and dense connection, which took the output of all previous layers as the input of each hidden layer. It has achieved high precision during the detection of the total iron content for hematite, which meets the requirements for the construction and development of new green and intelligent mines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological security pattern is a critical way to ensuring urban ecological security and achieving sustainable urban development. It is also one of the most active study topics in the field of landscape ecology research. The scientific identification of ecological source areas has always been the technical difficulty and primary link in the construction of ecological security patterns. Therefore, based on the relevant theories of geography and landscape ecology, this paper selected Tianjin, China, as the research area to comprehensively identify the source area of ecological security patterns from the aspects of ecological function and landscape level. Firstly, the pressure-state-response model was used to evaluate the ecological environment quality under the influence of social-economic-natural factors from three aspects of pressure, state, and response. Secondly, the ecological structure was evaluated by combining morphological spatial pattern analysis and landscape connectivity index. Finally, the identified ecological source areas were verified by overlaying ecological control lines and calculating the coupling degree of socio-economic systems. The results revealed that (1) the total area of ecological sources identified by the PSR model in 2000, 2010, and 2020 accounted for 18.88%, 16.08%, and 15.28% of the total area, respectively. After the structural integrity assessment of MSPA and landscape connectivity, the area of ecological source in 2020 was less than that in 2010. It demonstrated that while considerable progress had been made in the restoration of the ecological environment in recent years, the connectivity between sources remained low. (2) The main landscape components of ecological source areas were woodlands and wetlands with high ecosystem service values, mainly located in the northern part of Jizhou District, most areas of Binhai New Area, southern Ninghe District, eastern Wuqing District, and northeastern Jinghai District. (3) There was a high degree of consistency between identified ecological source areas and ecological control lines. It was verified that the existing basic ecological control line policy is capable of protecting the most important patches. For the important patches falling outside the control line, the ecological protection red line preselected area can be considered. (4) Combined with the results of social-ecological coupling degree and source area change trend, the scientificity and rationality of ecological source identification method based on the PSR model and structural integrity were verified. The research results can provide theoretical references for the future urban planning and ecological protection of the study area, and also provide new ideas and case references for the source identification of ecological security pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of land-use spatial conflict is a comprehensive reflection of regional development and a common phenomenon in urbanization. The research on land-use spatial conflicts can provide theoretical basis and practical support for spatial control. The present study employs Tianjin as the research object, and ecological risk assessment model was improved based on landscape pattern analysis by selecting appropriate indicators that may bring conflict risk problems. The spatial conflict measurement model of land-use based on the coordination of human-land-landscape elements was preliminarily constructed. The spatial and temporal evolution of land-use spatial conflict degree, and spatial autocorrelation from 2000 to 2020 was preliminarily analyzed. Results showed that (1) the conflict measurement level of the model was verified by Google Earth remote sensing image platform and field survey, and the results were relatively consistent with the actual situation, which proves that this method was feasible. (2) The areas with low intensity of land-use conflict were mainly distributed in remote mountainous areas with less human activities, while the areas with high comprehensive conflict index were mainly distributed in the central urban area with more active human activities and urbanization, the urban fringe area, the water-land ecotone, and some landscape transition areas. (3) There was a close relationship between land use spatial conflict and land-use change. Areas with severe and frequent land-use changes were often areas with noticeable land-use conflict changes. In the period of high land-use change intensity and frequent land-use mode conversion, it was also a period of a large area where regional land-use conflict was enhanced. (4) The overall level of conflict showed an average trend year by year, and the high conflict fluctuates greatly with first rising and then falling, but the change range was small. Moderate conflict mainly showed a decreasing trend, with an extensive change range. The early stage of the mild conflict was relatively stable, and the later stage changed significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron ore tailings are mainly composed of SiO2 and iron, whose content determines the potential reuse strategy of the tailings. Compared with the traditional wet chemistry approach, spectroscopy has proven its superior effectiveness in characterizing and predicting minerals, such as iron oxides, clay, and SiO2. This study aims to estimate the content of SiO2 and TFe in iron ore tailings based on visible–near infrared (VIS–NIR, 350–2500 nm) and thermal infrared (TIR, 8–14 μm) spectroscopy. The outer product analysis (OPA) method is used to combine VIS–NIR and TIR spectral domains, from which an outer product matrix of fusion data can be generated. The study area is the iron ore tailing dam from Waitoushan, which is one of the super-large iron deposits in the Anshan–Benxi iron cluster of northeastern China. The spectral analysis results demonstrated the following: (1) The reflectance feature at 1163–2499 nm in the VIS–NIR range correlates with TFe and the emissivity feature at 8–9.4 and 10.7–12 μm in the TIR range correlates with SiO2. (2) Compared with the original absorbance spectra, the correlation coefficients of fusion spectra improve from 0.66 to 0.87 for TFe and from 0.64 to 0.84 for SiO2. (3) The partial least squares regression, random forest (RF), and extreme learning machine exploiting particle swarm optimization modeling methods are established for SiO2 and TFe estimation. The prediction accuracy results indicate that the prediction model with OPA-fused spectra performs significantly better than with individual VIS–NIR and TIR spectra. The RF model with input-fused spectra provides the highest accuracy with the coefficients of determination of 0.95 and 0.91, root mean square errors of 0.97% and 0.96%, and ratios of performance to interquartile distance of 6.49 and 2.31 for SiO2 and TFe content estimation, respectively. These outcomes provide a theoretical basis and technical support for tailing composition estimation using spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the further development of the construction of “smart mine,” the technology of mine unmanned truck has developed rapidly. Road data are an important prerequisite for the mature application of mining and transportation dispatching system and unmanned driving, so it is particularly important to extract the road in open-pit mines timely and accurately. Different from urban roads, mine roads have no clear road edge and more background interference. In view of the above problems, a convolutional neural network called RATT-UNet (R: residual connection; ATT: attention), which combines residual connection, attention mechanism, and U-Net, is proposed to extract mine road from high-resolution remote sensing images. The advantages of the proposed method are listed as follows: first, the well-designed RATT unit combining residual connection and attention mechanism is used to construct the proposed neural network, which improves the network’s perception ability of detailed features. Second, the abundant skip connections and residual connections can improve the information flow, allowing a better network to be designed with fewer parameters. Third, a composite loss function based on structural similarity is proposed, which effectively alleviates the noise and edge blurring phenomenon and improves segmentation quality. Finally, we perform postprocessing optimization operations on the road extraction results. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed RATT-UNet outperforms all the comparing network models in terms of the quality of extraction results and evaluation indicators in the mining road extraction task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underground coal mining leads to land subsidence, and the situation is particularly serious in the Coal-Grain Complex in eastern China, causing the crop production to be reduced or to be taken out. Backfilling with Yellow River sediment is one of the effective methods to solve the land subsidence in this area, but a key issue is how to select the optimal soil reconstruction profile so that the crop yield after backfilling and reclamation is unaffected. The main purpose of this study is to verify the feasibility of selecting the optimal soil reconstruction profile by rapid monitoring of crop growth and judging soil quality with the aid of unmanned aerial vehicle systems (UAVs). A control treatment and 13 experimental treatments were established for the study area. The control treatment consisted of using 30 cm topsoil and 90 cm subsoil and the topsoil is a proxy for native (undisturbed) soil from the study sites. All other treatments consisted of using varying combinations of subsoil and sediment overlain by 30 cm of topsoil. The vegetation indices from the UAV multispectral images, and the plant height and vegetation coverage from the UAV RGB images were used for estimation of the winter wheat biomass in a random forest regression. The results showed that the random forest regression model yielded accurate estimation of the aboveground biomass. Furthermore, knowledge of plant height and vegetation coverage improved the accuracy of prediction such that crop growth was well characterized. The optimal soil profile consisted of 0.3 m topsoil + 0.2 m subsoil + 0.2 m sediment + 0.2 m subsoil + 0.3 m sediment. A fast and effective airborne monitoring method for soil quality was established, thus providing greatly improved monitoring efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron ore is an important raw material for the steel industry, so it is of great economic significance to determine the grade of the iron ore quickly and accurately. And the TFe content is the main indicator that determines the grade of the iron ore and whether the iron ore can be smelted directly. Unlike manual methods and methods for chemical analysis, the paper uses the selection of band for the near-infrared spectrum based on the pruning method and the two-hidden-layer extreme learning machine based on LU decomposition and seagull optimization algorithm (LU-TELM-SOA) to identify the TFe content. First of all, the paper proposes the selection of band based on the pruning method to retain the sensitive band of the near-infrared spectrum. Aiming at the problems of poor stability and low accuracy of a single LU-TELM (the two-hidden-layer extreme learning machine based on LU decomposition) model, the paper proposes LU-TELM-SOA. The experimental results show that LU-TELM-SOA has the advantages of high accuracy and strong stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the extended Huygens–Fresnel integral and the Rytov phase structure function, the closed-form expression of a partially coherent array finite Airy beams (PCAFABs) cutting through the Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence is derived in the space domain under the paraxial approximation. The characteristics of the PCAFABs evoluting in the atmospheric environment are investigated in detail on the basis of the derived wave propagation formulae. We mainly illustrate the intensity profile of this beam changed with the truncation parameter, coherence length, and turbulence factor at several cross sections of the atmospheric space by means of numerical figures. It is convinced that the present concept and derived conclusions will provide useful exploration for learning the optical properties of the PCAFABs transmitting in the atmospheric turbulence, especially for free-space optical communication area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the many shortcomings of traditional copper ore detection methods, this paper proposes a new method for copper ore content detection, which is to detect copper ore content through spectral information. And we propose an error compensation extreme learning machine model. Using the error compensation extreme learning machine and the spectral information of the copper ore can quickly and accurately identify the copper content in the copper ore. Finally, the satellite remote sensing data were simulated, and the copper content distribution in the mining area was obtained. This provides guidance for future mining, reclamation and ore prospecting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A very broad acidity scale (≈40 pK units) for about 400 N‐heterocyclic carbene precursors (NHCPs) with various backbones and electronic features, including imidazolylidenes, 1,2,4‐triazolylidenes, cyclic diaminocarbenes (CDACs), diamidocarbenes (DACs), thiazolylidenes, cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) and mesoionic carbenes (MICs), was established in DMSO by a well examined computational method. Varying the backbone structure or flanking N‐substituents can have different extent of acidifying effects, depending on both the nature and number of substituent(s). The Gibbs energies (ΔGrs) for the reactions between the corresponding NHCs and CO2 were also calculated. There is a good linear correlation between the pKas of most NHCPs and ΔGrs, suggesting that a greater basicity of NHC leads to a more stable NHC‐CO2 adduct. Interestingly, the nearby asymmetric environment has virtually no differential effect on the acidities of the chiral NHCP enantiomers, but has a pronounced effect on the ΔGr values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, a number of crowdsourcing-based mobile applications have been implemented in mobile networks and Internet of Things (IoT), targeted at real-time services and recommendation. The frequent information exchanges and data transmissions in collaborative crowdsourcing are heavily injected into the current communication networks, which poses great challenges for Mobile Wireless Networks (MWN). This paper focuses on the traffic scheduling and load balancing problem in software-defined MWN and designs a hybrid routing forwarding scheme as well as a congestion control algorithm to achieve the feasible solution. The traffic scheduling algorithm first sorts the tasks in an ascending order depending on the amount of tasks and then solves it using a greedy scheme. In the proposed congestion control scheme, the traffic assignment is first transformed into a multiknapsack problem, and then the Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm (AFSA) is utilized to solve this problem. Numerical results on practical network topology reveal that, compared with the traditional schemes, the proposed congestion control and traffic scheduling schemes can achieve load balancing, reduce the probability of network congestion, and improve the network throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eastern China has a long history of coal mining and a large number of coal mine sites have been abandoned in this region leaving a legacy of mining-related land subsidence, coal waste piles and brownfield sites. Furthermore, as a result of the historical planning approach in the region, many cities were built around coal mines. Therefore, the ecological restoration of abandoned mine land has become vital to the sustainable development in these cities. This paper uses the Datong coal mine site in Huainan as a case study to develop a detailed ecological restoration plan and functional division for an abandoned underground coal mine land by considering the local conditions and mining history, site assessment and integrated monitoring tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Amorphous oxide semiconductor InGaZnO (a‐IGZO) thin films were deposited on glass and sapphire substrates using RF magnetron sputtering at room temperature. H2 annealing effect on the electrical conduction, optical transmittance, and structural properties of a‐IGZO films has been systematically studied. Temperature‐dependent electrical conductivity of a‐IGZO films exhibited n‐type degenerated conduction behavior in the range of 10–300 K. Electrical properties of the films do not fit with variable range hopping carrier transport model. Optical transmission of a‐IGZO films has been enhanced by H2 annealing at elevated temperatures. Fourier‐Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis indicated formation of O‐H bonding state in H2‐annealed a‐IGZO films which is thermally stable up to 300°C. Electron concentration of a‐IGZO films decreases with annealing temperature above 300°C resulting from the reduced H incorporation from OH absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the global phenomenon of the salinisation of large land areas, a quantitative inversion model of the salinity of saline soils and soil visible–near-infrared (NIR) spectral data was developed by considering saline soils in Zhenlai County, Jilin Province, China as the research object. The original spectral data were first subjected to Savitzky–Golay (SG) smoothing, multiplicative scattering correction (MSC) pre-processing, and a combined transformation technique. The pre-processed spectral data were then analysed to construct the difference index (DI), ratio index (RI), and normalised difference index (NDI), and the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (r) between these three spectral indices and the salt content in the samples was calculated, while a combined spectral index (r > 0.8) was eventually selected as a sensitive spectral index. Finally, a quantitative inversion model for the salinity of saline soils was developed, and the model's accuracy was evaluated based on partial least squares regression (PLSR), the random forest (RF) algorithm, and the radial basis function (RBF) neural network algorithm. The results indicated that the inversion of soil salt content using the selected combination of spectral indices based on the RBF neural network algorithm was the most effective, with the prediction model yielding an R2 value of 0.950, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.014, and a relative percentage deviation (RPD) of 4.479, which suggested a good prediction effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil nutrient is one of the most important properties for improving farmland quality and product. Imaging spectrometry has the potential for rapid acquisition and real-time monitoring of soil characteristics. This study aims to explore the preprocessing and modeling methods of hyperspectral images obtained from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform for estimating the soil organic matter (SOM) and soil total nitrogen (STN) in farmland. The results showed that: (1) Multiplicative Scattering Correction (MSC) performed better in reducing image scattering noise than Standard Normal Variate (SNV) transformation or spectral derivatives, and it yielded a result with higher correlation and lower signal-to-noise ratio; (2) The proposed feature selection method combining Successive Projections Algorithm (SPA) and Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling algorithm (CARS), could provide selective preference for hyperspectral bands. Exploiting this method, 24 and 22 feature bands were selected for SOM and STN estimation, respectively; (3) The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was employed to obtain optimized input weights and bias values of the extreme learning machine (ELM) model for more accurate prediction of SOM and STN. The improved PSO-ELM model based on the selected preference bands achieved higher prediction accuracy (R2 of 0.73 and RPD of 1.91 for SOM, R2 of 0.63, and RPD of 1.53 for STN) than support vector machine (SVM), partial least squares regression (PLSR), and the ELM model. This study provides an important guideline for monitoring soil nutrient for precision agriculture with imaging spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper is an important national resource, which is widely used in various sectors of the national economy. The traditional detection of copper content in copper ore has the disadvantages of being time-consuming and high cost. Due to the many drawbacks of traditional detection methods, this paper proposes a new method for detecting copper content in copper ore, that is, through the spectral information of copper ore content detection method. First of all, we use chemical methods to analyze the copper content in a batch of copper ores, and accurately obtain the copper content in those ores. Then we do spectrometric tests on this batch of copper ore, and get accurate spectral data of copper ore. Based on the data obtained, we propose a new two hidden layer extreme learning machine algorithm with variable hidden layer nodes and use the regularization standard to constrain the extreme learning machine. Finally, the prediction model of copper content in copper ore is established by using the algorithm. Experiments show that this method of detecting copper ore content using spectral information is completely feasible, and the algorithm proposed in this paper can detect the copper content in copper ores faster and more accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Smart city can integrate cloud computing, big data, Internet of Things, edge computing, and other modern information technologies, which focuses on integration, sharing, utilization, and service of information resources, and emphasizes the cooperation and coordination of urban management, to achieve deep integration of industrialization and informatization. Data center network planning based on big data is involved in rational deployment and interconnection of network infrastructures, which can improve the network survivability, energy‐efficiency, flexibility, etc. Therefore, a survivable network planning model based on software‐defined networking is presented in this paper. The elastic network planning problem is formulated as a mixed‐integer optimization whose objective is to minimize the number of unprotected nodes. Then, 3 effective schemes including K‐means clustering algorithm based on simulated annealing, greedy routing algorithm, and Lagrangian relaxation algorithm are proposed for feasible solutions. Numerical results on practical network topology reveals that (1) K‐means clustering algorithm based on simulated annealing can make effective classification of different scale topologies; (2) compared with the traditional random deployment method, the greedy routing algorithm and Lagrangian relaxation algorithm can generate the controller deployment strategy more reasonably, and thus improve network survivability and deployment cost‐benefit. We present a survivable network planning model based on SDNThe elastic network planning problem is formulated as a mixed ILP problem to minimize the number of unprotected nodesThree effective schemes including K‐means clustering algorithm based on simulated annealing, greedy routing algorithm, and Lagrangian relaxation algorithm are proposed for feasible solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]