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Background: Drunk driving has been reported to increase the risk of road traffic accidents associated with death and severe injury. In South Africa, an increase in blood alcohol concentration of as little as 0.01 g per 100 ml above the legal limit may warrant criminal prosecution or the denial of an insurance claim for damages. However, multiple court cases have been withdrawn because of the incompetence of officials at various stages of the investigation. The scope of the mistakes range from poor scene handling to the incorrect handling of blood samples at the laboratory to eventual laboratory testing of blood samples. Using a group of community service doctors (CSDs) as a cohort study group, this study investigated the competency of medical graduates in relation to the medico-legal aspects of drunk driving.Methods: A self-administered questionnaire-based study was done with 150 CSDs. The questionnaire was administered in Afrikaans and English and was dispatched electronically via e-mail. All potential participants were contacted telephonically to obtain verbal consent. Results are displayed as percentages.Results: A response rate of 59.3% was achieved. The results obtained in this study confirm that some CSDs lack competency in handling medico-legal aspects relating to drunk driving, and are thus unable to serve the communities they have been assigned to adequately. Their lack of skills and knowledge suggests that the present undergraduate Clinical Forensic Medicine curriculum is inadequate.Conclusion: It would be beneficial to revise the curriculum for Clinical Forensic Medicine in undergraduate medical training to address the gap in knowledge and practice of various demands of forensic medicine required from new medical graduates and CSDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In South Africa, allegations of physical assault are managed primarily at the primary healthcare level, where they are attended to by medical officers or community service doctors (CSDs). However, reports that the knowledge and skills provided at undergraduate level are not sufficient to equip these CSDs to deal with evidence in medico-legal examinations in various settings, including in cases of patients who allege being the victims of common physical assault or assault with intent to inflict grievous bodily harm, have been documented in the literature. This study investigates the practice of CSDs in relation to the assessment and medico-legal documentation of allegations of common assault, with a view to identifying gaps in their knowledge of clinical forensic medicine. Method: The study was a cross-sectional descriptive study. A questionnaire with quantitative sections that used an adapted Likert scale was used to gather data. An electronic survey tool was employed to target 150 CSDs countrywide. Percentages are used to display results. Results: A response rate of 59.3% was achieved and results indicate that clinical forensic training in the undergraduate medical programme does not prepare CSDs sufficiently for the task of managing the medico-legal examination and documentation of allegations of assault by patients. Conclusions: The courts rely heavily on medico-legal documentation for success in criminal prosecution. Any substantial flaw in the documentation, including inadequate observations and/or notes made by a medical practitioner, may make proving guilt very difficult. This study revealed an important gap in the knowledge and practice of clinical forensic medicine by CSDs and suggests that the current curriculum should be adapted to allow adequate training of undergraduate medical students in the area of clinical forensic medicine. Appropriate undergraduate training will ensure that medico-legal documentation is completed accurately and that medical practitioners help ensure the administration of justice. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Following upon two-year internship, community-service doctors make mistakes when they deal with evidence of medico-legal examinations in various settings. These mistakes result in alleged perpetrators being released by courts. This study investigated undergraduate clinical forensic medicine training, based on experiences and opinions of community-service doctors. This article focuses on incidents of alleged rape cases only. Methods: The study was a quantitative retrospective cohort study that made use of a questionnaire with an adapted Likert scale. An electronic survey tool was employed to target 150 community-service doctors throughout South Africa. Percentages are used to display results. Results: A response rate of 59.3% was achieved. Although 80% of the participants reported that they had undergraduate training on how to manage alleged rape or sexual assault cases, only 11.4% of the participants had hands-on exposure to an alleged rape case during their undergraduate training. In addition, the majority of the participants (77.1%) never had undergraduate training on how to complete the J88 form. These findings indicate that clinical forensic training in the undergraduate medical programme does not adequately prepare community-service doctors to meet the challenges of clinical forensic practice. The current curriculum should be adapted to address these shortcomings. Conclusions: Perpetrators cannot be convicted if evidence collected cannot stand up in court. Proper training of undergraduate medical students prior to their community-service posting will ensure that medico-legal documentation is completed correctly, leading to the presentation of credible evidence in a court of law in order to ensure successful conviction of alleged perpetrators. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We present new techniques in cooling 39K atoms using laser light close to the D1 transition. First, a new compressed-MOT configuration is taking advantage of gray-molasses–type cooling induced by blue-detuned D1 light. It yields an optimized density of atoms. Then, we use pure D1 gray molasses to further cool the atoms to an ultra-low temperature of . The resulting phase-space density is and will ease future experiments with ultracold potassium. As an example, we use it to directly load up to atoms in a far detuned optical trap, a result that opens the way to the all-optical production of potassium degenerate gases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a simple surface mining scenario we consider a mine to have one mining location and dumpsite connected by a truck route. We determine a purchase and salvage policy for trucks and loaders, which minimises the cost of materials handling over a multiple period schedule. This problem becomes large scale when we consider large sets of equipment and long schedules. Pre-existing equipment can lead to heterogeneous fleets; non-uniformity in the operating cost function coupled with compatibility issues also adds to the complexity of the problem. We present an integer programme for this problem, where we introduce a specialised linear constraint set to ensure satisfaction of production requirements while accounting for equipment compatibility. Many aspects of the presented model, such as the consideration of multiple periods and pre-existing equipment, are novel for the mining industry and ensure that the model is both a new and advanced equipment selection tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Teaching and learning of clinical forensic medicine (CFM) in the undergraduate medical curriculum is declining, which results in deficient handling of medicolegal cases by doctors. We previously demonstrated that some community-service doctors (CSDs) lack the required competence to assess and document medicolegal cases involving rape/sexual assault, inebriated drivers and common physical assault. Objective. To obtain the perspectives of CSDs on how medical graduates' knowledge of CFM can be improved. Methods. This was a descriptive study using a questionnaire survey to gather qualitative data from 150 CSDs. Results. Analysis of the comments of the CSDs revealed three core themes, i.e. training, practical work and exposure. Conclusions. South African courts rely heavily on medicolegal evidence for successful prosecution of physical assault, rape/sexual assault or drunk driving cases. The inept handling, collecting and processing of medicolegal evidence by healthcare providers have been attributed to lack of rigorous training and poor performance standards. It is important that healthcare providers are trained and competent, and possess the skills required to collect evidence and document medicolegal findings correctly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]