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A quad‐band linear to circular polarization (CP) conversion based on a reflective metasurface is presented. The unit cell of proposed reflective metasurface consists of two unequal tilted and crossed bi‐directional arrow strips with an elliptical ring printed on a grounded dielectric slab. The operating bandwidth of the proposed structure is enhanced by introducing two small slits into the long arrow. A reflective metasurface sheet is fabricated and measured for verification. The simulated and measured results show that the reflective metasurface converter successfully transforms linearly polarized incident waves into right‐hand circularly‐polarized waves in frequency bands 9.49–9.96 GHz and 20–31.8 GHz and into left hand circular polarized waves in frequency bands 12.2–14.44 and 31.8–32.1 GHz. Also, wide angular stability up to 50° oblique incidence along with high efficiency reveals the good applicability of the structure. The proposed reflective structure can be used in multiband satellite communication systems and multifunctional dual‐circularly polarized antenna systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facies of rifting basins reflect different depositional environments from deep to shallow conditions. The present study focuses on subsurface facies characterization and source rock assessment of Kareem and Rudeis rocks in six wells lying in the central Gulf of Suez. The distribution of the lithologic patterns delineated through several constructed facies maps. Porosity cross-plots of Kareem and Rudeis formations to determine the rock minerals and porosity attitudes. Rock–Eval pyrolysis was applied to determine the kerogen type, organic matter richness, percentage, and maturation of the source rocks. The greater depth of the two formations was reflected in the western parts while their stratigraphic thickness increases toward the east and the north directions, with decreasing thickness towards the west direction due to an underlain basin structure of the pre-Miocene. Isolith maps show three deep marine lithologies for the two formations with the anhydrite as a fourth shallow marine lithology in the Kareem Formation only. These lithofacies reflect the turnover from the deep to the shallow depositional environment. The facies change from a main shaly limestone in the Rudeis Formation to calcareous shale in the Kareem formation, indicating transmutation from the lower Miocene deep to the middle Miocene shallow marine environments. The cross-plots reflected the existence of limestone, shale, and anhydrite. Geochemically, both formations are marginally good source rock with a marginally good generation of mixed type II/III and type III. Accordingly, Rudeis and Kareem formations could be good reservoirs rather than being potential source rocks in the central Gulf of Suez. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the bulk properties and geochemical characteristics of four crude oils from the Central Gulf of Suez province (NE Egypt). Such oils were derived from high sulfur Type II kerogen, as demonstrated by their API gravity and sulfur content (S) of more than 2.45 wt. %. The result agrees with their asphaltene structures, derived using open pyrolysis-gas chromatography (Py–GC), which further suggests that the analyzed oils were primarily paraffinic and produced from Type II kerogen. The high S content combined with the vanadium (V) and nickel (Ni) metals ratios also indicates that the examined oils were scoured from carbonate-rich rocks that were deposited in a highly reducing marine environment. The occurrence of reduced oxygen with enhanced stratified conditions during deposition is further supported by the existence of gammacerane, low Pr/Ph ratio, Pr/C17, and Ph/C18 ratios, and high homohopane ratios of C3122R/ C30 and C35/C34. The tricyclic terpane distribution and homologous sequence of normal steranes C27-C29 suggest that the oils were derived from mainly phytoplankton algae and microbial mats. The existence of low quantities of 18α (H)-oleanane also indicates a source age that is not older than Late Cretaceous. In addition, the biomarker maturity ratios show that the investigated oils were obtained from low maturity source rocks. The geochemical results also suggest that the oils under study are genetically consistent with the organic-rich intervals in the Upper Cretaceous Brown Limestone Formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The levels of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) have been reported for ten commercially important fish species from the northwestern Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Target compounds were analytically determined with gas chromatography–flame ionization detector and High-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Results showed that total petroleum hydrocarbon varied from 21700 to 1503100 ng/g wet wt., Argyrops Spinifer showed the highest level of TPH in the muscle tissue followed by Euthynnus affinis 1459800 ng/g wet wt. These data are very important for coming pollution monitoring program to the Suez Gulf. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 PAHs) varied between 81.499 and 5895.608 ng/g wet wt. The diagnostic indices used showed that the hydrocarbons in the area were from both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. Hence, there is need for adequate regulation and control of all activities contributing to the levels of petroleum hydrocarbon in the marine environment for the safety of human, and fish species lives in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil hydrocarbon fingerprints derived from polycyclic aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon were analyzed in marine organisms of various aquatic species muscles collected from 10 different sites along Suez Gulf, Egypt. All samples were analyzed for n-alkanes (C15–C37) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (EPA list of PAHs). n-Alkanes in ten aquatic species were found to be in the range of 11.391–96.747 ng/g wet weight with a mean value of 60.755 ng/g wet weights. Different indices were calculated for the n-alkanes to assess their sources as carbon preference index (CPI), average chain length (ACL), terrigenous/aquatic ratio (TAR), natural n-alkane ratio (NAR) and proxy ratio (Paq). Most of the various species of n-alkanes were discovered to be from natural sources. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) varied between 81.499 and 5895.608 ng/g wet weight with an average of 2521.126 ng/g wet weight. The contents of ƩPAHs were the highest in the tissues. The carcinogenic risks for humans from residual ƩPAHs in the various fish tissues higher than10−5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study represents the concentrations of 16 PAHs in a commercial aquatic species Sauridaund squamis;Euthynnus affinis; Rhabdosargus haffara; Argyrops Spinifer; Nemipterus Japonicus, Oreochromis Niloticus; Trachurus Indicus; Peneus Japonicas; Scomber Japonicus; and Pomadasys Stridens, which were collected from the coastal area of the Suez Gulf waters. The analyses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined using HPLC to identify the sources of PAHs. The results revealed that low molecular weight of PAHs were more than high molecular weight in aquatic species, Benzo (a)Anthracene/(Benzo (a) Anthracene + Chrysene) BaA/(BaA + Chr), Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene/(Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene + Benzo (ghi) perylene) IP/(IP + BP) and Fluoranthene/Pyrene (Fl/Pyr), they reflected that the PAHs sources in aquatic species are petrogenic as a main sources, pyrogenic sources. The study area was generally contaminated with hydrocarbons and continuous consumption of food from this area may pose public health hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late Jurassic Madbi shale samples from Al-Qarn-01 well in the NW Say'un-Masila Basin, Eastern Yemen are analyzed using conventional geochemical data such as total organic carbon (TOC) content and Rock-Eval pyrolysis. The results in this study are used to evaluate the gas resource potentiality in the basin. The analyzed shales have high TOC content between 1.00% and 3.12%, and their HIs range from 77 to 177 mg HC/g TOC. These values indicate that the investigated Madbi shale intervals contain Type III kerogen and are considered to be very good gas-source rocks. Furthermore, the relatively high Rock-Eval pyrolysis Tmax (447–459 °C) and PI (0.09–0.44) values indicate mainly peak to late mature oil window. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate source rock formations (Kareem and Rudeis) through quantitative and qualitative analysis of pyrolysis data from 44 ditch samples from three wells (Elkhaligue-1, Kareem-1, and El Ayune-1) at different depths in the central Gulf of Suez. From these data we concluded that Kareem and Rudeis formations are fair to good source rocks and have a generating potential fair to good to generate both oil and gas generated from mixed type II kerogene deposited under anoxic conditions, also they considered as fair to good oil sources. Both formations are mature and this conclusion is confirms by the burial histories of the three wells where Kareem Formation reached the early stage of generation at time ranges from 6 to 1.5 m.y while Rudeis Formation reached the oil window at time ranges from 18 to 6.6 m.y which considered a very good timing for excellent preservation efficiency of the hydrocarbons generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the concentrations of 16 PAHs in 10 of Aquatic Species samples collected along the Gulf of Suez, Eygpt, between 2016 and 2018. Among 10 species of fish investigated, Argyrops Spinifer; Pomadasys Stridens; Euthynnus affinis; Scomber Japonicus; Peneus Japonicas, detected the maximum concentration of PAHs followed by Nemipterus Japonicus; Oreochromis Niloticus; Trachurus Indicus; Rhabdosargus haffara; Sauridaundo squamis. The lower-molecular-weight PAHs were detected at highest levels. Estimated intakes of PAHs by fish consumption for the general population were ranged between 4.482 and 317.148 ng/kg bodyweight/day. Argyrops Spinifer contributed to the highest intakes of PAHs. The toxic equivalents (TEQs) of PAHs were calculated using a TEQ proposed in literature, and the intake ranged from 27.067 to 8951.220 pg TEQ/kg bodyweight/d. The estimated excess cancer risk value (5.40 × 10−5-3.91 × 10−3) from fish consumption for the general population exceeded the guideline value (1.0 × 10−6) for potential cancer risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of provenance of organic matter evaluated through the distribution of occurrence of triterpanes and steranes in surface sediments from coastal stations located in the Gulf of Suez Gulf. The samples have been studied in four coastal stations located in the Gulf of Suez namely: Al-Nasr Oil Company (NPC), West outlet of SOPC, Inlete of SOPC, and El-Sukhna of Loloha Beach. Saturated hydrocarbons were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, to assessing of organic content and maturity level of the sediments. The results showed that the hydrocarbons are originated mainly from predominance of petrogenic and biogenic hydrocarbons with high maturity level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance estimations for fifteen shale rock tests and additionally, geochemical burial history, and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry parameters were talked about to explore the hydrocarbon generation and maturation level and time, type of hydrocarbon produced of rock units of Safir-1x well. The results assign that the Bahariya Formation is poor to great source rock to create oil and gas, with a lower thermal maturation degree than the Khatatba and Alam El Bueib formation. Alam El Bueib is viewed as good to excellent source rock for oil and gas age, having marginally high level of thermal maturation at oil window at around 40 million years. Khatatba formation achieved the oil and gas generation window at about 80 and 50 million years separately and considered excellent source rock. The molecular gas chromatography and mass spectrometry parameters demonstrated that the extracts of source rocks reflected that the Bahariya and Alam El Bueib extracts have a mixed sources formed under transitional conditions at low grad of thermal maturation. Khatatba source rock extracts originated from marine sources formed under reducing conditions at high grade of maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study are the correlation between the oil samples recovered from the Lower Cretaceous reservoirs and Lower and Upper Cretaceous source rocks. The investigated biomarkers of five oils indicated the oils were derived from mixed marine and terrigenous (lacustrine) organic matter and deposited under suboxic to anoxic conditions. These oils were also generated from source rocks of high thermal maturity at the peak oil window. So, based on the molecular indicators of organic source input,depositional environment and maturity parameters of oils and extracts, we can conclude that the oil recovered from Al Baraka oil field were derived from Lower Cretaceous source rocks especially KomOmbo (B) source rocks where it reached the oil window. Furthermore, we can indicate that the other lower Cretaceous formations as Abu Ballas Formation will have the opportunity to generate and expel oil at the deeper part of the basin as shown in the eastern part of the basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual-thrust rocket motors, with proper designs, can yield the desired boost-sustain thrust profiles for a variety of applications. Of the various designs that a dual-thrust rocket motor can have, the one with an intermediate nozzle provides a high boost-to-sustain thrust ratio as well as a stable operation. Depending on the internal conditions, the flow through the intermediate nozzle in the boost phase can be sonic, subsonic, or initially reversed. The present paper discusses the operation and performance of Dual-thrust rocket motors with subsonic intermediate nozzle. A mathematical model describing the internal ballistics of these dual-thrust rocket motors is derived from the basic governing equation. In addition, a set of experiments is conducted using a developed test motor to explore the physics of dualthrust rocket motors with subsonic intermediate nozzle and assess the mathematical model validity. Results of the theoretical and experimental investigations explain most of the internal ballistics characteristics that were not discussed before in the open literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compositions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons used as chemical markers for the identifying of different sources in the surface seawater of Alexandria coastal area. The quantitative analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) showed a concentration ranged from 8970.939-1254756.00 ng/L, which exceed the maximum admissible concentrations of PAHs (200 ng/L) for the water standard of European Union. The calculated diagnostic ratios suggested that the sources of PAHs at the majority of the studied area are derived primarily from pyrogenic sources from incomplete fuel combustion of the boats and vehicle engines with lesser amounts of PAHs contributed from petrogenic sources. Some stations displayed mixed sources in comparison to many other studied marine systems, the PAHs concentrations detected at Alexandria area were considered be higher to pose health risks to aquatic bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterization and correlation of crude oils from some wells in the North Western Desert, based on six crude oil samples, were studied by different analytical techniques, including API gravity, sulfur content, nickel and vanadium, bulk compositions and saturated fraction obtained from gas chromatography have been studied. The results show that the crude oils are normal to medium aromatic oils, with high API gravity and high sulfur content. V, Ni, V/Ni and V/(V + Ni) reflecting oils might be sourced from non-clastic source rocks, possibly carbonates, deposited under anoxic-suboxic conditions. Bulk compositions revealing that the crude oils were derived from marine organic sources. While, the paraffins and naphthenes percent indicates that the oils belong to paraffinic to naphthenic oil types, deposited in slightly anoxic to suboxic conditions and contained marine organic matter. Thermal maturity data showed that the oil samples were generated from mature source rocks. This indicates the studied oil samples are well correlated with each other, where they are similar in their oil type maturation and source depositional environments. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the present study, the geochemical analyses of API gravities, vanadium, nickel, sulfur, and bulk composition were performed on eight samples from productive wells in Gindi, South Deep Abu-gharadig, Abu-gharadig, Dahab-Merier, and Faghure basins locates in the North Western Desert. The results were used to describe the source organic matter input, depositional environment, assess the degree of thermal maturity, and to correlate between crude oils to determine the genetic relationship between hydrocarbon generation and their source rock for the studied oil samples. The results showed that a wide range of crude oil parameters exists in this data, indicating that a variety of oil types is represented. Crude oils range from unaltered to altered by vanadium, nickel, and sulfur concentrations, V/Ni and saturate fraction were used to classify the oils. Oils are classified into two groups. Group I contains oil samples from Gindi, South deep Abu-gharadig and Abu-gharadig, and Dahab-Merier that are generated from organic matter input deposited in marine environment under anoxic to suboxic conditions. Group II from Faghur basin possess high Pr/Ph ratios suggesting high contribution of terreginous organic matter deposited under relatively oxic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two gasoline samples were collected from Saudi Arabia petrol station and subjected for studying their quality as liquid fuel. Gasoline samples were characterized and compared by studying their physicochemical properties such as average molecular weight, relative density, percent carbon, percent hydrogen, total oxygen content, and octane number. In addition, it was performed to study the group analysis and detailed hydrocarbon composition of automotive gasoline samples via gas chromatographic (GC) fingerprints as a practical method for quality detection. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of this study was to investigate the contamination of surface sediments in Suez Gulf, Egypt, by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Total concentrations of 16 PAHs were ranged from 6.6009 to 1770.3265 ng/g sed. dry wet with an average of 398.617 ng/g sed. dry wet, which is relatively high in comparison with other estuaries around the world. Source identification implied that the PAHs were originated mainly from pyrolytic sources. However, source patterns may be continuously changed to a petrogenic origin due to the heavy ship traffic and continuous discharge of oily sewage in this area. The PAH levels were also compared with international Sediments Quality Guidelines and Sediments Quality Criteria, and the results indicated adverse effects for most individual PAHs. However, toxic effects related to acenaphthylene (A); benzo [b] fluoranthene (Bbf); benzo [K] fluoranthene (Bkf); dibenzo [a,h] anthracene (DahA); and benzo [ghi] perylene (Bp) would occur occasionally in most locations in the Gulf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this paper are providing a level of contamination of superficial coastal sediments by hydrocarbons from the coastal zone of the Suez Gulf through the evaluation of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons analyses using capillary column and gas chromatography. The locations were selected to cover about 18.7 km from the Suez Gulf coast taking into consideration the expected polluted area due to industrial and human activities. The results showed that the three levels of Suez Gulf was classified as highly polluted concentration in sediments and was categorized into four levels (guideline μg/g): unpolluted area/natural background level (10–15), slightly polluted area/upper permissible limits (15–50), and moderately polluted area (50–200). Therefore, the anthropogenic hydrocarbon inputs were more apparent at sites associated with industrial discharges (petroleum distributor and refinery), shipping activities (dry docking), and sewage outfalls (sewage); in addition, the chronic oil pollution in the area may be due to the large quantities of refined products and the limited capabilities of water treatment units located in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Specific geochemical analyses included API gravity, sulfur content, gas chromatography, and the advanced gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for biomarker distributions, in conjunction with stable carbon isotope geochemistry, to characterize the depositional environmental conditions and maturation assessment of the studied crude oils. For this purpose ten crude oils were collected from Miocene, Upper Cretaceous, and Nubia Sandstone representing the central-southern Gulf of Suez. The results showed that two different oil types identified as Miocene oils are characterized by a dominant oleanane and low gammacerane biomarkers, suggesting an overall angiosperm land plants input of terrigenous organofacies source rock. Pre-Miocene oils are distinguished by a dominant gammacerane and low oleanane biomarker distributions, which may be generated from fully mature marine carbonate source rocks. The higher sterane isomerization parameters, C29αßß/(αßß + ααα) and C29 ααα 20S/(S+R), further support the higher thermal maturation level for the Pre-Miocene oils rather than the Miocene type. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The geochemical analyses of Specific gravity (API), sulfur content, nickel and vanadium, porphyrins, bulk compositions, and saturated fraction obtained from gas chromatography have been studied with the aim of throwing more light on the geochemical aspects of the crude oil formation, migration, and maturation. Seven samples were collected from Sudr, October, GS-283, Belayim land, Belayim marine, Kareem, and July oilfields in the Gulf of Suez. These samples are representative for the producing horizon zones of Rudeis and Nuhkul formations of Middle-Lower Miocene age ranging in depths from 1344 to 3558 m. The studied crude oils are classified into heavy and/or intermediate oils. The crude oils have high concentrations of nickel and vanadium contents. Vanadyl porphyrins indicate mature to moderately mature oils. A gross composition reveals marine organic sources. The n-alkanes and isoprenoids in crude oils are derived from marine organic matter, deposited under anoxic/hypersaline to oxic or carbonate environments associated with evaporate and carbonate depositional environment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present work deals with isopach, lithofacies changes, and source rock chracteristics of Khatatba and Alam El Bueib formations of some wells in North East Western Desert. Isopach and lithofacies changes showed that the thickness of Khatatba Formation increases toward the south western direction and decreases toward northern parts, and the sediments consisting of sandstone and shale facies indicate a shallow marine environment. Alam El-Bueib sediments increase toward the north direction, and argillaceous sandstone facies reflect terrestrial-to-shallow marine environment. The geochemical analysis showed that Khatatba Formation bears a mature source rock and has poor-to-good generating capability for both oil and gas and lie within the early generation window and oil window. Alam El Buieb Formation constitutes a mature source rock and has poor-to-good generating capability for both oil and gas. It can be stated that Khatatba and Alam El Buieb are the main source rock for hydrocarbon accumulations rich with organic sediments and could be considered as effective source rocks for generating hydrocarbons in the the studied wells. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in sediments collected from the Suez Gulf to evaluate the composition, sources, and ecological risk assessment. The highest concentration of total PAHs is recorded in sediments collected from Inlet of Suez Oil Petroleum Company (SOPC), followed by east of the Outlet of SOPC and Outlet of SOPC. While lower concentrations of total PAHs are detected in Suez Beach west of the Outlet of SOPC, from Inlet of Al-Nasr Petroleum Company (NPC). The ratio of ∑LPAHs/∑HPAHs was <1, revealing their pyrogenic sources. The concentration levels of PAHs in the current study were compared to the effect range low (ERL) and the effect range medium (ERM) values for all investigated stations was below the ERL except for Inlet of SOPC. This finding indicated that PAHs in the surface sediments of the studied area have adverse biological effects, which may cause severe adverse biological and acute effects. The high levels of BaP equivalent (BaPE) values east of the Outlet of SOPC indicate that PAHs have relatively high toxicity among all sites. The toxic equivalent (TEQcarc) values of the sediment samples varied from 0.1883 to 1449.286 ng/g TEQ, with the mean value of 144.295 ng/g TEQ; the higher total TEQcarc values were found at 50 m east of the Outlet of SOPC: 1449.286 ng/g TEQ. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The organic matters of Rudeis and Kareem formation from Ras Budran oilfield in the central Gulf of Suez, Egypt, were investigated throughout the study of biomarkers and infrared spectrometric analyses. The results showed that Pr/Ph, Pr/n-C17, and Ph/n-C18ratios indicated marine source organic matters deposited under reduced condition with a less effect of biodegradation and mature stage of occurrence. The gammacerane index indicated a low-salinity environment of deposition for the initial organic matters existed in the analyzed samples. Steranes distributions show high percentage of C28steranes and C29steranes compared with C27steranes, and low-concentration C27diasteranes show generally low ratios indicating anoxic carbonate source rocks. The diasteranes/steranes showed generally low ratios indicating most marine carbonate sources. The tricyclic terpane reflects mature organic matters and originated from marine organic sources. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses for crude oils from Kareem reservoir in the wells El Hamed-1, 3, and 5 are used to provide information on source organic matters input, depositional environment, and maturation level. Data include normal alkane and acyclic isoprenoids distribution, terpane, and sterane aliphatic biomarkers. Pristine/phytane (Pr/Ph), Pr/nC17, and Ph/nC18 ratios indicated mixed organic sources of organic matters (kerogen type II, III) dominantly (kerogen type III) with a less effect of biodegradation and mature stage of occurrence. The diasteranes/steranes ratio showed generally low ratios as in most marine carbonate sources, while algal-bacterial organic matter contribution for the oil samples suggested dependence on the predominance of C23 tricyclic terpane relative to the C19 tricyclic terpane, and the C25 tricyclic terpane greater than C24 tricyclic terpane. The gammacerane index indicated that a low-salinity environment of deposition for the initial organic matters existed in the analyzed samples. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Organic matters from the KK 85-1and HH 83-1wells in the Central Gulf of Suez were analyzed by two well-proven organic geochemical methods: Rock-Eval pyrolysis and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses. These techniques were used to obtain independent parameters of organic matter composition, thermal maturity, and environment of deposition. The study reveals a close concordance between Rock-Eval pyrolysis data and biomarkers parameters such as steranes and triterpanes. Rock-Eval pyrolysis in conjunction with GC–MS analyses shows that the organic matters contain two types of kerogen (Type-II/III and Type III), which lie dominantly prior to the peak stage of the conventional oil window (end of diagensis–beginning of catagensis). The case study shows that these methods are suitable for a proper assessment of the petroleum potential of source rocks and the rapid geochemical characterization of sedimentary organic matter. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Different analytical techniques, including API gravity; sulfur–nickel–vanadium contents; liquid chromatographic separation; and gas chromatography, were utilized to investigate oil families of three crude oils collected from Bakr oilfield of middle-lower Miocene age and characterized by limestone facies at various depth locations in the central Gulf of Suez. These geochemical aspects were used to assess source input and maturation of oil families. The results showed that the studied oils indicate a close genetic relationship between studied crude oils, and classified as aromatic intermediate oils. These types of oils are characterized by mature sources derived mainly from marine inputs such as biomass from algae and plankton from different saline environments. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present work aims to using the application of GC, GC/MS, UV, and FT/IR spectroscopy organic matters extracted from sedimentary hydrocarbons from six coastal stations located in the Gulf of Suez and proposed to evaluate hydrocarbons in the sediments. The results the origins of hydrocarbons are multiple sources from terrestrial inputs, biogenic, and pyrolytic. Abundance of vascular plantnC23–nC33alkanes with a high odd-to-even predominance, pristane, and phytane besidenC29/nC17ratios and the presence of biogenic hopanes indicate the predominance of biogenic in combination with petrogenic hydrocarbons. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis indicates high concentrations of aliphatic hydrocarbons as well as mono- and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are useful tool in organic geochemistry studies. UV analysis for organic matters incorporated in sediments reveals that oil pollutants have considerable amounts of aromatic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Total organic carbon (TOC) and pyrolysis analysis of the Cretaceous and Miocene source rocks in the central Gulf of Suez were evaluated throughout the 25 rock samples collected from 6 formations, namely Wata, Raha, Nubia “A” (Cretaceous source rocks); and Nukhul, Zeit, and Belayim (Miocene source rocks) from Gharib-252, Gharib-153, Gharib-163, Gharib-164, Gharib-167, and Gharib-165 wells. These data are used to study the probabilities of the source rock in the Cretaceous and Miocene source rocks in the central Gulf of Suez for the hydrocarbon generation through identifying the organic richness, type of organic matters, and thermal maturation of these organic materials. The results revealed that the Cretaceous formations are immature source rocks, ranging from fair to good source rocks and have kerogen of type III and type III/II. Meanwhile, Miocene source rocks, ranging from immature to marginally mature source rocks, are considered to range from good to very good source rocks for potential generation of both oil and gas and are characterized by kerogen of type III/II and type II. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The authors aimed to examine a multivariate statistical analysis approach for monitoring the hydrocarbon potentiality of source rocks in the North Western Desert to recognize the potentiality of source rocks and subsequently investigate the maturation level of the proven potential source formations for oil preservation. To achieve this aim, they applied multivariate statistics analysis (principle component analysis [PCA], cluster analysis, and correlation coefficient) and Rock-Eval pyrolysis analyses. The results showed that both PCA and cluster analyses have showed two types of source rocks. The first is classified as poor to fair source rock and immature to marginally mature source rock, the second is considered as fair to good source rock and mature to post mature source rock. PCA extracted two independent factors, which explained 81.87% of the total variance. The first type of source rock was responsible for 50% of the total variance and was best represented by variables TOC, S2, OI, and Ro, and the second one was responsible for 31.65% of the total variance and was represented by the HI variable. Pearson correlation coefficient showed a significant positive correlation between TOC and S2 or Ro. A positive correlation between S2 and HI or OI and also between OI and Rowas observed, while no significant correlation was noticed between HI and Ro. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The semienclosed Suez Gulf records various signals of high anthropic pressures from surrounding regions and the industrialized Suez countries. The sedimentary hydrocarbons have been studied in six coastal stations located in the Gulf of Suez. Nonaromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS to assess organic content in surface sediments of Suez Gulf, Egypt, depending on alkane, terpane, and sterane biological marker indicators. The results showed that the hydrocarbons are originated frommultiple terrestrial inputs, biogenic and pyrolytic. Several ratios hydrocarbons indicated the predominance of petrogenic in combination with biogenic hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The source rock potentiality of Middle Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous source rocks in Meleiha area was investigated through total organic carbon (TOC),Ro%, and pyrolysis analysis for 38 cutting samples collected from six wells. Also, the geochemical burial history profile to estimate the timing of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion of source rocks was constructed. The result revealed that the main hydrocarbon of source rocks, for the Middle Jurassic (Khatatba Fm.), is mainly mature, and has good capability for producing oil till present time. Lower Cretaceous source rocks (Alam El Bueib Fm.) are mature, derived from mixed organic sources, and have fair to good capability to generate gas and oil. Kharita Formations immature source rocks originating from terrestrial origin and have poor to fair potential to produce gas. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Fifteen rock samples were subjected to comprehensive organic geochemical studies aiming to evaluate potential source rocks as well as to predict the time of petroleum generation and expulsion of Kharita, Alam El Bueib, and Khataba Fms. in some wells in Meleiha area. The study revealed the Kharita Fm. is immature and has fair potential to produce gas. The organic matter is derived from terrestrial origin. Alam El Bueib Fm. is mature with fair to good capability of producing mixed oil and gas. The organic matter is originated mainly from mixed organic sources. Khatatba Fm. is mature and has good potentiality for generating oil. The organic matter is derived mainly from marine origin. The geothermal profile revealed that Kharita Fm. reached only the early stage of hydrocarbon generation and did not enter the oil widow till the present time. Alam El Bueib Fm. entered the oil window during Late Eocene time. Khatatba Fm. entered the oil window during Late Cretaceous. Consequently, Khatatba Fm. in Meleiha area can be considered as effective source rocks for generating both oil and gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The timing of petroleum generation of source rocks is recognized to investigate the maturation level of the proven potential source formations for oil preservation dead lines, and predict the levels of thermal maturity of the studied sequences in terms of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion. For theses purposes four thermal burial history and maturity profiles were constructed of the Abu Gharaig-1 SW Umbaraka-1, GPZ-1, and GPX-1 wells. The results showed Abu Roash and Bahariya formations are immature to mature source rocks and have poor to fair potential to generate both oil and gas and still are within the early stage of hydrocarbon generation till the present time. Alam El Bueib and Masajid formations bear mature source rocks and have good generating capability for generating both oil and gas and entered the oil window since Cretaceous to Miocene times and lies within oil and gas windows at present time. Khatatba Formation bears a mature source rock and has good generating capability for both oil and gas and entered the oil window during Late Cretaceous to Eocene times. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Oil-source rock correlations are used in this study in order to achieve their relationship, depositional environments, and diagenetic processes in the source rocks. For this purpose many parameters are used, e.g., gross composition of oil and source rock extracts, and biomarker analyses. Ten representative oil samples and seven source rock hydrocarbon extracts were analyzed using relative geochemical analyses, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results revealed a genetic close relation between them and supported the indigenous mixed source of Alam El Bueib oil, which related to different sources, including Khatatba, Alam El Bueib, and Bahariya formations. Accordingly, Alam El Bueib formation can be considered as an important source for petroleum generation in that area. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Twenty-two ditch samples were collected from GH-376-1 well, representing the Miocene and Paleozeoic rocks of GH-376 oilfield in the South Gulf of Suez. These were subjected to TOC, S2, Tmax, HI, and OI, and gas chromatography analyses. The results showed that Kareem Formation source rocks are immature and have fair to good potential of type III/II of kerogen for generating mixed gas and oil, but mainly gas. The organic matters are derived mainly from marine contribution from algae and bacteria deposited under reducing environments. Rudies Formation is immature and has poor to fair potential of type II/III kerogen for generating gas. The organic matter is derived mainly from marine and terrestrial sources deposited under oxidizing-reducing environments. Sudr Formation has poor to fair potential of type III kerogen to generate gas. The organic matter has been derived mainly from terrestrial sources deposited under oxidizing conditions. Matulla Formation is immature and has good to very good potential for generating mixed oil and gas. The organic matter has originated mainly from mixed organic sources deposited under oxidizing condition. Nubia Formation has poor generating potential of type II/III kerogen for generating gas. The organic matter was derived from mixed sources deposited under an oxidizing environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organogeochemical analysis is based on the pyrolysis for rock samples representing the different rock units penetrated by seven wells in the study area. Representative saturated hydrocarbon fractions from different rock units are also analyzed by gas chromatography. The obtained data suggested that Ras Qattara Formation has poor potential to generate gas, Khatatba Formation has poor to very good source potential for generating mixed oil and gas, Masajid Formation has poor to fair potential for generating gas, and Alam El Bueib Formation has poor to fair generating capability for generating both oil and gas. The gas chromatographic analysis for the saturated hydrocarbons showed that the organic content of the study formations are derived from mixed organic sources deposited under transitional environments. The burial history models of the sedimentary sequence showed that Ras Qattara Formation started to generate hydrocarbons during Paleocene, Khatatba Formation during Late Cretaceous-Eocene, Masajid Formation during Late Cretaceous-Late Miocene, and Alam El Bueib Formation during Late Cretaceous-Oligocene. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Four representative oil samples have been collected from productive wells, namely: Gharib-164, Gharib-163, Gharib-106, and Gharib-116, scattered within the Ras Gharib oilfield located in the central Gulf of Suez. Their chemical composition, API gravity, sulfur content, and asphaltene content were determined. Saturated hydrocarbon fractions were subjected to gas chromatography. Terpanes and steranes biomarkers have been determined using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy in order to characterize the type of organo-facies, oil classes, depositional environments, and to assess the thermal maturity level for oil generation. The results showed that the studied oils are belonging to normal oil classes with no heavy biodegradation. It has been found that mature oils are generated from marine shales and carbonates are enriched in marine algae with contributions from terrestrial organic matters. Biomarker analyses suggest that the crude oils are more mature and sources are derived mainly from mixed organic sources from terrestrial and marine inputs contribution to the biomass from algae and plankton in different saline environments. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present study has clearly demonstrated that seeding a petroleum hydrocarbon polluted sea water with a halotolerantPseudomonas aeruginosaAsph2 and corn steep liquor as a cheap and readily available source of nutrients significantly enhances the progress of biodegradation BD of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants. There was a statistically high significant difference between natural weathering NW and both bioaugmentation BA (p = 2.92e-14) and biostimulation BS (p = 3.56e-13) at 95% confidence interval (α = 0.05). BA significantly improved the efficiency of total petroleum hydrocarbon TPH and the recalcitrant asphaltene degradation by ≈ 23 and 17% compared to BS process (p = 2.0693e-5 andp = 1.4e-3, respectively). The BD of biomarkers; pristane Pr, phytane Ph, and terpanes were very apparent. The BD of C28 tricyclic terpane, C27 13β, 17α- diasterane (20S), and C30 17α, 21β-hopane were higher than that of C35 17α,21β-homohopane. The BD of C27 18α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorneohopane (Ts) was higher than that of C27 17α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane (Tm). The BD of sterane was higher than that of hopane. C30 18α-Oleanane was more resistant to degradation than other compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Forty-two rock samples representing seven formations (Ras Qattara, Khatatba, Masajid, Alam El Bueib, Kharita, Baharyia, and Abu Roash) and six thermal burial history modeling of wells (Tut-1x, Kahraman-1, Yasser-1, Salam-3x, Meleiha-4x, and El-Kharita-1x) were used to characterize potential source rocks for generating capability of oil preservation in terms of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion. The results showed that Ras Qattara Formation started to generate hydrocarbons during Paleocene, Khatatba Formation during Late Cretaceous-Eocene, Masajid Formation during Late Cretaceous-Late Miocene, Alam El Bueib Formation during Late Cretaceous-Oligocene, and Kharita Formation during Miocene times. Bahariya and Abu Roash formations are still immature and do not reach the onset of hydrocarbon generation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Regression lines obtained from TOC versusS2graphs of organic rich samples were collected from Rahmi, West Bakr, Ras Gharib, and Esh El Melleha wells in the Gulf of Suez. By applying the hydrogen index values obtained fromS2versus TOC graph and mass balance calculations obtained from the results of Rock-Eval pyrolysis, the original hydrocarbon generative capacity and the amounts of the hydrocarbons generated are estimated. Calculation results indicate that the amounts of original hydrocarbons and the hydrocarbon generative capacities of the two methods are similar and correlated with the results of the Rock-Eval pyrolysis. This indicates that such calculations can be applied in the hydrocarbons evaluation of source rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molecular markers (n-alkanes, dibenzothiophene, phenanthrene, methyldibenzothiophene, and methylphenanthrene) have been determined in eight oil samples from different Egyptian oil fields. These parameters are used together to provide information on source organic matter input, depositional environment, and the maturity of crude oils. The results showed that the crude oil samples are classified into moderately mature oil, which includes Yidma-6, N. Ras Qattara-3, Alamein-1, and Ghana-1 wells, generated from mixed organic sources in reducing environment, characterized by low wax content, and low to moderate sulfur content. Mature oils are generated from source rocks deposited in lacustrine palaeoenvironmental conditions and include oils from IF 37-1, Balayim Land, E. Wadi Araba-3, and NDR wells characterized by high wax and high sulfur contents. Therefore, it is recommended that the molecular and polycyclic aromatic sulfur compounds play an important and powerful role in characterization and evaluation of crude oils. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

API gravity, sulfur content, gas chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses were carried out for eight oil samples collected from different wells in the Gulf of Suez. The results showed that two types of oils could be recognized: (a) heavy oils, which are oils from Zafarana, Rahmi, West Bakr, and Ras Gharib wells, are of low maturation and originated mainly from terrestrial organic sources; and (b) light oils, which are oils from Um El Yuser, Ras El Ush, Gemsa-SE, and Hurghada wells, have a high level of maturation and orginate mainly from marine organic sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 51 ditch samples were collected from organic rich horizon including dark-grey shales and limestones of the two wells (Hayat Deep-20x: 32 samples; Hayat-1x: 19 samples) and analyzed by a Leco WR 12 apparatus and Rock Eval pyrolysis. These samples were used as evaluation in potential source rocks in the Hayat oilfield. The results showed the three significant source rock intervals, which were penetrated by the Hayat deep-20x and Hayat-1x: wells. (1) The Upper Cretaceous source interval does not have the capacity to generate significant quantities of hydrocarbons in Hayat Deep-20x well and have fair to good organic richness in Hayat-1x well. (2) The Lower Cretaceous source interval ranges from a poor to good source potential and enters to the early stage of hydrocarbon generation. (3) The Middle Jurassic source interval has good source potential and has the capacity to generate significant quantities of gas generation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The oil–source rock correlation between oils from Baharyia and Abu Roash “E” member from the EWD 19–1x oilfield and extracts of Kharita and Abu Roash “F” member from the Qarun 2-1 oilfield were carried out through the advanced gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses of four extracts and oil samples from the oilfields to characterize the depositional environments and to assess the thermal maturity of the respective source rocks. The results show that the oil sample from Bahariya reservoir originated from mixed organic matters and is more mature. The oil sample of Abu Roash “E” reservoir is originated from source rocks rich in marine derived organic matters with little input from mixed sources and is less mature. The extracts of Kharita formation and Abu Roash “F” Member originated mainly from mixed and marine organic sources, respectively. The oil–source correlation indicates that there is well correlation between oils from the Bahariya and Abu Roash “E” reservoirs and extracts of source rocks including Kharita formation and Abu Roash “F” member. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The lithostratigraphic cross-sections, thickness variations, and lithofacies changes of the Jurassic (Khatatba) and Cretaceous (Alam El Bueib and Bahariya) Formations, as well as time of hydrocarbon generation were discussed in the study area. The results showed that the thickness of the Jurassic and Cretaceous rock units increases from east to west. Results also showed shallow marine environment for the Khatatba Formation, a fluvio-deltaic environment for the Alam El Bueib Formation, and a fluvial to shallow marine environment for the Bahariya Formation. Also, the Khatatba Formation entered the early stage of hydrocarbon generation during the Late Cretaceous-Eocene and Alam El Bueib Formation during the Late Cretaceous-Oligocene. Bahariya Formation is still immature and do not reach the onset of hydrocarbon generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten core samples representing the subsurface formation of Sidi Salem well No. 1, in the onshore Nile Delta, Egypt. The samples were subjected to comprehensive organic geochemical studies (such as rock-eval pyrolysis, gas chromatograph [GC] and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [GC-MS]) aiming to evaluate potential source rocks, organic matters types, depositional environments, and maturation. The results revealed that the source rocks in the drilled sections are marginally mature to mature zone and have fair to good potential for generating oil and gas. These rocks are dominated by organic matter derived mainly from mixed organic matters (marine and terrestrial) with contributions from algae and bacteria deposited under anoxic to suboxic saline environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many parameters, such as saturates (%), saturates/aromatics ratio, Cmax, C21 + C22/C28 + C29, CPI, pristane/phytane, pristane/n-C17, and pristane + n-C17/phytane + n-C18, obtained from liquid and gas chromatographic analyses are used for geochemical correlation of “10” oil and “4” extracts samples from wells Umbarka-14, Kalabsha-1, Meleiha-4, El Kharita-1, Badr El Din-1,3,4, WD-19, 33 and Abu Gharadig-12 in the North Western Desert. The results revealed that there is a close genetic relationship and remarkable similarities in the origin and maturation for the oils and extracts of the Khatatba and Alam El Bueib source rocks. In contrast, Abu Roash and Bahariya formations show no correlation with the oil. This indicates that Khatatba and Alam El Bueib source rocks seem to act as a source and reservoir for oil generation in the studied wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different oil samples were collected from oil fields in the North Western Desert; namely, Meleiha, Razaak, and North Qarun fields. These oils were analyzed geochemically, including sulfur content, American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity, and gas chromatography The results showed that API gravity and sulfur content indicate that the crude oils have high mature level of marine origin. Distribution of n-alkanes (Carbon Preference Index [CPI], pr/ph, and isoprenoide/n-alkanes ratios) reflects that the oil samples originated mainly from marine organic sources deposited in a reducing environment. This indicates that the oil samples under investigation are well correlated with each other in the western part of the North Western Desert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aromatic hydrocarbons were investigated by high resolution of gas chromatography—mass spectrometry of nine crude oil samples from a number of producing wells in the North Western Desert and South Gulf of Suez. A series of molecular indicators of benzothiophenes and dibenzothiophenes were utilized to recognize the significance and their applications in identifying the source depositional environments and maturation of crude oils. The results showed that the studied crude oils were derived from silici-clastic source rocks (Salam-3, El Kharita-1, Zeit Bay-2 and Gemsa-SE oils), and crude oils were derived from carbonate source rocks (Kahraman-1, Tut-1, Meleiha-4, Yasser-1, and E. Esh El Mellaha wells). The maturity parameters 4-MDBT/1-MDBT and 2-+3-MDBT/1-MDBT ratios indicate that the studied crude oils were originated at advanced levels of thermal maturity. Therefore, aromatic hydrocarbons have a powerful way to infer crude oil source rocks depositional environments and maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]