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'Making the invisible visible' is a requirement of a coveted prize for scientific photography – the Lennart Nilsson Award – which is named after the pioneer of human embryo photography. There is no way of avoiding his influence if the hitherto invisible is to be made visible, the intangible almost tangible, the unimaginable made imaginable, and mysteries otherwise hidden from the human eye are to be processed in a popular-scientific way and visualized in an artistic way by means of scientific-medical imaging techniques. Whilst Lennart Nilsson used state-of-the-art imaging technology within the rapidly evolving field of endoscopy, he also created what is probably the best-selling illustrated book of all times with A Child Is Born contributing to both the further understanding of early prenatal development, as well as achieving worldwide popularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are commonly used as contraceptives worldwide. However, pregnancies in patients carrying this kind of device may occur. IUD removal when the woman wishes to continue their pregnancy may be very challenging. Only 9 manuscripts in literature reported such similar procedure.Case Presentation: We report the case of an hysteroscopic removal of IUD in a young woman at 6 weeks of gestation.Discussion: The case reported highlights safety and efficacy of operative hysteroscopy as a method of IUD removal in early pregnancy, although other different methods have been reported in literature. In our opinion, maintaining a low infusion pressure during the procedure may help avoiding potential gestational sac damage and IUD displacement for better grasping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embryoscopy is the direct visualization of the embryo between 5 and 8 weeks’ gestational age. Fetoscopy is the direct visualization of the fetus after 8 weeks of gestation. Both are performed by inserting a fiber-optic scope, either transabdominally or transcervically, into the extracelomic space when the procedure is done before 11 weeks or inside the amniotic cavity when it is done after 11 weeks. Embryofetoscopy is likely to find applications in confirming and further clarifying our knowledge of embryonic development and in the prenatal investigation of high-risk pregnancies for recurrent genetic disorders. Further evolution of endoscopic instruments and embryoscopic technique could give embryofetoscopy a potential for early gene and cell therapy as well as for surgery in utero. We also present our preliminary experience using transcervical embryoscopy for direct visualization of the 1st-trimester embryo in women opting to terminate pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most probable cause of an anembryonic gestation is an abnormal karyotype. The analysis of 59 cases of missed abortion with anembrionia prior to 12 weeks of gestation after spontaneous conception and the assisted reproductive technologies (ART) was carried out. Patients were divided into two groups: those pregnant after natural conception and those with pregnancies after the ART programs. Upon embryoscopy and direct chorion biopsy, samples were sent for karyotyping. High frequency of normal karyotypes of chorion was found: 28.6% and 44.7%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The case we describe reports the early sonographic findings of sirenomelia with oligodactylia at 9 weeks of gestation by transvaginal two-dimensional color Doppler ultrasonography imaging and its confirmation by hysteroscopic embryoscopy at 12 weeks to further characterize the findings. The embryo showed increased nuchal translucency and fused lower limbs with a large intra-abdominal vessel and two-vessel umbilical cords. The pregnancy was terminated by medical abortion induction after the patient viewed the embryoscopic images. Diagnosis is commonly made later in the second trimester of pregnancy, oligohydramnios being a warning signal, which usually makes the diagnosis difficult. Survival, only possible in the absence of renal agenesis, is extremely rare. In view of the extremely poor prognosis, early diagnosis allows for earlier counseling and less traumatic therapeutic termination of pregnancy. Copyright © 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High incidence of missed abortion induces to search for its causes. Apart from genetic and anatomic uterine factors, the state of the decidual endometrium and implantation zone of chorionic structures of the gestational sac are of particular interest. Direct visualization of the intact decidual endometrium is possible with embryoscopy, however, there is lack of presented data of normal and pathological signs of the endometrium during pregnancy. This paper describes the changes of the endometrium in missed abortion obtained by hysteroscopy in 160 women with nonprogressive pregnancy after ART protocols. High incidence of vascular disorders is determined, namely perivascular hemorrhage (70%), thrombosis of small-caliber endometrial vessels (36.9%), necrosis of the decidual endometrium and areas of the endometrium ejection beyond the implantation zone as a source of vaginal bleeding (10%). In addition, a high incidence of capsular decidual membrane defects are detected, namely, dystrophy, thinning and necrosis (60.6%). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]