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Advances in regenerative medicine have improved the potential of using cellular therapy for treating several diseases. However, the effectiveness of new cellular therapies is largely limited by low cell engraftment and inadequate localization. To improve on these limitations, we developed a novel delivery mechanism using cell-seeded biological sutures. We demonstrate the ability of cell-seeded biological sutures to efficiently implant human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to specific regions within the beating heart; a tissue known to have low cell retention and engraftment shortly after delivery. Cell-seeded biological sutures were developed by bundling discrete microthreads extruded from extracellular matrix proteins, attaching a surgical needle to the bundle and seeding the bundle with hMSCs. During cell preparation, hMSCs were loaded with quantum dot nanoparticles for cell tracking within the myocardium. Each biological suture contained an average of 5903 ± 1966 hMSCs/cm suture length. Delivery efficiency was evaluated by comparing cell-seeded biological suture implantation with intramyocardial (IM) cell injections (10,000 hMSCs in 35 μL) into the left ventricle of normal, noninfarcted rat hearts after 1 h. Delivery efficiency of hMSCs by biological sutures (63.6 ± 10.6%) was significantly higher than IM injection (11.8 ± 6.2%; p < 0.05). Cell-tracking analysis indicated suture-delivered hMSCs were found throughout the thickness of the ventricular myocardium: along the entire length of the biological suture track, localizing closely with native myocardium. These results suggest cell-seeded biological sutures can deliver cells to the heart more efficiently than conventional methods, demonstrating an effective delivery method for implanting cells in soft tissue. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A: 809-818, 2013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a method to produce discrete fibrin microthreads, which can be seeded with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and used as a suture to enhance the efficiency and localization of cell delivery. To assess the efficacy of fibrin microthreads to support hMSC attachment, proliferation, and survival, microthreads (100 μm diameter per microthread) were bundled together, seeded with 50,000 hMSCs for 2 h, and cultured for 5 days. Cell density on microthread bundles increased over time in culture to a maximum average density of 731 ± 101 cells/mm2 after 5 days. A LIVE/DEAD assay confirmed that the cells were viable, and Ki-67 staining verified hMSC proliferation. In addition, functional differentiation assays demonstrated that hMSCs cultured on microthreads retained their ability to differentiate into adipocytes and osteocytes. The results of this study demonstrate that fibrin microthreads support hMSC viability and proliferation, while maintaining their multipotency. We anticipate that these cell-seeded fibrin microthreads will serve as a platform technology to improve localized delivery and engraftment of viable cells to damaged tissue. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]