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The main objective of this research study is the use of 3D printing to manufacture of a metering plates with different materials and slots shapes for the planting of faba beans. Also, testing the manufactured metering plates by the finite element, fatigue, and topology optimization. Metering plates were designed and tested at department of agriculture engineering, faculty of agriculture, Tanta university, Egypt. through 2022. the maximum values of finite element indices such as von mesies, yield strength, INT (stress intensity), TRI (triaxle stress), ERR (energy norm error), static displacements, RFRES (resultant reaction force), ESTRN (equivalent strain), SEDENS (strain energy density), and ENERGY (total strain energy) were (9.72e+05, 4.04e+06, 8.53e+05, 3.87e+06, 1.00e-16, 1.58e-02, 3.40e-02, 1.52e-4, 8.27e+01, and 4.72e-07) respectively. Also, the minimum values for same indices were (2.54e+04, 7.89e+05, 1.33e+04, 4.71e+03, 1.00e-16, 2.84e-5, 9.19e-03, 1.04e07, 5.06e-07, and 7.88e-08) respectively, with different shapes index of first, second, third, and fourth metering plates were (1.76, 1.78, 3.01, and 1.65) respectively. And for fatigue analysis results, damage, load factor, total cycles, and stress amplitude were (3.36e+05, 5.32e+06, 1.39e+06, and 1.60e+00) respectively. Also, the minimum values for same indices were (2.92e+00, 2.26e-07, 2,21e+04, and 8.26e+00) respectively. And for topology optimization analysis results, the maximum values of topology optimization indices such as best stiffness, and displacement were (4.82e-02, and 3.90e-10) respectively. Also, the minimum values for same indices were (7.97e-2, and 2.61e-06) respectively, and the maximum efficiency of the metering plate was 98% for the first metering plate with TPU material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to study of the correlation between RGB colour indicators and lead concentration in leafy plants. Cabbage and lettuce crops were watered with 3 levels of Lead Pb-contaminated (2.4 and 6 mg/lit). To distinguish the heavy metal contamination and their impact on vegetative characteristics for plants, the results showed with the levels of poisoning (0,2,4, and 6 mg/lit) showed the maximum value of Hue and vegetative were 0.76. and 0.032, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 2.15 and 1.51. Also with the levels of poisoning (0,2,4, and 6mg/lit) showed the maximum value of simple red-green ratio and Green-red vegetation index was 1.61. and 0.23, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 1.28 and 0.12. for Cabbage crops while for lettuce the results showed with the levels of poisoning (0, 2, 4, and 6 mg/lit) showed the maximum value of Hue and vegetative were 0.71. and 0.027, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 0.41 and 0.024. Also with the levels of poisoning (0,2,4, and 6 mg/lit) showed the maximum value of simple red-green ratio and Green-red vegetation index was 1.65. and 0.43, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 1.6 and 0.2. Linear regression analysis was performed on the equations to predict the monitoring Hue and vegetative and simple red-green ratio and Green-red vegetation index The red, green, blue band and intensity, the simple blue-green ratio addition to visible atmospherically resistant index simple green leaf and normalized greenblue difference index The RGB-based vegetation index 2 and RGB-based vegetation index 3 at different poisoning levels. The existence of a strong relationship between them and contains a high coefficient of determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical imagery at high spatial resolution to monitoring and observation of faba bean crop growth obtained from The Sentinel-2 sensor during November 2021 to February 2022 (daytime) were used. Thirteen bands of multispectral data covering the visible, near-infrared, and short wave infrared portions of the spectrum using to monitor land cover change for environmental monitoring. A surface emissivity calculation is the first step of land surface temperature observation and finding the agricultural indices of faba bean crop. The emissivity per pixel was obtained directly from Sentinel-2 sensor data. Natural surfaces at the resolution of 30 m are heterogeneous and they differ from each other in their emissivity. In the present study, surface emissivity was evaluated by analysis of NDVI, NDMI, SWIR, NDWI, Agriculture Composite, and SAVI of vegetation cover per pixel, and the maximum values of climatic indices such as sunshine duration, relative humidity, long, short wave radiation, ultraviolet radiation direct, diffuse radiation, soil temperature, FAO reference evapotranspiration (Eto. The results showed the monthly composite pictures which produced using to generate correct crop growth findings by comparing band reflectance values, vegetation indices, and environmental indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modelling by Finite Element Method (FEM) and fatigue assessment of the single-screw of a press for obtaining fish oil through Solidworks software. Fish oil is a dietary supplement resulting from the tissues of fatty fish, such as salmon, mackerel, herring, and other different types of fish. It is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, and this oil is extracted using an extrusion machine. The objective of this study is to design and analyze extruder parts by finite element analysis at the Department of Agricultural Engineering - Faculty of Agriculture, Egypt. The functional parts of the machine include a feeder, nozzle (barrel), filter mesh, pressure chambers 1 and 2, screw axis, and finally a waste outlet. As for finite element analysis, 9 indicators were studied such as Von Mises, yield strength, INT (stress intensity), TRI (triaxle stress), static displacements, RFRES (resultant reaction), ESTRN (equivalent strain), SEDENS (strain energy density, and ENERGY (total strain energy), and the results for screw axle were (3.12e+07 N/m², 1.72e+08 N/m², 3.60e+07 N/m², 3.71e+07 N/m², 3.17e-02 mm, 1.91e+02N, 1.08e-04,1.41e+03 N.m/m³, 4.41e-15 N.m) when applied 100 N as a torque load, this axle can press 5 times the added weight of fish waste. Also, for screw axis, the results of fatigue indices such as load factor and biaxiality were (7.72e+08, and 9.34e-01) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to develop and evaluate the raised bed machine to suit faba bean planting with local materials. Metering plates were designed with different shapes index and slots shapes suitable for faba bean planting and tested at the Department of Agriculture Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt. The raised bed machine was tested and evaluated under three different forward speeds (2, 3.5, and 4.5 km/h), and three different planting distances (D1, D2, and D3 were 15, 20, and 25 cm). The results indicated that the lowest percentage of missing hills, seed damage, germination ratio, and dispersion ratio were 1.4%,1.2%, 97.57%, and 8.5% at a forward speed of 2km/h and planting distance of 15 cm. The highest value of the actual field capacity, the lowest value of specific energy, and the lowest value of operating costs were 1.25 fed/h, 11. 66kW.h/fed, and 280 L.E./faddan (4,200 m²), respectively for first metering plate (TPU Materials, Hole Length 19mm, Hole Width15mm, Slot Shape Ellipse and Shape Index1.76. Linear regression analysis were performed to predict the operating parameters for the raised bed machine the machine at different forward speeds during different planting distances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiments were conducted at Agricultural Engineering Department Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture Al-Azhar University, Assiut Governorate during 29th of July to 15th of November 2022, in order to develop and manufacture a small unit for producing high quality black honey depends on heating and vacuum system. Also, to determine the optimum treatment forsafe method taken into consideration the environmental impact and evaluate changes in black honeyquality during cooking. This unit consisting of pan vessel, heater, compressor, condenser, rectifier, vessel receiver oil and smart control system. The experimental treatments for black honey cooking unit were tested on three heating temperatures different at 200, 350 and 500 ℃ and four vacuum levels at 150, 300, 450 and 600 mbar and atmospheric pressure. The results shows a decreasing of cooking time at vacuum pressure less than from atmospheric pressure. At vacuum pressure samples, cooking time ranged from 30 to 172 minutes. The highest cooking time was (177, 77and 40 minutes) recorded with atmospheric pressure at different heating temperatures (200, 350 and 500℃), respectively. The lowest cooking time was (155, 64and 30 minutes) recorded with vacuum pressure (-600 mbar) with different heating temperature (200, 350 and 500℃), respectively. The data shows an increasing of evaporation rate of water from sugar cane juice at vacuum pressure more than from atmospheric pressure. At vacuum pressure samples, evaporation rate ranged from 4.53to 26 gH2O/min. The lowest evaporation rate was (4.41, 10.13 and 19.50 gH2O/min) recorded with atmospheric pressure at different heating temperatures (200, 350 and 500℃), respectively. The highest evaporation rate was (5.03, 12.19 and 26 gH2O/min) recorded with vacuum pressure (-600 mbar) with different heating temperature (200, 350 and 500℃), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrated the possibility of using the digital image model and Detect The RGB Colour Vegetation Indicators for Cabbage and Lettuce Crop under nitrogen deficiency and water deficiency. For cabbage, the results show the relationship between the vegetation indicators based on colour indicators and the different fertilization levels of cabbage crops, which were at level (50 ETC), indicating that the Hue index and vegetative reached their heights indicators in the fourth level of fertilization (150%) respectively, which amounted to 2.23 and 2.03. While their minimum indicators were the third level of fertilization and amounted to 2.10 and 0.64 respectively. For Lettuce, the results demonstrated the correlation between the color indicators and the fertilization level (0%), which was at level (100% ETC), during the third stage of irrigation. The simple red-green ratio, green-red vegetation index, and visible atmospherically resistant index all reached their maximum indicators on irrigation, amounting to 0.9, 0.84, and 1.07 respectively, while the simple blue-green ratio, green leaf was increasing until it reached 0.22, 0.73, then followed by the normalized green-blue difference whose maximum indicator reached 0.67 in the same period. As a result of irrigation, the RGB-based vegetation indexes 2 and 3 attained their maximum indicators, which were 5.56 and 6.74, respectively. After watering, the Hue index and vegetative indicators attained their respective peak values of 2.23 and 2.81. While their minimum markers were 2.16 and 2, respectively, before irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The locally manufactured small-scale agricultural machinery in Egypt has recently acquired high importance in order to localize technology and innovation at the farm level. This study aims to design a cost-effective multi-seed planting raisedbed machine to rationalize water use and enhance land productivity in the Nile Delta of Egypt. The small farmers will adopt this technique to enable water, energy, seeds, and effort saving. The design of the machine went through a systematic process of tests to ensure that the design fit for purpose considering a set of design criteria such as soil type, crop type, and varieties as well as seeds size, planting rates, roads networks, farm sizes, cost-effectiveness, and available existing traction forces. The analyses using SolidWorks, a solid modelling computer-aided design and engineering application program, and Ansys simulation software were carried out to the loads and stresses subjected to different parts of the machine in order to identify the proper thickness and materials to manufacture the machine. Based on the stress and strain analysis, the machine structure and its components were designed. The main components of the machine include the main skeleton, seed drill box, planter seed box, feeding chambers, and cells as well as a feeding tube, gearbox, ditchers, ground-driving wheel and transmission mechanism, and mounting triangle. After building the machine components, various investigations were performed by subjecting the used materials to ascending loads to analyze shearing force, normal stress, shear stress, strain, and strength analysis in a micro meshes scale in all machine components. These tests enabled the identification of deformations, equivalent elastic strain, and Safety factor on different machine parts. The simulated values of the machine's parts in thicknesses and dimensions were in good correspondence and consistency with the actual design values. The model showed that the boundary conditions were accurate and rational, and it would provide a scientific basis for the optimum design of the raisedbed machine under multiple and interlinked loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was the possibility of using IR images to detect lead toxicity for Cabbage and lettuce crops. Lead Pb-contaminated were watered with 3 levels of (2, 4,and 6 mg/lit). To distinguish the heavy metal contamination and their impact on vegetative characteristics. For plants, the results showed a poisoning level (2mg/liter). The maximum MTD and NRCT values were 6.3 and 4, respectively. The lowest values under the same level of poisoning were 0.89 and 0.01. The greatest MTD and NRCT values at the poisoning level (4 mg/liter) were 5.3 and 2.5, respectively. The lowest values at the same level of poisoning were 0.19 and 0.07. Additionally, at the same time period with the same poisoning level (6 mg/liter), the maximum values for MTD and NRCT were 5.8 and 0.24, and the lowest values were 1.5 and 0.1. C. For lettuce plants, at a toxic dose of 2 mg/liter. The MTD and NRCT values ranged from 6.2 and 1.5 to 0.2 and 0.09 at the same amount of poisoning, respectively. Intoxication (4 mg/liter). In poisoning level (4mg/liter) the highest values for MTD and NRCT were 3.2 and 1.87 also the minimum value in the same level of poisoning were 0.2 and 0.08. And in the same period with poisoning level (6mg/liter) the highest values for MTD and NRCT were 2.88 and 1.55 also the minimum value in the same level of poisoning were 0.22 and 0.05. Linear regression analysis was performed to predict MTD and NRCT at different days were done . The maximum value of cabbage temperature of air, soil, canopy, and leaf was 35, 30, 27, and 23 °C, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 17.4, 16.2, 15.5 and 14.5 °C, in poisoning level (2mg/liter). In poisoning level (4mg/liter) the maximum value of cabbage temperature of air, soil, canopy, and leaf were 40, 35, 28, and 31 C, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 14, 15, 16. and 17.9 °C. While the maximum value of lettuce temperature of air, soil, canopy, and leaf was 33.6, 30.6, 28.6, and 26 °C, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 18.9, 17.8, 15.4 and 13.6 °C, in poisoning level (2mg/liter). In poisoning level (4mg/liter) the maximum value of Lettuce temperature of air, soil, canopy, and leaf were 40, 32.7, 28.6, and 26 °C, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 24, 21, 18. and 13.7 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was the possibility of using infrared thermography IR to detect and continuously monitor for lettuce plants growing conditions. Also, discernment plants stresses under the shortage of nitrogen and irrigation water. The results showed for Lettuce plants, At the level of fertilization (0%), the maximum values of lettuce the lowest values for MTD maximum temperature difference, and normalized relative canopy temperature NRCT were 0.673 and 0.1 °C at irrigation systems ETC 100% and ETC 50% and nitrogen fertilization systems at 0% level.. And ETC 50% and systems and nitrogen fertilization level 100%. In the fourth level of fertilization (150%), the maximum value of leaf temperature was 24, 23, 22.5, and 23 °C and NRCT was 5.5 and 3.5 °C, and the lowest values for MTD and NRCT were 0.82, 0.28 °C, and 0.018 °C at 0.018 °C. Irrigation ETC 100% and ETC 50% and systems and nitrogen fertilization standard 150%. Also crop water stress index increased from 0.18. at the initial stage to 0.4. and at rapid stage, mid-season stage, and late season stage increased from 0.28 to 0.45, from 0.3 to 0.5, and from 0.31 to 0.59 respectively at constant irrigation level (0%) and the fertilization level from 0 % to 100%, also the index of stomatal conductance with the same trend the crop water stress index increased from 0.51. at the initial stage to 1.26. and at rapid stage, mid-season stage, and late season stage increased from 0.36 to 2.14, from 0.93 to 3.52, and from 0.95 to 5.52 respectively at constant irrigation level (0%) and the fertilization level from 0 % to 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was conducted on the farm of the agricultural research station, Agricultural Research Center, Tripoli, Libya (latitude of 32° 12' 25" and longitude of 13° 62' 16") during the season of 2021-2022. Cabbage and lettuce crops were planted at greenhouse condition in November 2021. The objective of this study was using alternate representations of infrared thermography IR to detect the vegetative indicators addition to continuously monitor cabbage and lettuce plants growing conditions for discrimination plants stresses under the shortage of nitrogen and irrigation water, using four levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 50, 100 and 150% of Nitrogen recommended). Also four levels of water regime (50%, 75%, 100% and 125% of ETc) . The leaf-to-air temperature difference (ΔT), The relationship between the temperature of the canopy (Tc) and temperature of soil (Ts), pair is best suited to find the plant under water stress. Water stress index (CWSI) and stomatal conductance index (Ig) using various reference and non-reference thresholding techniques were tested. In this research a thermal imaging system was used to measure the leaf-temperature changes of several crops according to plant stresses. Results showed by applying 100% fertilization and 100% ETc to cabbage. The heat stress was the highest as MTD, maximum temperature difference, normalized relative canopy temperature were 8 and 0.32 C when the water stress as CWSI, IG index of stomatal conductance were 0.5 and 4.15 for cabbage in100% ETC and 150%F. Finally, possibility of using infrared thermography for detailed and continuous monitoring showed its ability to distinguish and show the thermal and water stress of plants under nitrogen and water deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate different time-dependent drying and moisture content under different infrared (IR) and hot-air drying levels and product quality. In this experiment it was used a hybrid drying system to minimize energy consumption during the drying operation and to reduce environmental impact by reducing product loss in wastes. Three different levels of sweet potato slices thickness (1, 3, 5 mm), were pre-treated by dipping into a solution of 0.5 % sodium meta-bisulphite and 1% citric acid for 30 min. Four different levels of infrared radiation (0.861, 0.973, 1.039 and 1.161 kW.m-2) and three different levels of air-drying temperature (45, 55 and 65°C) were using. The changes in moisture content during the drying process with a constant air velocity of 1.2 m. s-1 were noticed. The moisture content decreased with drying time. To obtain the desired moisture content from (6.92% to 7.52%), the drying time for 1mm and 0.861 kW.m-2 was 165,150 and 105 min while for 5mm and 1.161 kW.m-2 was 330, 270 and 240 min at 45, 55 and 65 °C, respectively. The total energy consumption decreased from 14.685 kW. h to 5.72 kW. h as the radiation intensity increased from (0.861 to 1.161 kW.m-2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to determine the carbon footprint of poultry farms. Breeder farms were included in the study. The fuel and electricity bills from farm, house size and age, flock size and number of flocks per year, and manure management were all collected. The methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide equivalent emissions were calculated, as well as the effect of these gases on breeder farms productivity, as well as determining the carbon footprint of breeder farms to reduce the negative effects of greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to providing necessary information on breeder's chicken performance and advising poultry farmers on the relative merits of different climatic conditions to help set standards for different production traits. The experiments were conducted of closed farms in the city of Mansoura during the period from May 2019 to December 2021 and the capacity of the farm was 43,300 breeders' chickens. The results showed that the amount of methane gas produced from the farm was 1.76 ton ch4 yr-1 and nitrous oxide gas was 0.13 ton n2o yr-1 for manure management. Thus, the total emissions of manure management are estimated at 81.65 tons of co2-eq. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions for diesel is 5.23 tons of co2-eq. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) for the electricity used in the farm is 0.15 tons of co2-eq. In the end, the total amount of emissions produced from the farm is 87.04 tons of co2-eq. In the end, the total amount of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions generated from Egypt's farms is 271.8 (kiloton co2-eq). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discussed the effect of application optimum operational conditions for fine bubbles aeration of 0.554 m³.h-1 air flow rate, tube depths from water surface of 0.7 m, tube inner diameter of 11 mm, circular design shape at aquaculture greenhouse for rearing Nile Tilapia and compared with traditional water change system in three replicates for every treatment. Water change ratios were 10 and 30% for fine bubbles and traditional water change method, respectively. The experiment period were 8 weeks until reach commercial size. The water quality indicators were: Dissolved oxygen (DO), Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), Temperature, Total dissolved solids (TDS), pH. Also, the Fish growth indicators were: Weight gain, Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival rate, Specific growth rate (SGR). The best FCR value was 1.181 and obtained at the seventh week for fine bubbles aeration. The maximum SGR value was 1.96 which obtained at the seventh week for fine bubbles aeration, while the minimum value was 0.86 obtained at the fifth week for water change method. The maximum mean value for dissolved oxygen was 91% of saturation obtained at fine bubbles aeration method. Also, the minimum mean value for total ammonia nitrogen was 0.32 mg/l obtained at fine bubbles aeration method. The minimum and maximum mean values for total dissolved solids (TDS) in fine bubbles treatment were 1.610 and 1.7 mg/l, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the impact of applying the optimum operating condition for fine bubbles aeration of 0.554 m3.h-1 air flow rate, tube depths from the water surface of 0.7 m, tube inner diameter of 11 mm, and circular design shape at aquaculture greenhouse for rearing Nile Tilapia and compared with conventional water change system in three replicates for every treatment. For the classic water change method and fine bubbles, the corresponding water change ratios were 10 and 30, respectively. Before reaching commercial size, the experiment lasted for 8 weeks. Biological indicators estimated for blood, blood bio-chemical, digestive enzymes, anti-oxidant enzymes and serum bio-chemical parameters. Aeration method has a significant effect on red blood cells (Rbcs) where P value was 0.033. Also, a significant effect obtained on hemoglobin content (HB) where P value is 0.04. fine bubbles aeration has highest value of total protein by 4.93 g/dl compared with 4.46 g/dl for water change treatment. Amylas mean values were 21.047 and 12.307 U/L for fine bubbles aeration and water change treatment, respectively. mean values for SOD were 8.87 and 8.187 U/gm, CAT were 10.617 and 10.367 U/gm and MDA mean values were 12.93 and 18.367 nmol/g for fine bubbles aeration and water change treatment, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difference in some dimensions of the seeds prevents the optimal determination of the dimensions and shape of the holes in the feeding device, which reduces the efficiency of seed distribution during planting. The design and building of metering plates suitable for the faba bean seeds from material that is affordable and appropriate for the environmental and operational conditions during their onset on the land to cultivate the crop and enhance productivity. The plates were built by 3D printing by Tanta Motors - Egypt and tested at the Department of Agricultural Engineering - Faculty of Agriculture, Egypt. This research study was conducted for the design and development of plates. The discs were designed and built through a series of processes that were defined and plotted in proportion to the main dimensions and shape index of the seed. The materials analysis was tested by (Solidworks). Changes in materials (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene-Polyamide Nylon and Thermoplastic polyurethane) and shape index 1.7674 and 1.8782 were tested at Stress, displacement, Strain analysis, mesh, Deformation, and plate safety factor. Moreover, the simulation results indicated that the computational values were in agreement with the theoretical values. They all showed that the model and boundary conditions were correct and logical, and would provide a scientific basis for the optimal design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to design, simulate, analyze stresses then manufacture a rice transplanting machine with local materials suitable for small rice holdings. The machine was designed and the stresses were simulated by Solidworks software to ensure the integrity of the design before manufacturing themachine. The transplanting machine consists of several parts, the most important of which are: Main frame, seedlings mat, and power transmission system. The main frame and the seedlings mat were designed and stresses affecting it were simulated in order to make sure that the design is suitable for the loads placed on them. The power transmission system is one of the most important parts in the rice transplanting machine. It contains important three unit of shafts namely: the intermediate reduction unit shaft, the transplanting unit shaft, and the wheel axle unit shaft. The sprockets and rotation speed of power transmission system were determined and synchronized to achieve the desired forward speed of 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, and 1.75 km h-1 and achieve the recommended hill spacing of 16, 18, 20, and 22 cm. Also, the diameters of the transmission shafts were calculated based on the torsional moments exposed to them and the stresses on shafts were analyzed and simulated. The design results concluded that the shafts diameters were 25, 20 and 40 mm and the maximum von Mises stress recorded 6.75e+001,4.34e+001and 5.39e+001 MPa for the intermediate reduction unit shaft, the transplanting unit shaft, and the wheel axle unit shaft, respectively. From simulation results, it was concluded that this parts will not fail under the given stresses and the parts will not carry out any significant deformations according to the applied loading conditions then the machine was manufactured based on these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research to determine of color properties of seed related to help in safe passage for seed through cleaning and separation processes. Also investigate some seed properties can be used in design and development of multi-seed planting machine. Soya bean, wheat, corn, cotton faba bean and sunflowers were tested at department of agriculture engineering, faculty of agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt. Through 2022. The design of feed mechanism system required easy movement for seeds this is a critically moving during the filling of the feed disk, so must detriments of the small differences in the surface area and topography of the grains and determine some image analyses. There are clear differences between faba bean and soybean in Hue value was 0. 626. the intensity, and the browning index was 91.75 and 16.25 in faba bean while in soybean were 0. 565,85.33, and 21.79 respectively. While the differences between corn and wheat in Hue value was 0. 699.Also the intensity, and the browning index was 100.08, 17.30 in corn while in wheat were 0. 708. 97.94, and 13.38 respectively. Also, clear differences between cotton and sunflowers in Hue value was 0. 634. Also the intensity, and the Black & White band was 87.40, and 87.40 in cotton while in sunflowers were 0. 480, 96.75 and 96.75 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical transplanting of rice is considered one of the safest methods of rice cultivation. It is also one of the most desirable methods for Egyptian farmers, saving about 70% of the seeds, saving labor costs, better plant density, water saving, and weed control. Due to the fragmentation of agricultural holdings in Egypt and the high costs of mechanical transplanting with imported machines, the research aimed to manufacture a rice transplanting machine with local materials suitable for small rice holdings and achieve the technical recommendations of Egyptian conditions. Also, testing and evaluating the manufactured machine under different operation conditions. The rice transplanting machine was manufactured and tested at the Rice Mechanization Center, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Egypt. The machinecontains five rows and the distance between each row is 20 cm. The manufactured transplanter was tested and evaluated under four different forward speeds (1.00, 1.25, 1.50, and 1.75 km/h), four different intra-row hill spacing (16, 18, 20, and 22 cm), and two seedling cross-section area (1.00 and 2.00 cm2 ). The obtained results indicated that the lowest percentages of missing, floating, and damaged hills were 2.92, 1.83, and 0.27%, respectively.The highest transplanting efficiency and field efficiency were94.98 and 83.75%, respectively, obtained at themachine forward speed of 1.00 km/h, intra-row hill spacing of 22 cm, and seedling cross-section area of 2.00 cm2 . Also, the lowest value of requirement energy was 4.599 kW.h/fed, which achieved the highest actual field capacity of 0.285 fed/h obtained at forward speed of 1.75 km/h, intra-row hill spacing of 22 cm, and seedling cross-section area of 1.00 cm2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of aquaculture ponds necessitates the development of aeration and the addition of oxygen. Rubber tubes are a new way of aerating by generating micro bubbles on the water surface. Experiments were conducted to investigate and determine the effects of air flow rate, tube wall thickness, depth from the surface and design shape on saturation time, the oxygen mass transfer coefficient and standard aeration efficiency. To identify each indicator, testing were carried out in accordance with ASCE 2007 guidelines from the American Society of Civil Engineers. The findings demonstrated a connection between oxygen mass transfer coefficient and operational parameters were as follows: inverse relationship with air flow rate, inverse relationship with depth from water surface, positive relationship with tube wall thickness and increases with circular shape design more than longitudinal. The maximum value of standard aeration efficiency was 2.66 kg.O2/kW.h under operational parameters of 0.1 m³ .h-1 for air flow rate, 0.70 m for depth from the water surface, 7 mm for tube wall thickness and circular design shape. The minimum value of saturation time was 8 minutes under operational parameters of 0.1 m³ .h-1 for air flow rate, 0.70 m for depth from the water surface, 7 mm for tube wall thickness and circular design shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses the result of a life cycle assessment (LCA) for three Egyptian aquaculture farms categorized as semi-intensive culture. The cradle-to-grave system was used to calculate the overall carbon footprint of fish unit production. The major data came from a study of three feed factories in Egypt, which included a wide range of feed manufacturing and agricultural practises in order to reveal the varied greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Pre-farm, farming, and post-farming were the three stages of the life cycle assessment. Feed manufacture, which was primarily tied to the production and processing of raw materials, was the largest source of GHG emissions for all three processes. GHG emissions were also produced during the transport of raw materials to the factory. GHG emissions were also produced during the transportation of raw materials to manufacturers, as well as feed from factories to fish farms, via ship or road. Energy consumption in feed factories varies due to variances in design technology and manufacturing efficiencies. Feed conversion ratios (FCR) have a significant influence on GHG emissions since more feed is required to produce one kilogramme of fish. The kind of packaging material and energy utilised in the factories had an impact on GHG emissions, as each type had a distinct emission factor (EF). Aside from fingerling production, there are direct and indirect N2O emissions, as well as post-farming operations like packaging, ice serving method, and customer transportation. The conclusions of the investigation revealed that According to the results of the study, the emissions linked with the three farms varied greatly. Hanafy farm had the greatest emissions, with 3.265 kg CO2e/kg fish and 50.917 tonnes CO2e/Season, followed by Hashim farm with 2.259 kg CO2e/kg fish and 45.829 tonnes CO2e/Season, and finally Aly farm with 2.223 kg CO2e/kg fish and 38.864 tonnes CO2e/Season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drying characteristics of apricot were determined usingOpen Sun and three Greenhouse Drying (Black Mesh Shading, white and black poly film plastic in as absorbers plate covering greenhouse. pretreatments (control, sucrose syrup and Sodium bicarbonate ) were used before drying conditions at ( Open air, White and Black poly film plastic greenhouse). The color values (L*, a* and b*),beta carotenoids, total soluble sugar and ascorbic acid content were also measured for the different fresh and dried apricot.The fresh apricot fruit initial moisture content was 80.03% d.b. The color values Lightness (L* was 71.14,) Red/Green Value( a* was 21.36) and Blue/Yellow Value (b* was 70.23), Browning Index (BI, was 223.47)hue angle, Hº was73.08 and chroma, relative saturation(C was 73.41). Results showed that the moisture, beta carotenoids, total soluble sugar and ascorbic acid were highest in sodium bicarbonate blanched sample and color attributes were found maximum in sodium bicarbonate blanched sample, immediately after dehydration. The values of the dried apricot color spaces (L*, was 14.22, a* was 13.17 and b* was 18.04) while chroma, hue angle, and Browning Index was 22.33, 53.87and 390.12 Black Mesh Shading with pretreatments at Sodium bicarbonate ) There was not much change on the ascorbic acid contents of fresh and dried apricot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the combined infrared-hot air dryer develops and optimize in Agricultural Engineering laboratory, faculty of agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt. Thin-layer modelling of sweet potato slices drying under infrared (IR) and hot-air drying (HAD) were used to estimate the drying coefficients. The initial moisture content of the freshly harvested sweet potato was 79 - 81 % (w. b.). Three different levels of sweet potato slices thickness (1, 3, 5 mm), were pre-treated by dipping into a solution of 0.5 % sodium meta-bisulphite and 1% citric acid for 30 min. Four different levels of infrared radiation (0.861, 0.973, 1.039 and 1.161 kW.m-2) and three different levels of airdrying temperature (45,55 and 65°C) with a constant air velocity of 1.2 m. s-1 were using. The experimental measurements included sweet potatoes slices moisture content, air temperature, radiation intensity, and quality changes of the dried sweet potato. Three different thin layer drying models (Lewis's model and Henderson & Pabis's and Logarithmic model) were examined for describing the changes of moisture content during the drying process. The results show that, the Coefficient of determination R² and Standard error, SE. for The Logarithmic model recorded R²= 0. 99 and SE= 0.122 were considered more proper for describing the drying kinetics and predicting the changes in moisture content of sweet potatoes more than the Henderson and Pabis's were model recorded R²= 0.94 and SE= 0.51 and Lewis's model were recorded R²= 0.96and SE = 0.241. The results show that, the moisture ratio of sample slices decreased when the radiation intensity and the drying air temperature increased. Meanwhile, the drying constant of Logarithmic model (kLog) increased with the increasing of radiation intensity and air-drying temperature and the decreasing of slice thickness. The diameter and thickness shrinkage percentage occurred with all treatments, while slightly increasing with infrared radiation. The rehydration ratio ranged from 3.95 to 5.53. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this research to determine of physical properties of seed related to help in safe passage for seed through cleaning and separation processes. Also investigate some seed properties can be used in design and development of multi-seed planting machine. Soya Bean, Wheat, Corn, Cotton Faba Bean and Sunflowers were tested at department of agriculture engineering, faculty of agriculture, Tanta university, Egypt. through 2022. From the results, it is clear that the little differences in the maximum of Length dimensions between Soya Bean and Wheat were 7.62 and 8.72 mm., it increased between Corn and Cotton to 15 and 10.12 mm. and Faba Bean and Sunflowers were 11 and 19 mm. the maximum of Geometric mean diameter recorded little differences between Soya Bean and Wheat were 2.76 and 2.81 mm., it increased between Corn and Cotton to 4.83 and 5.13 mm. and Faba Bean and Sunflowers were 8.47 and 6.86 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was established at an earthen aquaculture private farm in Kafrelshikh Government, Egypt. During 2021. To study the effect of operational variables at tube diffusion aeration system on turbidity values corresponding to Secchi disk clarity. Experimental variables under study were five air flow rates (0.1, 0.18, 0.23, 0.28 and 0.33 m³.h-1), three tube wall thickness (4, 6 and 7 mm), three tube depth from water surface (0.3, 0.50 and 0.70 m) and two design shapes for aeration system (circular and Longitudinal). Aeration system consist of circular tube holder, an electric single-phase compressor, three models of rubber diffusion tubes (D25-4, D25-6 and D25-7), portable galvanic dissolved oxygen meter, Secchi disk, digital LCD anemometer and thermometer and digital vernier. The results showed that, the lowest value for Secchi disk clarity were 7 cm obtained at operational conditions of 0.33 m³.h-1 air flow rate, 0.70 m depth from water surface, 4 mm thickness of tube wall and circular shape design. While, the highest value for Secchi disk clarity were 41 cm obtained at operational conditions of 0.10 m³.h-1 air flow rate, 0.30 m depth from water surface, 7 mm thickness of tube wall and Longitudinal shape design. The permissible variables limits were (0.1, 0.18 and 0.23 m³.h-1) for air flow rate, (4, 6 and 7 mm) for tube wall thickness, (0.3, 0.50 and 0.70 m) for tube depth from water surface and both of (circular and Longitudinal) design shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental contamination due to off-target deposition of pesticide droplets can be minimized by using optimum design and operating parameters of sprayers. The fabricated electric rotary cage atomizer manufactured from the following component, rugged stainless steel welded frame with protective air intake grate, the center axial fane, high strength fiberglass protective and DC electric motor. The motor rotating speed was 3500 rpm. The liquid distribution system consisted of a metal liquid feed channel with holes leading to a series of grooves on the insides of the vanes between the slots. The open-ended design allowed the cage to act as a small centrifugal fan. This paper describes a collaborative theoretical and experimental research effort to investigate the performance of developed electric rotary cage atomizer utilized in agricultural field specially to spray orchards. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed and used to evaluate concepts of rotary cage atomizer sprayer setup to orchard spraying to reduce drift without a decrease in biological efficacy. The result indicated that the maximum power requirement for single and two rotary cage spryer atomizers were 29.76 W and 55.2 W at rotational speed 3,500 rpm respectively. The maximum air velocity was recorded 5.3 ms-1 at out let distance 20 cm and rotational speed 3,500 rpm. The values of droplet size D0.5 were 251.72 at operating condition 0.4 L min-1, 1,500 rpm and 0.5 ms-1 air velocity compared with droplet size D0.5 80.23 at operating condition 1.4 L min-1, 3,500 rpm and 5.3 ms-1 air velocity. The increasing of the air velocity (U), rotational speed (Ω) and liquid flow rate tends to decrease the droplet size D0.25, D0.5, and D0.75. The values of droplet size D0.5 were 251.72 at operating condition 0.4 L min-1, 1,500 rpm and 0.5 ms-1 air velocity compared with droplet size D0.5 80.23 at operating condition 1.4 L min-1, 3,500 rpm and 5.3 ms-1 air velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the experiments was determine the amount of greenhouse gases emitted (nitrous oxide,ethane and carbon dioxide equivalent) resulting from poultry farms and the effect of these gases on energy productivity of poultry, as well as determining carbon footprint of laying hens production farms to reduce the negative effects of greenhouse gases emissions. In addition to providing necessary information on the performance of laying hens and providing guidance to poultry farmers on the relative merits of different climatic conditions to help set standards for different production traits. The experiments were conducted in one of the farms in the city of Mansoura during the period from June to October 2021 and the capacity of the farm was 40,000 laying hens. The results showed that the amount of methane gas produced from the farm was 0.4 ton CH4 yr-1 and nitrous oxide gas was 0.677 ton N2O yr-1 for manure management. Thus, the total emissions of manure management are estimated at 50.365 tons of CO2-eq. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions for diesel is 434.59 tons of CO2-eq. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) for the electricity used in the farm is 8 tons of CO2-eq. In the end, the total amount of emissions produced from the farm is 492.96 tons of CO2-eq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimum and safe storage treatment for cowpea and evaluate changes in quality during storage in different types of hermetic bags. Using two different pre-conditioning methods infrared heating and ultraviolet radiation compared with Non-treated on cowpea seeds before storage process. The aim of this study to discrimination of color change for Cowpea seeds were treated by FIR and ultraviolet UVC irradiation intensity, the seeds was stored in woven and hermetic bags (three & seven layers), the differences in Red color band increased from 161.3 to 197 when using the seeds that irradiated with FIR radiation and stored in 3 and 7Layers bag,, while at woven bag increased to 247.6 the differences in intensity I2 increased by using UVC radiation and stored in woven bag and the differences in R/G increased by 9.5% when using in the seeds that irradiated with FIR radiation and stored in three layers bag. the differences in Hue increased by 7.14% when using the seeds that irradiated with UVC and stored in three layers bag, The moisture content of seeds stored in woven bags increased to 14.82% in contrast with both types of hermetic bags which approached to 10.8% and 10.7% of three layers and seven layers bags respectively due to moisture absorption from surrounding air and also the released moisture due to high respiration rate of seeds and microorganisms. Seven-layer bags recorded the highest levels of Carbon dioxide concentration inside the bags which arrived at the end of storage period to 24.8%, 20.9 % and 20.5% for non- irradiated, infrared irradiated and ultraviolet irradiated bags respectively. Carbon dioxide inside the three-layer bags were to 19.7%, 16.9 % and 16.2% for the non -irradiated, infrared irradiated and ultraviolet irradiated treatments in respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiments were conducted directly after the flax harvest season with the object of conditioning the flaxseeds in optimal condition to preserve them in storage as long as possible using different types of storage bags. The measurements during the storage period such as moisture content of seed inside the bags, temperature, the percentage of carbon dioxide, oxygen, peroxide value and free fatty acids, as well as fatty acid ratios. The results showed that, during the storage process, the carbon dioxide concentration with bags (type 7 layers) showed the highest levels of CO2 concentration which increased from 0.1 to 21.3 %, from 0.1 to 20.5 % and from 0.0 to 19.8 for the non-treated seeds, conduction heat treated and infrared heat treated. seeds respectively after six months of storage and starts to decrease again during the winter months due to lower seeds temperature and respiration rate. While the bags (type 3 layers) showed an increase of CO2 level from 0.1 to 16.8 %, 0.1 to 16.4 % and from 0.0 to 16 for the non-treated, conduction heat treated and infrared heat treated seeds respectively. However burlap bags showed CO2 levels ranged from 0.1 to 0.2 % for both treated and non-treated flaxseeds. Also, The total microbial load at the end of storage period approached 885, 861 and 3,512 colonies/g for the non-treated flaxseeds stored in plastic bags 3 and 7 layers and burlap bags respectively. While, the corresponded values for the conduction heat treated flaxseeds were 196, 180 and 2,310 colonies/g respectively. And for the Infrared heat treated seeds were 178, 163 and 1,240 colonies/g respectively. However, at the end of the storage process both bags types 3 and 7 layers recorded lower peroxide value and free fatty acid in comparison with burlap bags during the storage time which indicated good oil quality of the stored seeds. In general, Storage of flaxseeds in both types of tested hermetic bags showed safe storage of flaxseeds with keeping the final quality in comparison with burlap bags. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments were conducted in a farm in Mansoura during the period from June 2017 to October 2018, and the farm's capacity was 40,000 laying hens. The ideal environmental conditions needed for hens inside the closed houses such as air temperature, humidity, lighting for hours, air speed, to raise the higher rate of egg production and raise the rate of daily consumption of feed and reduce the mortality percentage, so measurements were used in the presence of ideal environmental factors and the absence of this ideal factors. The experiments aimed to determine the production capacity of the farm and the performance of laying hens, under measured and standard environmental conditions with the aim of increasing meat and egg production. Also, the environmental conditions were adjusted according to the ideal parameters to reduce the losses of feed and hen egg weight. The results revealed that the weekly growth in average weight of chickens approached the closest weekly increase of the standard weight of the herd breeding index to 244 g at the 24th week. Weight homogeneity increased from 83% to 92% at week 24. The difference of the mean weekly egg weight from the mean egg weight of the standard egg was the closest between them at the twenty-fourth week, and the difference between them was 1.6 grams. The mortality rate then decreased to 0.1% at the 24th week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most important feature of the storage systems is to preserve the integrity of the grain for a given period with minimal loss in quality and quantity. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed conditioning prior to storage process using infrared heating at the optimum radiation intensity of 882.67W/m2 and exposure time of 15 min and the ultraviolet radiation at radiation intensity of 3.538mW/cm2 and exposure time of 40 min on storability of cowpea seeds using different types of plastic hermetic bags in comparison with pp woven bags. The changes in cowpea seeds quality during storage of pre-treated cowpea seeds in terms of moisture content, protein content, total microbial count and insect detection were also determined. The results show that, the moisture content of seeds stored in pp woven bags increased in contrast with both types of studied hermetic bags, oxygen concentration for hermetic bags decreased during storage period and carbon dioxide increased unlike pp woven bag, The rate of seeds infection with microorganisms and weevils was lower for the samples stored in both types of hermetic bags and crude protein content of seeds stored in hermetic bags reduced at a very slight rate in comparison with that stored in woven bag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments were carried out through summer season 2019 in the Rice Mechanization centre at Meet El-Deeba, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate to study the effect of infra-red radiation and ultraviolet radiation on protein, trypsin inhibitor and total microbial count of cowpea seeds as pre- conditioning methods prior to storage process. Five exposure times of (3-6-9-12-15 min) and five irradiation intensity (804.255, 882.67, 964.74, 1,050.45, 1,139.8 W/m2) were used for infra-red treatments. For ultraviolet treatment four exposure times (10-20-30-40min) and three irradiation intensity (7.077 – 3.538 – 2.359 mW/cm2) were used. For the IR conditioning method, irradiation intensity of 882.67 W/m2 at exposure time of 15 min is recommended. This level of radiation intensity and exposure time, showed total microbial count of 2.3 Log CFU/g., protein content 28.88 %, trypsin inhibitor 1.148 TIU/mg and moisture content 8.13 % of cowpea seeds. Meanwhile the irradiation intensity of 3.538 mW/cm2 at exposure time of 40 mins is recommended for UVC irradiation pre-treatment to get total microbial [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with end-stage renal disease treated with dialysis have poor quality of life (QOL). Improving QOL in these patients with multiple comorbidities is a large challenge. We performed a cross-sectional study to evaluate the prevalence and associated factors of depression and sleep disorders in this population. Our primary aim was to evaluate QOL measures in dialysis patients in Qatar through a series of validated questionnaires mainly concerning depression and sleep disorders. Our secondary aim was to study the associations of age, sex, and comorbid conditions with the QOL measures. We hypothesized that end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on dialysis would have disturbed QOL due to both ESRD and dialysis and comorbidities. This prospective cross-sectional study included adult ESRD patients receiving either hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) in the main tertiary dialysis unit in Qatar. We administered two surveys to evaluate depression (the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, http://www.bmedreport.com/archives/7139) and sleep disorders (the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, https://www.sleep.pitt.edu/instruments/). We also reviewed patient demographics, comorbidities, and laboratory test results to evaluate any associated factors. We randomly studied 253 patients (62% on HD and 38% on PD). Overall, 48% of patients had depression, while 83.8% had sleep disorders. The PD had more poor sleepers than the HD group (89.1% versus (vs.) 75%, p = 0.003). Most of our dialysis patients had poor sleep, but it was more significant in the elderly group 109 (90%) than in the young group 103 (78%) (p = 0.009). Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) had significantly more prevalence of poor sleep (131 (88.5%)) than those without DM (81 (77.1%), p = 0.01). More female patients had depression than male patients (52% vs. 25%, p < 0.0001 ; odds ratio: 3.27 (95% confidence interval: 1.9–5.6), p < 0.0001). This is the first study in Qatar to evaluate depression and sleep disorders in patients on dialysis therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sclerotium of ergot is hard fungal body which contain toxic alkaloids to human and livestock. These alkaloids include ergotamine, ergovaline, ergocornine, ergocryptine, and ergocristine. Consumption of ergot can lead to human harmful health effects. These include constriction of blood flow to extremities, gangrene, hallucinations, muscle spasms and vomiting. Livestock fed ergot sclerotia can develop gangrene symptoms of ears, hooves and tails. The alkaloids can also cause abortions and reduce mammary gland development. The study was carried out through 2019 at the agriculture engineering department, faculty of agriculture Tanta University, Egypt. To prevent the harmful health effects in humans and livestock’s using separating methods which depend on physical properties and image analysis software for different varieties of wheat imported to Egypt which contaminated with ergot fungi sclerotia. The average dimensions of ergot fungi sclerotia were ranged according imported place the length ranged from 2.32 to 22.51 mm. width from 0.12 to 2.91 mm. thickness from 0.12 to 2.21 mm. volume from 0.0511 to 65.133 mm³, geometric mean diameter from 0.46 to 4.98 mm, the arithmetic mean diameter from 1.7 to 9.10 mm, and sphericity, from 7.9 to 55.6%. Also surface area ranged from 0.66 to 78.02 mm² . On the other hand, the average dimensions of the different varieties of Russian Ukrainian and French wheat were: length 5.24, 5.24, 5.17 mm, width 1.92, 1.92, 2.35 mm, thickness 162, 161, 186 mm, volume 8.81, 8.75, 12.1 mm³, arithmetic mean diameter 2.52, 2.52, 2.82 mm², geometric mean diameter 2.92, 2.92, 3.13 mm², sphericity 48.2, 48.1, 57.8%, aspect ratio 36.7, 36.7, 45.9, and surface area 20.3, 20.2, 25.2 mm² respectively. These results revealed that the differences between the physical properties of wheat varieties and ergot sclerotia is not strong spicily for length, width and thickness this case led to obstructing separation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to investigate the efficiency of cold pressing and low temperature techniques to produce oil and cakeform flax seeds. Also, to evaluate the performance of the oil press machine and discuss cold press extraction is one of the methods of mechanical extraction as well as required less energy than other oil extraction techniques and also environmentally friendly. The samples were used from fresh flax seed weighted as a amount of feeding at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 kg at 12% db moisture content. The results with cold pressing showed according feeding ratio increased from 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 %. operation time increased to 8, 16, 23, 32- and 38- min. addition to the temperature start at 29 0C. and increase by 31, 34, 35, 36 and 370C. Also, the oil product increased by 184, 402, 576, 775 and 981g. Cake product increased by 786, 1,576, 2,351, 3,196 and 3,991g. While with low temperature techniques using heater start temperature at 470C for all the samples the feeding ratio increased from 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 %. the extraction time increased from 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 min. The oil product increased by 187, 388, 581, 783 and 991 g., cake product increased by 800, 1,591, 2,394, 3,191 and 3,900 g. according feeding ratio increased from 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 %. but the temperature decreased from 43, 42, 41, 40 and 390C after using cold pressing and low temperature techniques the oil quality have high contents of functional EPA (20:5 ω 3) and DHA (22:6 ω 3) for oil flax cake. Also, oxidizability index was 1.318. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims tot Study the effect of using two different heating methods on stabilization of flaxseeds using a rotating cylindrical dryer with conduction & infrared heating systems. The study also tested and evaluated two different mathematical models to describe the drying behavior of flaxseed, with linking the constants in the Mathematical examined equations to the experimental variables. The most appropriate mathematical model to describe the behavior of flaxseed moisture loss was also determined. The samples used for experimental work were fresh flax seed at moisture content 11±1 % wb. Four different temperatures of the surface of the cylinder (90, 105, 120 and 135oC at 3, 6. 9, 12, 15 and 18 minutes were examined for the conduction heating dryer. At Infrared treatments fixed feeding rate of 2 kg was used at radiation intensity of 53.01, 331.6, 477.5, 848.89 and 1,326.39 w/m2 and exposure times of 3, 6. 9, 12 and 15 minutes. The results showed that, for conduction heating process using heat treatment at 105 0Cfor min gives the best result in terms of lower free fatty acids and peroxide value, But in Infra-red treatment the best result was obtained at 331.59 w/m² for 15 min [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The auxiliary roll of the rice combine harvester were developed and manufactured from local material to reduce wearing rate for threshing device also minimize fuel consumption and energy requirements. Replacing auxiliary roll knives arranged in a spiral instead by forks separating on length were 90 cm with seven rows and each row has four blades to increase the efficiency of separating the seed. The measurement indices of the auxiliary roll before and after development were threshing efficiency, threshing capacity, fuel consumption, power required, energy requirements, device mass losses percent, wearing rate, wearing resistance, critical wearing value, specific wear and expected life. during the harvesting operation of rice crop the rustles showed It is recommended to use the knife as a threshing device because auxiliary roll threshing efficiency increased by 0.2% threshing capacity increased by 16.83 %, fuel consumption decreased by 0.16 %, power required decreased by 0.15 %, energy requirements decreased by 0.33 % device mass losses percent decreased by 1.4 %, wearing rate decreased by 0.11 % wearing resistance decreased by 0.12%. critical wearing value increased by 34 %, specific wear decreased by 25 % and expected life increased by 78.60% all this result tested after 500h operating time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patient-centered care is a concept focussing on meeting the specific health needs of patients as expressed by them. Patients Reported Experience Measures (PREM) is another concept associated with patient-centered care. PREM surveys capture information about the healthcare experience as perceived by patients.1 Its importance lies in the incorporation of patient feedback into the clinical decisions and service evolution.2 Dialysis patients play an important role in their treatment and their voice matters to provide proper care. PREM was first conducted in 2019 in our dialysis unit. In 2020, the COVID-19 impacted dialysis services and resulted in many challenges including staff shortage and deployment. Yet, the patients' feedback was evaluated continuously and compared with previous years before the pandemic. Methods: A validated questionnaire from the National Health Service in London was used.3 It consisted of 7 questions covering demographics, dialysis options, patient portal, patient's relationship with the staff, teamwork, and traveling abroad. The survey involved 317 randomly selected patients who have been at least one year on dialysis. A comparison between 2019 and 2020 results was conducted using the chi-square test. Results: A drop in patients' experience was observed in many survey components like education on dialysis, medication side effects, access to the patient portal, access to physicians and nurses from home (Figure 2). However, in other areas, some positive experiences remained unchanged like communication and knowledge among the staff. Conclusion: Patients' reported experience helps in the evaluation of health services. After exploring dialysis patients' experiences, it was possible to identify what is going well and how COVID-19 impacted the patients' perspectives. The PREM survey conducted in this work showed a significant decline in many parameters likely attributed to COVID-19 consequences including the staff shortages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissimilarity in the engineering characteristics of white mold which leads a difficulty in soybean seeds separating, this difference in the engineering characteristics of the white mold constructions differ according to the degree of infection and the period of storage, which results in irregularly from wide range in shaped white mold constructions which leads to the separation efficiency decreases and repetition of the separation processes. The aim of the study is to decide the engineering properties of American soybean seeds and white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) imported from the USA to Egypt. The experimental work was carried out until 2018 in the Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt. The engineering properties can be used in the design and development of handling, transportation, storage and separation equipment. Seed dimensions were tested at moisture levels between 8.85 and 12.30% (wet basis). The results showed that by changing the moisture content the average dimensions of the soybean seeds were changed, respectively, from 5.39 mm to 5.96 mm, and the width from 4.76 mm to 5.16 mm. Thickness changes from 3.98mm to 4.38mm. The size is 55.8 to 71.93mm3, the average geometric diameter is from 4.66 to 5.05mm. Arithmetic average diameter from 4.7 to 5.10 mm. Sphericity decreased from 86.94 to 85.10%. Also, the surface area changed from 68.29 to 80.17 mm 2. On the other hand, the dimensions of the hardening of the white mold ranged according to the place imported, with the length ranging from 5.85 to 20.31 mm, the width from 1.32 to 4.39 mm, the thickness from 0.88 to 3.07 mm, and the size from 9.75 to 75.19 mm3, the mean geometric diameter from 2.64 to 5.22 mm, the arithmetic mean of diameter from 3.02 to 8.07 mm and spherical diameter from 15.98 to 58.81%. Also, the surface ranged from 22 to 85.85 mm 2. These results showed that the difference between the physical properties of soybeans and white rot is not strong in terms of length, width and thickness in this case, which impedes the separation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fourth industrial revolution that the world is witnessing in the field of technology casts a shadow over all aspects of life, which results in new types of distinct and advanced jobs and skills. The successful adoption of these new technologies can boost global productivity to the same extent that personal computers and the Internet achieved during the late 1990s. For investors, the fourth revolution offers opportunities for profit similar to the ones that preceded the ones that preceded it. Indeed, the owners of technology in this early stage of the industrial revolution are asking for very large prices for their technology, and because there are many oryx Data that can not artificial intelligence and robots being able to perform; leaving us an open society of the human element, in order to cope with the rapid changes has to be the transfer of knowledge and enhance leadership skills, creativity, and value judgments and the ability to adapt; to remain the most valuable skill through education, training and professional development. This creates many areas of work related to modern technologies that are rapidly invented by the Fourth Industrial Revolution, so cooperation between academic institutions and economic sectors must be developed to develop human resources capable of keeping pace with the digital transformation resulting from artificial intelligence, which also requires us to be a mirror of societal values and a reflection of them; thus It makes us entrusted with verifying the ethics and legitimacy of artificial intelligence in a way that serves security and occupational safety and serves social and economic goals. the training and education is the primary focus of any future strategy, education has had the greatest impact on the Fourth Industrial Revolution and influencing it, this digital transformation of the industry needs different teaching mechanisms and high-level professional skills; in order to keep pace with the nutrition of robotics systems and the complexities of artificial intelligence and also the future need for interaction skills Digital and communication skills with what's new. The knowledge revolution resulted in a society with special features called the knowledge society, which imposed a set of roles and responsibilities, and thus the transformation of universities in developed countries into investment universities, which made them required to change their structural, financial and administrative policy to change their outputs, which led to increased restrictions on universities, and also imposed competition between Universities in the production of knowledge so that the pressure on universities increased and they need to provide more knowledge because they are the only ones that provide human elements at the highest level to lead the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research to study the effect of using fresh and stored potatoes on the wearing behaviours for abrasive peeling drum, The wearing accrue in inner peeling drum were covered with emery paper to remove peel from potatoes by scratch. The potato using two different cases fresh and stored for three months under the optimum store conditions. The measurement such as wearing rate, wearing resistance, and emery change were tested to study the wearing behaviour. The changes in physical properties of potato tubers accrued because dry matter decreased after storing. The results showed that effect on peeling which varied between 25 to 50 second at constant load of 25 kg, also peeling productivity varied between 1,800 to 3,600 kg/h. the peel amount varied between 45 to 90 kg/h. addition to the minimum time to change emery sheet after 250 h., and 980kg with wearing resistance about 0.011 h/kg while the maximum time to change emery sheet after 1,950 h., and 4,380kg with wearing resistance about 0.022 h/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimental work was carried out through 2018 at laboratory of agriculture engineering department, faculty of agriculture Tanta University, Egypt to investigate physical properties of the American soybean seeds and Ambrosia weed were imported to Egypt. These properties can be used in design and development of handling, transporting storage and separating equipment. The seeds dimensions tested under four different moisture content 10, 12, 14, and 16% (wet basis). The results showed, the change in moisture content from 10 to 16% the average dimensions of soybean seeds were changed respectively, the length from 5.60 to 6.57 mm, width from 4.91 to 5.73 mm, thickness changed from 4.11 to 4.73 mm, volume from 62.13 to 96.13 mm³, geometric mean diameter from 4.83, to 5.62 mm and the arithmetic mean diameter changed from 4.9 to 5.7mm. The differences on sphericity altered from 86.27 to 85.12%. Similarly surface area changed from 21.99 to 29.95 mm2. Also, the average dimensions of ambrosia weed ranged according imported place the length ranged from 5.20 to 7.53mm, width from 2.46 to 4.00 mm, thickness from 1.57 to 2.97 mm, volume from 11.05 to 41.72 mm³, geometric mean diameter from 3.10 to 4.70 mm, the arithmetic mean diameter from 3.10 to 4.70 mm, and sphericity from 50.16 to 70.14 %. Also, surface area ranged from 23.9 to 57.99 mm². This results revealed the dissimilarities between soybean and ambrosia physical properties that appear in length, width and thickness, this case lead to obstructing separation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objectives of this study to test the chain feeder system before and after modifying under three levels of chain feeder speeds was 25,30 and 35m/min and three levels of opening gate feed area was 18,27 and 36 cm² this modification using bearing with corner wheel lead to minimize energy and wearing between corner wheel feeder chine to increase the efficiency of chain feeder with subtle amount of forage components on trough chicken nurture. The results showing increased the Feeding rate of feeder from 31 to 81 kg/min when opening feed area increased from 18 to 36 cm² at 25 m/min chain speed, at the same conditions, the total amount of feed increased the Feeding rate of feeder from 620 to 1,620 g/m Also the Feeder efficiency increased from 36.90 to 96.40% when using the opening feed area increased from 18 to 36 cm² at 25 m/min chain speed The feeding system performance was evaluated under with and without load, the power requirement with ordinary fillers before modified deceased from 1.089 to 0.941 kW with load and without load at 25 m/min chain speed also deceased from 1.026 to 0.846 kW with load and without load at modified system. The feeder chine loses increased from 280 to 900 g. when opening feed area increased from 18 to 36 cm². Also Wearing behaviour compared between wheel before and after using bearing the wearing rate decreased from 0.90 to 0.35g/h before and after modified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato varieties (Hermes and Lady Rosetta) harvested from different type of soil (clay and sandy) were vital factors have deep effect in peeling processes addition to potato condition (freshly harvested and stored in a refrigerator for 3 months at a temperature ranges between +7 and +10 C° and relative humidity ranges between 90% and 95%) were used. The main objective of this research studies on the factors affecting for abrasive peeling machine performance. The measurements and indicators such as physical properties of potato, the peeling efficiency, peel losses, and emery work time were tested. The results showed that when used stored potato tubers the peeling efficiency decreased by average 16.1% with using stored potato tubers, the peel losses of potatoes during peeling process decreased by average 16.95% with using stored potato tubers. Fresh potato tubers showed the decreased in peel efficiency from 96.8 to 52.3% after 2000 hours from working time, while with using stored potatoes the peel efficiency more decreased from 93 to 54.8% after 2000 hours of working time. Also fresh potato tubers showed the decreased in peel percent from 2.0 to 0.85% after 2000 hours from working time, while with using stored potatoes the peel losses of potatoes more decreased from1.85 to 0.77% after 2000 hours of working time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this investigation was to study the possibility of producing fish oil from smoking salmon waste by using cold pressing and wet rendering methods. The amount and the properties of extracted of oil were tested. The samples were used about 33.810 kg., smoked fish caused about 9.610 kg. As a Salmon waste (skin, viscera, backbone frames and cuts off) it's recorded about 20% of the total mass from salmon slices. The results showed the smoking salmon waste have more than18% of oil fish per one kg of salmon waste. The oil weight from Salmon byproducts was increased with pressing time increase as well as oil yield increased. The oil extraction increased and characterization of quality. The optimum conditions at pressing time was 180 min., oil weight was 93 g. oil/500 g. Salmon by-products, oil productivity was 18.00%, and extraction efficiency were 98.46 % at constant pressure. The oil weight from Salmon by-products was increased with heating time increase as well as oil productivity increased. The oil extraction yield increased with the wet rendering processes at heating time of 60 min. have oil weight about 90 g. oil/500 g. Salmon by-products, oil productivity about 18.00%, and extraction efficiency was 95.23% . The oil yield increased with both processes and cold pressing methods gave good looking and high quality of oil fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Main objectives for this work design a small hydrogen gas production unit and maximize hydrogen gas from water. A small unit was designed from stainless steel with a number of cells (9, 11, 13, 15 cells), cell distance (1.5, 1.0, 0.5 mm), duration of unit operation (15, 30, 45, 60 min) and Type of water (Acidic water and Saline water (sea water in particular)). The experimental results of hydrogen cells production unit are presented. It is used for electrical analysis of two types of water (acidic - saline). The results obtained showed that the highest production of hydrogen energy was observed with (15 cells) number was (5.12 kWh) at working time (60 min), distance between cells (0.5 mm), cell temperature (46.7°C) and water temperature (56.1°C) in the presence of saline water. At same time the lowest hydrogen energy observed with number of cells (15 cells) number was (2.606 kWh), working time (15 min), distance between cells (1.5 mm), cell temperature was (35.5°C) and water temperature was (31.2°C) in the presence of acidic water. Total energy was increased by 96.47%, increasing number of cells and lack of distance between cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants would the start with step of a metal's pathway starting with the dirt on heterotrophic creatures for example, such that animals and humans, thus the substance from claiming metallic follow components for eatable parts of a plant representable accessible load of these metals that might enter those natural way of life through plants. Around metal elements, Cu and Zn would micro nutrients as they are essential in trace concentrations for physiological processes in plants. Furthermore consequently would a critical part from the soil-plant-food continuum. Therefor this study aimed to analysing the performance of multivariate hyperspectral vegetation indices of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in estimating the accumulation of these elements in plant dry mutter and the final product of Egyptian wheat crop irrigated with high concentrations of Zn and Cu. We applied five concentrations for each element (0.05, 20, 40, 100, and 150 ppm of Zn) and (0.02, 8, 10, 12, and 15 ppm of Cu) to a controlled greenhouse experiment to examine the effect of these concentrations on plant spectral characteristics and study the possibility of using spectroradiometry measurements for identifying the grain content of these metals. The results demonstrated that The hyperspectral vegetation indices had a potential for monitoring Zn concentration in the plant dry matter. NPCI and PSSR had a highest correlation with Cu phytoaccumulation into the grains with highest significant level (P-Value < 0.01) and (r) values (-0.39, -0.42). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this research is to analyze images of strawberry fruits and related the results with chemical properties under using different applications of gibberellic acid and citrate potassium. The work was carried on spring 2016 at private farm in Tanta ELgharbia governorate, Egypt. The chemical properties such as the total soluble solid and anthocyanin was determined under different treatments and related with images indices. The ENVI software package was used to analyze the images of orange fruits and three bands, RGB, (red, green, blue) were derived for each image until obtaining the R, G, B colors then color indices Red/ Green ratio (R/G), hue, intensity (I). The results showed that there are significant correlation with some chemical and color indicators. The results obtained in this research demonstrated that hue, intensity and R/G ratio indices gives understanding about and total soluble solid and anthocyanin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field crop residues have become an urgent problem for the Egyptian farmer. Total cultivated area with this crop in Egypt, 189,000 hectare and the estimated quantity of haulm potatoes is about 1,575 Tg with an average of 8.3 Mg/hectare of haulm potato. Varied techniques were used for cutting waste of field crop, and the mechanical shredder residue for handling and use of these wastes were analyzed in order to reduce the size of the waste molecules to fit the various aspects of its uses. To optimize the operating parameters of the performance of farm residues it was used the cutting machine and it was established the minimum cost, power and energy requirements for produce animal feed raw materials from potato haulme. The performance of the machine units was measured under the following parameters four levels of drum speed of 25.13, 30.14, 35.17 and 40.19 m/s (1,000, 1,200, 1,400, and 1,600 rpm), three feed rates of 600, 800, 1000 kg/h, two number of knives on the cutting cylinder from (68 to 48). The performance of the cutting machine unite was taking into consideration machinery productivity, percentages of softness degree, cutting efficiency, fuel consumption, power, energy, and cost analysis. The optimum results and parameters for cutting machine untie when using drum speed 1,600 rpm, 1,000 kg /h feeding rates, and 68 number of knives.0.985 Mg/h productivity, 19,123 kW power, 19,414 kW.h/Mg energy, 6,046 l/h fuel consumption, 99% cutting efficiency, 85% percentages of softness degree, and 9,850 l.E/h cost analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hamad General Hospital (HGH) Nephrology Department is the main provider for dialysis services in Qatar, serving almost 900 patients. The introduction of the COVID-19 vaccination is a crucial step in protecting End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients who are vulnerable and prone to infections due to their immunocompromised status.1 They are at high risk because they are unable to practice adequate safe physical distancing as themajority of themare dependent on others due to age and themedical condition. During the first wave of the COVID 19 pandemic, the mortality rate was 20-30% among the dialysis population.2 Several challengeswere faced since February 2020 tomanage and control COVID-19 infection in dialysis units. Vaccination is the most important preventive measure in facing COVID-19. Hence, a multidisciplinary team was formulated in March 2020 aiming to raise the patients and staff awareness of the importance of COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: The assessment of dialysis patients' knowledge and educational needs was done by conducting multidisciplinary focus group activities, providing educational materials in many languages, education through hospital TV channels, WhatsApp group activities with patient educators, and direct education during physicians'monthly dialysis assessment. Monitoring the compliance ratewas done bymonthly data collection and targeting non-compliant groups. Results: After the implementation of COVID-19 immunization strategic plan by the end of June 2021, 75% (666 patients) out of 884 dialysis patients were vaccinated (Figure 1). The current vaccination update for over 16-year-old in Qatar is 62.8% 3. Moreover, COVID-19 positive patients were properly managed since the beginning of 2020 by following Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) guidelines to control the spread among the dialysis population and the successful initiation of COVID-19 vaccination program (Figure 2). Conclusion: Continuous educational activities and awareness campaigns have increased COVID-19 immunization percentage among the dialysis population and probably contributed to saving lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]