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The present work offers general information about present-day and developments in offshore renewable energy, specially of wind, wave and the solar energy harnessing structures. In the introduction, the authors raise awareness of the despite more untapped potentials that exist in the oceans and the offshore Wind Energy Market that is experiencing a steep rise in the recent past due to technological advancement and the great policies that support this energy source. This mainly focuses on the very huge additionality of offshore wind power and the improvements in floating solar PV systems. Section three outlines an assortment of studies that were done by different writers on the strengths and weaknesses of offshore renewable energy technologies through a meta-analysis of the literature. The method of data extraction revolved around several factors, namely technological admissibility, resource identification, location and environmental and economic factors. The sources used comprised of scholarly articles published within the peer reviewed journals in the period of 2013 to 2024, to ensure that the study offered a comprehensive analysis on the technological advancements. The results and discussion section gives an analysis of the results achieved and demonstrates the developments in Offshore Wind Energy, Wave Energy Conversion, and Floating Solar PV Systems. Thus, offshore wind energy is described as the rapidly evolving segment and particular focus is made on the floating wind farms and their advancements in the aspects of power density and structural stability. Wave energy converters are discussed regarding their applicability to complement hybrid electricity production despite limited data on the devices' performance. Another key feature is that the FFPV systems are reported to be more efficient and cheaper than the land mounted systems. Thus, the article emphasizes the need to produce the further literature on offshore renewable energy, political support, and cooperation between different sectors. It concludes that an offshore renewable energy has the potential for the future development due to advancement in the technology as well as due to environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The socio-economic and "natural" systems are, to a variable extent, now locked in a coevolutionary path, characterized by a joint determinism and complex feedback effects. The management of the coastal zones, including also modeling and assessment measures, should, be reoriented over time to properly capture the causes and consequences of the joint system changes as manifested in the coastal areas. This will require a collaborative work among a range of economical, environmental and social science disciplines. The pressures and the high instability are similar between the coast and the sea, in both senses (from the land to the sea and also from the sea to the land), being given by various factors as the strong winds, waves, storms, open sea, currents, as well well also the variability of temperatures, salinity, density, due to the Danube impact, etc. The influence of the rivers discharging into the Black Sea is important, while the coastal erosion, flooding, urbanization, tourism, naval industry have an impact on the coast and the sea environment. The Marine Spatial Planning Directive is appropriate in Romania to put in practice the similar tools and practical approach from the coast to the maritime space. This paper aims to represent an useful starting point in the management of the coastal zones for both natural and social science research that would be seeked (by a more integrated modelling and assessment process) to better describe and understand the functioning of the ecosystems, that form the coastal interface and in particular the filter effect is exerted on nutrients in response to the environmental pressures, both anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic - the climate change, land use/cover change, urbanization and effluent treatment from both point and non-point sources. For this it is necessary a broad analytical framework (rather than a specific model) in which to set a more detailed analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work is focused on the investigation of the vertical structure of the currents in the Black Sea basin. In order to accomplish this objective, relevant information concerning the vertical current fields was acquired from the Black Sea Physical Forecasting System. The above data contain horizontal and vertical current fields, up to 2100 meters in depth. The present analysis was carried out considering 18 points that cover the entire Black Sea basin. The depth variations of the current velocities were analyzed in the present work with a detailed analysis for 6 reference points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to present the implementation of a circulation modeling system for the entire basin of the Black Sea. In this regard, two simulations using Mohid water modeling system were performed for the months of February and August 2010. The input data considered for the current simulations are salinity and temperature fields, obtained from the Black Sea Forecast System, coastlines, bathymetry from ETOPO2 website and wind forcing provided by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Model validations were performed considering satellite data. Moreover, the simulation results were compared to an implementation of the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) realized by the National Institute for Marine Research and Development "Grigore Antipa". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the fact that the coastal environment in the vicinity of the main ports is subjected to the highest risks of accidents, especially due to the intense navigation traffic taking place in these areas, the objective of the present work is to evaluate the environmental conditions in the neighborhood of the Romanian harbors at the Black Sea. These are Mangalia, Constanta and Midia-Navodari. Additionally the conditions in the coastal environment at the mouth of the Danube River, close to the Sulina harbor are also assessed. The environmental parameters analyzed are waves, wind and currents and the main data source is represented by the satellite measurements. Additionally, wind model data provided by the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts and current fields from the web site of the Romanian National Institute for Marine Research and Development are also considered. The results of the analysis are structured on total and winter time, respectively and they provide valuable information concerning the navigation risks in the vicinity of the Romanian harbors at the Black Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work describes a study related to the influence on the shoreline dynamics of a large WEC array consisting of Pelamis devices. The target area is located in a coastal environment in the western side of the Black Sea. Various simulations based on the wave climate from this area have been made with SWAN spectral phase averaged wave model. Two situations have been considered in order to evaluate the impact of the wave energy farm: model simulations without any wave energy converter and simulations considering included in the computational domain of a system consisting 30 Pelamis devices. More analysis have been carried out in both geographical and spectral spaces. The results show that a significant influence appears in the area analyzed and is gradually decreasing to the coast line level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]