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The study examined the consequences of a forest fire in a radioactively polluted area in the Chernobyl accident zone, namely the transfer of radioactive substances as well as their impact on the environment and radiation situation. The purpose of the study was to develop a mathematical model of the transfer of radioactive substances and a methodology for integrated assessment of the ability of an ecosystem to retain deposited radionuclides. The research methodology is based on existing proven mathematical methods and models, such as the turbulent diffusion model, the Gaussian static model, and the hierarchy analysis method (Thomas L. Saaty method). Models were obtained for the formation of a radioactive smoke cloud and its migration in the atmospheric air, the spread of radioactive aerosols and gas components, taking into account convection, turbulent exchange, humidity, wind strength and direction over the combustion zone. The processes of blowing and fluttering in the wind by the wind as the horizontal migration perturbers of radioisotopes represent a new, still insufficiently studied area of research. Integral indicators for assessing the ability of the natural components of the forest complex to reliably accumulate and retain the radioisotopes that have settled have been determined. It was revealed that the priority factors of impact on the environment and the degree of radioactive contamination are the activity and directions of migration of combustion products, which constitute radioactive contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lviv (Ukraine), a city of about 1 million inhabitants, is classified as a Western Forest-Steppe according to the forestry zonation. The mesoclimatic anomaly in the western forest-steppe with its humid mild climate is composed of the sum of microclimates formed by the thermal regime. As in every large city, Lviv has historically developed a distinctive microclimate influenced by many natural and anthropogenic factors, including global climate change, urban development, population growth, landscape fires, etc. This contributes to the development of a heat island effect, which is characterised primarily by an increase in air temperature and a decrease in air humidity and is a negative factor for the development of vegetation in the city's green zone. It was necessary to investigate the territory of the "dry island" -- the lower tier of the "heat island" -- to determine the level of vitality of the main woody plants located within these boundaries. As it could be observed, the "dry island" is located in the dense development of the central part of the city, where the temperature of the dead underlying surface (stone, asphalt, concrete) was in the range of 57-62 °C, the air temperature was 28.5-29.1 °C, and the humidity was 50.2--51.2%. Drought conditions affect the growth, development and reproductive capacity of woody plants. It has been established that the heat island should be reduced by urban greening in the horizontal and vertical ranges, and to maintain the physiological stability of tree plantations in the hot season, it is necessary to develop recommendations for the care of vegetation in the green zone of the city, depending on microclimatic indicators, especially air and soil temperatures, air and soil humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevention of the occurrence and development of emergencies of a natural and man-made nature is one of the basic fundamental foundations of ensuring the national security of any state. The most important mechanism for preventing emergencies is an effective system of monitoring and forecasting emergencies established at the state level. In the process of functioning such a system, one of the main urgent problems requiring constant attention, continuous research, system analysis, and the search for solutions by scientific methods and methods is to increase the reliability of emergency forecasts. In this format, special attention is currently being paid worldwide to a comprehensive assessment of the adverse consequences of emergency situations, primarily related to the safety of the population, environmental conservation, and environmental safety. From the standpoint of solving this significant scientific and practical problem, the purpose of this work was to develop and justify a more advanced method for calculating the feasibility of forecasts of emergencies with environmental consequences as a tool for a reasonable detailed assessment of the quality, optimality of emergency forecasting processes and the reliability of the forecasts themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The C3-symmetry ionic polymer PPyTri has been designed with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) or graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and studied as an ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for trace Hg(II) detection. The synthesis approach incorporated attaching three pyridinium cationic components with chloride anions to the triazine core. The precursors, BPy, were synthesized using a condensation process involving 4-pyridine carboxaldehyde and focused nicotinic hydrazide. The polymer PPyTri was further modified with either MWCNTs or GNPs. The resulting ionic polymer PPyTri and its fabricated nanocomposites were characterized using infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The analysis revealed that both the polymer and its nanocomposites have semi-crystalline structures. The electroactivity of the designed nanocomposites toward Hg + 2 ions revealed that among the nanocomposites and bare copolymer, the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) adapted with the PPyTri GNPs-5% exhibited the greatest current response over a wide range of Hg + 2 concentrations. The nanocomposite-modified electrode presented an excellent sensitivity of 83.33 µAµM − 1 cm − 2, a low detection limit of 0.033 nM, and a linear dynamic range of 0.1 nM to 0.01 mM (R2 = 0.9945). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is indicated that the protection of the natural environment, the rational use of natural resources, ensuring the ecological safety of human activities are an integral condition for the sustainable economic and social development of Ukraine. Mining, including open-pit mining, is an important source of economic development and economic independence of the state. However, open-pit mining is accompanied by a significant negative impact on the environment. Therefore, in the context of European integration, environmental safety in open pit mining as a component of environmental safety is of great importance for Ukraine's national security. Due to the lack of scientific developments and clear legislative regulation of the issue of environmental safety in open pit mining, it is necessary to study the concept and legal features of legal support for environmental safety in open pit mining. To this end, the article highlights various scientific approaches to the definition of the concept of environmental safety and leg al support, and provides a legal analysis of these concepts, on the basis of which the author derives the concept of environmental safety in open pit mining, as well as the concept and legal features of legal support for environmental safety in open pit mining. To this end, the article highlights various scientific approaches to the definition of the concept of environmental safety and legal support, and conducts a legal analysis of these concepts, on the basis of which the author derives the concept of environmental safety in open pit mining, as well as the concept and legal features of legal support for environmental safety in open pit mining. As a result of the study, it is established that the study of the concept of environmental safety in open-pit mining is relevant and has practical significance for determining the ways and means of ensuring it, taking into account all the specifics of open-pit mining. And the study of the concept and legal features of legal support for environmental safety in open pit mining provides an opportunity to work out the shortcomings and develop effective legal mechanisms to ensure it. Therefore, this research is important both for the theory of environmental safety law and environment al law in general, and in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring environmental safety and regulatory compliance at Department of Energy (DOE) sites demands an efficient and reliable detection system for low-level nuclear waste (LLW). Unlike existing methods that rely on human effort, this paper explores the integration of computer vision algorithms to automate the identification of such waste across DOE facilities. We evaluate the effectiveness of multiple algorithms in classifying nuclear waste materials and their adaptability to newly emerging LLW. Our research introduces and implements five state-of-the-art computer vision models, each representing a different approach to the problem. Through rigorous experimentation and validation, we evaluate these algorithms based on performance, speed, and adaptability. The results reveal a noteworthy trade-off between detection performance and adaptability. YOLOv7 shows the best performance and requires the highest effort to detect new LLW. Conversely, OWL-ViT has lower performance than YOLOv7 and requires minimal effort to detect new LLW. The inference speed does not strongly correlate with performance or adaptability. These findings offer valuable insights into the strengths and limitations of current computer vision algorithms for LLW detection. Each developed model provides a specialized solution with distinct advantages and disadvantages, empowering DOE stakeholders to select the algorithm that aligns best with their specific needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, we toxicologically assessed the naturally occurring toxin domoic acid. We used the One Health approach because the impact of domoic acid is potentiated by climate change and water pollution on one side, and reflected in animal health, food security, human diet, and human health on the other. In a changing environment, algal blooms are more frequent. For domoic acid production, the growth of Pseudo-nitzschia diatoms is of particular interest. They produce this toxin, whose capability of accumulation and biomagnification through the food web impacts other organisms in the ecosystem. Domoic acid targets nervous system receptors inducing amnestic shellfish poisoning, among other less severe health-related problems. However, the impact of domoic acid on non-target cells is rather unknown, so we reviewed the currently available literature on cytogenetic effects on human and animal cells. The results of different studies indicate that domoic acid has the potential to induce early molecular events, such as oxidative imbalance and DNA damage, thus posing an additional threat which needs to be thoroughly addressed and monitored in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, films based on three different starches have been developed and modified by adding silver nanoparticles. We examined the films in terms of their mechanical properties, barrier properties and environmental toxicity to plants and invertebrates. For the toxicity studies, we used the following seeds: Berny rapeseed, Brassica napus; Salvia hispanica—chia, Salvia hispanica; and Karo narrowleaf lupine, Lupinus angustifolius. The invertebrates used for toxicity studies were Daphnia pulex, Tubifex tubifex, Chaoborus sp. (larva), Chironomus aprilinus, and Artemia sp. The tests showed that KD, TD, and ZD films were the most phytotoxic, which was confirmed by the percentages of germination and growth inhibition calculated for all test plants. K2D, D2T, and Z2D films exhibited considerable toxicity to lupine and chia. The conducted biotoxicity tests concerning the modified films and their effect on the selected invertebrates showed that Daphnia pulex and Artemia were highly sensitive to the tested factors. Only Chaoborus sp. (larva) exhibited total resistance to the tested films, which did not cause death of the organism in any case. Biotests on invertebrates and plants developed and used in this research can be successfully used to determine the toxicity of other substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial expansion and inadequate environmental safety measures are major contributors to environmental contamination, with heavy metals (HMs) and pharmaceutical waste playing crucial roles. Their negative effects are most noticeable in aquatic species and vegetation, where they accumulate in tissues and cause harmful results. Interactions between HMs and pharmaceutical molecules result in the production of metal-drug complexes (MDCs), which have the potential to disturb diverse ecosystems and their interdependence. However, present studies frequently focus on individual pollutants and their effects on specific environmental parameters, leaving out the cumulative effects of pollutants and their processes across several environmental domains. To address this gap, this review emphasizes the environmental sources of HMs, elucidates their emission pathways during anthropogenic activities, investigates the interactions between HMs and pharmaceutical substances, and defines the mechanisms underlying the formation of MDCs across various ecosystems. Furthermore, this review underscores the simultaneous occurrence of HMs and pharmaceutical waste across diverse ecosystems, including the atmosphere, soil, and water resources, and their incorporation into biotic organisms across trophic levels. It is important to note that these complex compounds represent a higher risk than individual contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper outlines the principles of the directional drilling method with the use of hydraulic fracturing, demonstrating the impact of drilling cuttings and coal combustion waste on the environment. It presents the results of physical and chemical analysis of drilling cuttings from the Vostochno-Chumakovskoye oil field and boiler slag from the OGK-2-Novocherkassk SDPP Branch. In addition, the potential use of boiler slag in the synthesis of aluminosilicate proppants is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the packaging materials sector, increasing globalization has created the need for increased efforts to develop consumer protection measures. Consequently, new packaging materials are being sought to replace petroleum-based materials in the future. For this reason, global awareness of the environmental problems associated with the use of synthetic and non-degradable packaging has increased the attention paid to bio-packaging based on natural and biodegradable polymers. The bio-packaging sector is developing innovations to address the sustainability issues facing the food packaging industry. Our research has shown that green matcha extract can be a promising source of antioxidants for the production of bioactive pectin films. This study further confirmed that green matcha extract can be a promising source of antioxidants for the production of bioactive pectin films. The antioxidant activity test showed high activity of films containing matcha extract. The antioxidant activity of films without matcha addition, P, PJ, PC, PJC, was negligible. The addition of matcha to the polymer matrix did not significantly affect the mechanical properties (TS, EB) of the films obtained. The addition of cellulose had the greatest effect on changing the mechanical properties. It caused a twofold increase in the mechanical properties of the obtained packaging films. The addition of matcha significantly improved the barrier properties (for PM films, the WVTR was 3.40 [g/m2d]; for PJM films the WVTR was 1.70 [g/m2d]). The green packaging films showed no toxic effects on the plants (Phacelia tanacetifolia, Salvia hispanica, Brassica napus) and invertebrates (Daphnia pulex, Chaoborus, Chironomus aprilinus) tested. The half-solubility time of the membranes in a solution mimicking gastric acid was also determined. The longest half-dissolution time of the films was about 2 min. Our research has therefore shown that the biodegradable and environmentally safe green packaging films with antioxidant activity that we have developed can be used as edible functional casings in the future, e.g., for sausages and other food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The discussion surrounding biological diversity has reached a critical point with the introduction of Nigeria's first transgenic food crop, the pod borer-resistant (PBR) cowpea. Questions have been raised about the potential risks of the transgenic Maruca vitrata-resistant cowpea to human health and beneficial insects. Public apprehension, coupled with social activists' calling for the removal of this crop from the nation's food market, persists. However, there is a lack of data to counter the assertion that cultivating PBR cowpea may have adverse effects on biodiversity and the overall ecological system. This research, with its multifaceted objective of examining the environmental safety of PBR cowpea and assessing its impact on biodiversity compared to its non-transgenic counterpart, IT97KN, is of utmost importance in providing the necessary data to address these concerns. Methods: Seeds for both the transgenic PBR cowpea and its isoline were obtained from the Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR) Zaria before planting at various farm sites (Addae et al., 2020). Throughout the experiment, local cultural practices were strictly followed to cultivate both transgenic and non-transgenic cowpeas. Elaborate taxonomic keys were used to identify arthropods and other non-targeted organisms. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate potential modifications in all ecological niches of the crops. The lmer function of the R package lme4 was used to analyze diversity indices, including Shannon, Pielou, and Simpson. The Bray–Curtis index was used to analyzed potential modifications in the dissimilarities of non-targeted organisms' communities. Results: Examination of ecological species abundance per counting week (CW) revealed no disruption in the biological properties of non-targeted species due to the cultivation of transgenic PBR cowpea. Analysis of species evenness and diversity indices indicated no significant difference between the fields of transgenic PBR cowpea and its isoline. Principal component analysis results demonstrated that planting PBR cowpea did not create an imbalance in the distribution of ecological species. All species and families observed during this study were more abundant in transgenic PBR cowpea fields than in non-transgenic cowpea fields, suggesting that the transformation of cowpea does not negatively impact non-targeted organisms and their communities. Evolution dynamics of the species community between transgenic and non-transgenic cowpea fields showed a similar trend throughout the study period, with no significant divergence induced in the community structure because of PBR cowpea planting. This study concludes that planting transgenic PBR cowpea positively influences biodiversity and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing demand for sustainable energy sources, the management of radioactive iodine, a byproduct of nuclear energy, has become critical for environmental safety and human health. This study presents the design and synthesis of non-porous amorphous polymers, specifically PEI-PD, derived from polyethylenimine (PEI) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PD), for the adsorption of iodine from aqueous and gaseous environments. The adsorbent exhibits high efficiency in capturing iodine, with a remarkable adsorption capacity of 4.43 g g–1 for volatile iodine and 1.43 g g–1 for liquid iodine. The adsorption process is governed by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and follows the Langmuir isotherm, indicating a chemisorption mechanism driven by electrostatic attraction. The mechanism of iodine adsorption by the adsorbent was investigated using infrared spectroscopy and independent gradient modeling (IGMH), which helped to clarify types of weak interaction between the adsorbent and iodine and the adsorption sites. The study highlights the potential of PEI-PD as an effective material for the removal of radioactive iodine, contributing to the safe and sustainable management of nuclear waste. Non-porous amorphous polymers demonstrate exceptional iodine adsorption capacities of 4.43 g g–1 for volatile iodine and 1.43 g g–1 for liquid iodine. Insights into the adsorption mechanism were gained through FT-IR analysis and independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition (IGMH), elucidating the adsorption sites and weak interactions with iodine. (Image credit: Chang Sun.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural areas can provide sources of food and hiding and nesting places for wild birds. Thus, the chemical load of potentially toxic elements (Cd, Cu, Pb) due to industrial and agricultural activities can affect not only the adult birds but also the embryos developing in the egg. The toxic effects of heavy metals applied alone were investigated on chicken embryos in the early and late stages of embryonic development using injection and immersion treatment methods. On day 3 of incubation, permanent preparations were made from the embryos to study the early development stage. There were no significant differences observed in embryo deaths and developmental abnormalities in this stage. On day 19 of incubation, the number of embryonic deaths, the body weight of the embryos, and the type of developmental abnormalities were examined. The embryonic mortality was statistically higher in the groups treated with cadmium and lead in the case of the injection treatment. A significant increase in developmental disorders was observed in the copper-treated group using the immersion application. The body weight significantly decreased in the cadmium- and lead-treated group using both treatment methods. However, a significant change in the body weight in the copper-treated group was only realized due to the injection method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: About a 4% decline in fish production was recorded in 2020 in comparison to 2018 in inland aquaculture sectors. In 2014, about 10% of aquatic cultured animals were lost (costing global annual losses > USD 10 billion) due to infectious diseases. Contagious diseases generate several stresses, including oxidative stress in fishes that hampers their reproduction, growth, and production value. Aquaculture management needs to employ preventive measures against various contagious diseases for maintenance. Therefore, vaccination in fish, especially in broodstocks, is one of the most important measures to curb such fish losses. Here, we reviewed the current status of fish vaccines and the modern technology used to produce (alternative) fish vaccines, such as plant-derived vaccines for fish health management. Reliable aquaculture vaccines to increase economic productivity in aquaculture sectors are needed. Emerging contagious diseases in different fish species demand novel vaccines to be produced by adapting biotechnological approaches. Vaccination in broodstocks is important, and the fish vaccines are produced with whole-killed pathogens; subunits of a protein, peptide, or a recombinant protein; DNA vaccines; or live attenuated vaccines via different modes of administration. The use of adjuvants in fish vaccines needs to be researched. Vaccination is an essential method of immunological preventive care required for the health management of all animals, including fish. More particularly, immunization is necessary for in-land aquaculture to manage diseases in fish broodstocks and healthy seed production. According to the latest statistics in 2020, 90.3 million tons of capture fishery production was achieved from the aquaculture sector. Out of the above, 78.8 million tons were from marine water aquaculture sectors, and 11.5 million tons were from inland water aquaculture sectors. About a 4% decline in fish production was achieved in 2020 in comparison to 2018 from inland aquaculture sectors. On the other hand, the digestive protein content, healthy fats, and nutritional values of fish products are comparatively more affordable than in other meat sources. In 2014, about 10% of aquatic cultured animals were lost (costing global annual losses > USD 10 billion) due to infectious diseases. Therefore, vaccination in fish, especially in broodstocks, is one of the essential approaches to stop such losses in the aquaculture sector. Fish vaccines consist of whole-killed pathogens, protein subunits, recombinant proteins, DNA, or live-attenuated vaccines. Challenges persist in the adaption of vaccination in the aquaculture sector, the route of administration, the use of effective adjuvants, and, most importantly, the lack of effective results. The use of autogenous vaccines; vaccination via intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or oral routes; and, most importantly, adding vaccines in feed using top dressing methods or as a constituent in fish feed are now emerging. These methods will lower the risk of using antibiotics in cultured water by reducing environmental contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article submitted for publication, the authors have studied the problematic issues of prosecution for environmental safety offenses, and the criminalization of offenses related to environmental safety under martial law. The methodological basis of the study is a system of general scientific methods and approaches which provided an objective analysis of the subject under study. The authors believe that at the moment it is necessary to properly record the damage caused and obtain an evidence base for both national courts and international courts, and therefore it is advisable to create a "Methodology for Establishing Damage Caused to the Environment as a Result of Armed Aggression". In our opinion, it is also advisable to create a Law of Ukraine "On Establishing Damages Caused as a Result of Armed Aggression against Ukraine", which would more thoroughly develop both the appropriate methodology for recording damages and the range of authorized persons who can record such damages. The authors. The authors also believe that it is necessary to provide for the obligation of local governments to conduct an environmental audit in areas where there are no hostilities or immediately after their end, in order to record environmental damage and the circle of persons who caused it as soon as possible. The article also analyzes new aspects of the issue of prosecution for crimes against environmental safety under martial law, and substantiates the proposals aimed at improving the. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. A multifactor model is developed to assess the efficiency level of an enterprise’s environmental management system, depending on the effectiveness of organizational environmental measures. Methodology. The authors’ method for determining a comprehensive criterion for monitoring the effectiveness of the environmental management system, which characterizes the efficiency of operation and determines the level of environmental safety of enterprises, is proposed and used. To solve the tasks, a complex research method was also used, which included the analysis and generalization of literary and patent sources, and analytical, experimental research using computer and mathematical modeling methods. Findings. According to the studies and calculations of the generalized environmental quality indicator – 0.64, 0.66 and 0.66, the largest negative impact on the environment is caused by the activities of enterprises in the Pecherskyi, Podilskyi, and Solomianskyi districts of Kyiv, respectively. The obtained data testify to the relationship between the effectiveness of the implemented environmental measures (saving and rational use of resources, application of environmental technologies, advanced training, and environmental competence of employees) and the level of efficiency of the environmental management system of enterprises. Originality. As a result of the studies conducted using actual data, a system of indicators of the generalized environmental quality indicator has been proposed for the first time, which allows determining the environmental efficiency and effectiveness of the implemented environmental measures to assess the effectiveness of the functioning of the implemented environmental management system of the enterprise. Practical value. Based on the research results, a technique is proposed to assess the effectiveness of the environmental management system of enterprises by determining a generalized environmental quality indicator in terms of reducing the negative impact of the enterprise’s activities on the environment. Such an assessment system will help the management of the enterprise to promptly introduce corrective actions to improve the efficiency of the environmental management system and increase the level of environmental safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arctic Zone of Russia (AZR), due to its significant potential, for the implementation of which infrastructure projects and strategic plans are envisaged, is of great importance for the country. Particular attention is paid to the transport and related infrastructure development. The implementation of such projects requires the creation and implementation of modern integrated solutions based on new technical and technological solutions. The development of new territories is accompanied by problems such as urbanization and the disruption of ecosystems, which will have a particularly negative impact on the Arctic zone. The situation is complicated by the fact that the work must be carried out in difficult conditions, which are associated with a large number of risks, including environmental ones. Currently, many types of businesses are characterized by a transition to the implementation of the concepts of green and blue economy, as well as ESG principles when building strategic development plans that include risk reduction. Achieving this goal is possible through an environmental risk management system. To create a suchlike system, it is necessary to identify the most significant risk characteristics of each type of activity, taking into account their negative impact on the environment, after which it will be possible to plan measures to either prevent risks or minimize their consequences. Taking into account the above, we plan to develop the concept of an environmental risk management system (ERMS) as part of the region's development strategy implementation. To reach this purpose, identifying the main groups of environmental risks depending on the danger source based on the scientific article review results, systematizing concepts aimed at improving the environmental situation under different types of anthropogenic impacts on the environment, developing an algorithm for implementing an environmental risk management system depending on the risk type, and proposing a concept for building an environmental risk management system are needed. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the main directions of negative anthropogenic impact on the environment are systematized, and possible ways to reduce environmental risks are outlined. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that when implementing such a system, it will be possible to manage not only risks of a certain category, but also monitor the situation as a whole, identifying the consequences for related areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercial cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops has eased the global food crisis and brought considerable economic and social benefits to countries. Because of the potential safety problems, it is necessary to make clear the molecular genetic characteristics, edible safety, planting, processing, and other aspects of the safety evaluation of GM crops. The safety problems existing in the cultivation of GM crops, safety evaluation and detection of GM crops were introduced in this paper, which provided the basis for safety evaluation and effective supervision of GM crops and their products. Commercial cultivation and reasonable supervision based on safety evaluation have far-reaching significance for ensuring consumer safety, enhancing the credibility of the national political system and enhancing citizens' confidence in the safety of GM crop products for consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article describes a method for determining the physico-mechanical properties of a synthesized batch of proppants. Industrial waste is one of the sources of anthropogenic impact on the environment on a global scale, being formed in the process of coal and oil extraction as a by-product.With the decrease in stocks of high-quality natural raw materials and the accumulation of man-made products, the problem of waste utilization becomes urgent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The main scientific and practical results regarding the substantiation of the effectiveness of subsoil protection and environmental safety during the development of near-surface reserves of ore deposits by chamber systems with cavity filling with a hardening mixture under objects protected at a depth of 150-200 m from the day surface, taking into account seismic and environmental safety, are presented and the social factor, which are implemented in the instructions, standards and practice of the ore mines of Ukraine. Carrying out the specified measures allows to ensure maximum extraction of ore, reliable preservation of protected objects and reduction of penetration of dangerous substances on the earth's surface. The parameters of the extremely stable equivalent spans of the horizontal exposures of the walls of the chambers were established, taking into account the properties of the mining massif, the time of standing, the depth of the location and the technology of the formation of the chambers in the depth range of 45-210 m during the development of ore deposits of the State Enterprise "ShydGZK" (Ukraine) under the objects that are protected In order to ensure the proposed minimally acceptable parameters of the ceiling under the conditions of stability, it is advisable to strengthen the rock with developed engineering methods that allow preserving the day surface under the protected objects and exclude the release of pollutants to the surface and the surrounding environment. A method of counter-directed initiation of charges in adjacent wells is also proposed, which has a positive effect on the stability of the wall due to the reduction of the dynamic effect of the explosion. It is substantiated that with counter-directed initiation using non-electric means of detonating well charges, the oversize output (νн) decreases and is exponentially dependent on the line of least resistance (W) of the type νн = 5.57 × е0,022W. This makes it possible to increase the weight of explosive substances charges by one deceleration within the range of wells from 300 to 1250 kg and reduce the rate of seismic oscillations of the rock mass from 0.46 to 0.28 cm/s. In the opinion of the authors, it would be useful to develop a regulatory and methodological document "Recommendations for the development of remote radiation monitoring of the environment in the areas where nuclear industry facilities are located", which would provide requirements for monitoring the air, water environment, soils, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of pathogens in medical wastewater is crucial due to the high content of pathogenic microorganisms that pose significant risks to public health and the environment. Medical wastewater, which includes waste from infectious disease and tuberculosis facilities, as well as comprehensive medical institutions, contains a variety of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Traditional detection methods like nucleic acid detection and immunological assays, while effective, are often time-consuming, expensive, and not suitable for rapid detection in underdeveloped areas. Electrochemical biosensors offer a promising alternative with advantages including simplicity, rapid response, portability, and low cost. This paper reviews the sources of pathogens in medical wastewater, highlighting specific bacteria (e.g., E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus), viruses (e.g., enterovirus, respiratory viruses, hepatitis virus), parasites, and fungi. It also discusses various electrochemical biosensing techniques such as voltammetry, conductometry, impedance, photoelectrochemical, and electrochemiluminescent biosensors. These technologies facilitate the rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of pathogens, thereby supporting public health and environmental safety. Future research may should pay more attention on enhancing sensor sensitivity and specificity, developing portable and cost-effective devices, and innovating detection methods for diverse pathogens to improve public health protection and environmental monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results obtained in the initial step of studying the effect of external proton irradiation on the properties and structure of simulated borosilicate and aluminophosphate glasses and of internal irradiation on the active glass arranged in the repository of the radiochemical plant of the Mayak Production Association are reported. These results show that the glass melting technologies used at the Mayak Production Association can reliably ensure the environmental safety of the glass incorporating the high-level waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has been conducted on the development of an innovative organomineral fertilizer based on local lake resources as a stimulator of germination and growth of crops, as one of the factors in achieving the goal of environmental sustainability. The results obtained are based on the environmental friendliness of the technology, increasing yields, and obtaining environmentally friendly products. This, in turn, will not only save mineral resources but also make it possible to use the resources from the bottom sediments of local lakes, and their rational extraction will contribute to the sustainable development and restoration of lake ecosystems. This article highlights the results of laboratory and field studies on the use of sapropel extract at the stage of pre-sowing seed treatment obtained by extraction of bottom sediments from lakes in Northern Kazakhstan. Solutions of aqueous alcohol extract of sapropel extract with concentrations of 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 g/L and table beet seeds (Beta vulgaris L.) of Bordo 237 variety were used as objects of research. Statistical analysis of laboratory experience data, based on the determination of germination energy and seed germination, allowed us to identify the optimal concentration of sapropel working solution for pre–sowing seed treatment—1.6 g/L. The index of germination energy and germination of seeds during pretreatment with sapropel extract of this concentration was 40% and 50%, respectively. This contributed to an increase in germination energy by almost 2 times and in seed germination by more than 40%. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds with sapropel extract at a concentration of 1.6 g/L in a field experiment contributed to the improvement of biometric indicators of beet fruits, such as diameter, length, and weight. The results of the data on fetal weight of the experimental variant compared with the control were 27% higher, and they were 26% and 32% higher compared with other experimental variants. In the experimental group, the highest yield index was also established, which is 2.15 times, or 53%, higher than the control, which emphasizes the effectiveness of pre-sowing seed treatment with the resulting sapropel suspension. A patent of the Republic of Kazakhstan was issued for the method we developed for obtaining a sapropel product for pre-sowing treatment of seeds: "A method for obtaining a sapropel product for pre-sowing treatment of vegetable seeds". The research presented in the article confirms its effectiveness. The use of this product in pre-sowing seed treatment reduces the number of agrotechnological operations and costs, which makes this method more efficient and economically beneficial for the agricultural industry. Thus, the principle of food security will be implemented, contributing to the preservation of sustainable development and having a positive impact on the health of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy saving control algorithms of centrifugal fans/pumps are based on the use of the frequency-controlled induction motor drives and pressure or flow rate sensors, the costs of which are comparable to the cost of the fans/pumps for low-power applications. The paper develops a new and simple estimation approach of the pressure and flow rate, utilising the measured Root Mean Square (RMS) value of the stator current, estimated motor's input active power, reference stator voltage frequency and feed-forward backpropagation artificial neural network. The error percentage for both flow rate and pressure in experimental and estimated data is within the range of ±5%, which conforms to the ISO 13348 standard. A test rig for the rapid control prototyping of the fan is designed, and necessary design and test procedures are developed. The estimation approach is verified experimentally and demonstrates better estimation accuracy compared to the existing and possible similar simple approaches. The developed algorithm can be easily embedded into the industrial variable frequency drives without any hardware changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Determination of the impact of oil pollution at the territory adjacent to the airport on the ecological state of the soil. Methodology. The authors evaluate the impact of petroleum products on the ecological conditions of the soil at the territory adjacent to the airport. In particular, it was done experimentally, using the method of biotesting of soil sample data. Also, the component composition of chemical soil pollution was analyzed applying chromatographic analysis. Using the method of mathematical modeling, a two-factor model was built taking into account the factor of “content of oil products (X1)” in the soil and “distance from the runway (X2)” to describe the impact of air transport processes on the condition of the soil at the territory adjacent to airports. Findings. Based on the obtained experimental data, the level of soil pollution at the territory adjacent to the airport was determined. It was established that for two soil samples, taken at a distance of 50 and 500 m from the runway of the airport, the content of oil products is below the established approximately permissible concentration. For samples taken at distances of 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 m, an excess was established. The results of the chromatographic analysis of the composition of chemical contamination of the soil indicated a significant amount of hydrocarbons characteristic of the fuel fractions of oil. The obtained results demonstrate the dependence of the level of soil contamination with petroleum products on the distance to the runway and the presence of technogenic influence of this enterprise on the ecological state of the soil, which was confirmed with the results of biotesting of these soil samples. A two-factor model was built taking into account the factors of “content of petroleum products (X1)” in the soil and “distance from the runway (X2)” and their influence on soil phytotoxicity. The adequacy of the proposed model is evidenced by the coefficient of determination R² = 0.9153 for the tested soil samples. Originality. The results of the experimental studies show that chemical pollution negatively affects the ecological condition of the soil at the territory adjacent to the airport; has a multi-component composition, and, in addition to hydrocarbons, which are characterize petroleum products used for refueling and operating vehicles, there are products of decomposition and aging of polymers, components of additives. The dependence of the ecological state of the soil on the technologically loaded territory adjacent to the airport on the level of petroleum products pollution and on the distance to the airport runway was determined. To find out the significance of the impact on the level of phytotoxicity of the soil of each of the two factors (the content of petroleum products and the distance from the runway), a multifactor statistical analysis of the obtained data was carried out and a two-factor model was built. This made it possible to establish that the contribution of the factor X1 (content of oil products) to the change in the soil phytotoxicity indicator is significantly greater than the contribution of the factor X2 (distance from the airport). Practical value. Based on the results of the analysis of the obtained experimental data, a two-factor model is proposed, which takes into account the factors X1 and X2 and can be used for further studies of the impact of air transport processes on the state of the soil at the areas near airports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the development of an environmentally friendly binder by integrating locally sourced port sediment from Dunkirk Port with waste paper fly ash (WPFA). The aim is to innovate construction materials with a reduced carbon footprint, without prioritizing high mechanical performance. The sediment was processed to achieve two levels of fineness, namely 10 microns and 2 microns, to increase its reactive potential. The formulation of the eco-binder involved a mixture of 75% port sediment and 25% WPFA. Findings indicate that optimal compressive strengths, reaching 14.8 MPa, were obtained in highly humid environments (> 95% RH) at a temperature of 50 °C. It was observed that finer sediment particle size (2 microns) contributed to enhanced mechanical properties. Nonetheless, the sediment's pozzolanic activity is somewhat restricted at ambient temperatures, necessitating specific conditions for effective reactions. Environmental safety assessments confirm that the produced eco-binder meets the criteria set forth in the SETRA guidelines for sustainable use in construction. The leaching and release potential of WPFA after the development of the eco-binder was meticulously assessed using the four-phase sequential extraction method recommended by the Reference Bureau of the European Communities Commission (BCR). A marked change was observed in the speciation of trace metal elements, with a predominant transition from the soluble fraction to the carbonate fraction, attributed to the carbonation process. In conclusion, the marine sediment investigated shows promise as a sustainable construction material, provided that controlled temperature and humidity conditions are maintained to attain adequate mechanical strengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation and storage of copper smelting slag poses serious ecological and environmental safety risks. How to make full use of copper smelting slag, achieve comprehensive utilization of secondary resources, and reduce environmental safety risks has become a current research hotspot. Purpose: By integrating and summarizing the existing research results and knowledge in the field of comprehensive utilization of copper smelting slag, this study explores the application prospects of copper smelting slag in road base materials and puts forward relevant suggestions. Method: Conduct a systematic review and analysis of relevant literature. Conclusion: The use of copper smelting slag to prepare road base materials can not only utilize copper smelting slag on a large scale, reduce potential environmental pollution problems caused by the discharge and storage of copper smelting slag, but also effectively solve the problem of limited sources of raw materials for traditional road base materials, which is very important for regional infrastructure construction and sustainable development of the ecological environment are of great significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water space on the globe occupies a total area of about 360 million km2, which constitutes 70% of the Earth's surface, becoming the most important mode of transportation in the field of import and export trade. Our daily lives are closely linked to the sea, where water surfaces have become an important part of people's lives around the world. However, the current situation of the marine environment is not optimistic, marine pollution has become a significant topic in today's society. All marine pollution incidents such as oil spills or leaks, chemical incidents, plastic pollution, air pollution from ships, etc., have caused significant and difficult recovery of the marine environment. Today, a special attention is being given to the prevention and control of the appearance of these marine pollutions, as well as the management of polluted waters. The MARPOL Convention is the main international convention covering the prevention of pollution of the marine environment by ships from operational or accidental causes. The aim of this study is to give an overview of the existing marine pollution in the coastal part of Albania and develop solutions to existing problems. The Republic of Albania has acceded to this convention, has drafted national legislation as well as management plans for the prevention of marine pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Ecology is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Glycyrrhiza, commonly known as licorice, is a medicinal plant recognised for its rich composition of bioactive compounds, including glycyrrhizin, flavonoids, and saponins, which contribute to its therapeutic properties such as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antioxidant effects. This study investigates the antioxidant activity and heavy metal content of licorice root collected from Penza, Russia, using a multi-stage extraction process and various analytical techniques. The antioxidant properties were evaluated using PNDMA and DPPH assays, revealing a significantly higher antioxidant activity in Penza licorice compared to previous studies on Armenian samples. Additionally, the concentrations of heavy metals, including copper, nickel, and lead, were measured, with findings indicating safe levels below permissible limits. This research provides valuable insights into the influence of geographical and environmental factors on the quality and safety of licorice, emphasising its potential as a natural remedy and the need for continued regional comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Public Administration & Civil Service / Memlekettìk Basķaru Ža̋ne Memlekettìk Ķyzmet is the property of Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan / Akademiya Gosun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Air pollution poses severe risks to public health and the environment, with acts contributing to air contamination potentially constituting environmental crimes or public health offenses. This research examines the national legislations and international legal frameworks aimed at safeguarding atmospheric air quality and addressing air pollution-related offenses in Central Asian countries. Particular attention is given to legal provisions that establish emission standards, monitoring mechanisms, and punitive measures for violations. By exploring the genesis and implementation of these legal instruments, the research identifies potential gaps, inconsistencies, or weaknesses that may hinder the effective prosecution of environmental crimes associated with air pollution in the Central Asian region. This study contributes to the broader understanding of environmental criminology by examining the interplay between international norms, national legislations, and institutional structures in combating air pollution-related offenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circular economy and the clean-energy transition are inextricably linked and interdependent. One of the most important areas of the energy transition is the development of hydrogen energy. This study aims to review and systematize the data available in the literature on the environmental and economic parameters of hydrogen storage and transportation technologies (both mature and at high technological readiness levels). The study concluded that salt caverns and pipeline transportation are the most promising methods of hydrogen storage and transportation today in terms of a combination of all parameters. These methods are the most competitive in terms of price, especially when transporting hydrogen over short distances. Thus, the average price of storage will be 0.35 USD/kg, and transportation at a distance of up to 100 km is 0.3 USD/kg. Hydrogen storage underground in a gaseous state and its transportation by pipelines have the least consequences for the environment: emissions and leaks are insignificant, and there is no environmental pollution. The study identifies these methods as particularly viable given their lower environmental impact and potential for seamless integration into existing energy systems, therefore supporting the transition to a more sustainable and circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the possibility of using wood as a building material for the construction of houses. A comprehensive method was used, which consisted of analysing environmental management regulations, applying the life cycle assessment method to minimise the carbon footprint; using software to calculate the carbon footprint of a wooden house at different stages of the life cycle. The object of study is the carbon footprint of a house built of wood. The Life Cycle Assessment method was used as a methodology for assessing the life cycle. Using the One Click Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Cost software, the carbon footprint of a log house was calculated for the product life cycle stage mentioned above (A1-A3). When calculating the carbon footprint of wood-based building materials, carbon emissions were taken into account not only from the finished products, but also from all other products obtained as a result of logging. When calculating the carbon footprint, greenhouse gas emissions from all activities are estimated. We have obtained data on the life cycle cost of a wooden house in terms of electricity use. Accordingly, we obtained a value of global warming potential (A1-A3) of 0.51 kg CO2 e/kWh. We also obtained data on the life cycle cost of a wooden house in terms of diesel consumption. According to the results of the LCA, the value of the global warming potential due to meeting the water supply/sewage needs is (A1-A3) 0.69 kg CO2 e/m3. The value of the global warming potential due to meeting the heat supply needs of production needs is (A1-A3) 0.13 kg CO2 e/kWh. Based on the information obtained, we can conclude that it is advisable to use a wooden log house as a building material, as the carbon footprint is smaller than that of a brick building. The final section presents the results of calculating the life cycle cost of a wooden house by discount factor and inflation, the results of the life cycle cost of a wooden house by percentage of energy costs, and the results of assessing the life cycle cost of a wooden house (displaying parameters according to the European energy certification scale). Based on the carbon footprint assessment (using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology), economic comparison (Life Cycle Cost and total construction costs), and expert assessment (based on technical and ergonomic parameters) of the two construction technologies, the feasibility and possibility of using wood as a building material was established. The study proves the feasibility of applying the LCA method in the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical data on the level of use of ash and slag from thermal power plants is provided. The results of an analysis of regulatory and technical documentation in the field of ash and slag management in the energy sector are presented. Laws, regulations, and other documents regulating the management of by-products of coal combustion are considered. It was noted that it is necessary to refine the existing documentation, introduce legally defined terms and definitions for a number of ash and slag processing products, and also legally consider ash and slag as mineral raw materials and not waste. Definitions of ash and slag are given in accordance with the current industry regulatory document, in which ash and slag are тще called waste but mineral residues of solid fuel. It is shown that various government agencies are preparing regulatory documents related to the involvement of ash and slag into economic circulation. However, the existing regulatory framework does not meet the goals of achieving the level of low-waste and waste-free production. It was noted that regional programs have currently been approved to increase the level of ash and slag utilization from thermal power plants in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Activities are presented that will make it possible to achieve the indicators for the level of utilization of ash and slag from thermal power plants in accordance with the Energy Development Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2035. It is explained how legally correct regulatory and technical documentation will make it possible to increase the level of ash and slag utilization in Russia and will help eliminate accumulated harm to the environment. It has been shown that the most large-scale, high-tech, environmentally friendly and economical use of fly ash is its replacement of up to 40% of cement in the construction of buildings and structures. Definitions of fly ash used in cements and concretes are given in the standards of different countries (EU countries, United States, Australia, India, China, Japan, Russia) depending on the type of ash formed. A comparative analysis of Russian and foreign national standards for the use of ash in cements and concretes was carried out in terms of physical and chemical characteristics, which are significant limiting factors when choosing directions and projects for the use of ash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article strives to determine the allowable content of nutrients in the wastewater that is being discharged into a reservoir, with the end goal of minimizing the risk of eutrophication. It was noted that the methodology currently used in Ukraine and most European countries to control pollutant discharge in wastewater is designed to simply not exceed the permissible pollution level in natural water based on sanitary indicators, which does not guarantee the absence of the eutrophication risk to the water bodies. The article describes a developed method for determining the allowable composition of wastewater based on biogenic indicators. The proposed method takes into account the consecutive transformation of nutrients, the probabilistic nature of the factors that determine the quality of water in water bodies, as well as the cost of purifying wastewater from various pollutants. The problem was considered for the case of wastewater discharge into a reservoir through a watercourse. This research is a practical scientific basis for further improving the methodology for standardization of the wastewater composition in order to protect water bodies from eutrophication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the institutional and economic mechanisms employed for managing the environmental safety of enterprises in Ukraine and the European Union. Choosing Ukraine as the central focus of this study is deliberate and based on multiple considerations. Ukrainian businesses encounter distinct environmental obstacles due to the country's unique institutional and economic frameworks. Article enhancements to these mechanisms within the Ukrainian context, leveraging the EU's experience. The goal is to promote the development of more efficient systems for environmental safety management at enterprises, with an orientation towards sustainable development. The research's methodological framework is meticulously constructed to be both exhaustive and multidimensional, facilitating a thorough and rigorous investigation of the research subject. This study also integrates synthesis, deduction, logical reasoning, and generalisation to augment the depth and scope of the research outcomes. This study measures to enhance the effectiveness of environmental management systems. These measures include the formulation of an Environmental Safety Code and the Progressive Environmental Management System (PEMS), as well as the creation of an independent Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (EIAA). This study also investigates the potential application of AI in automating the analysis and evaluation of environmental impact scenarios. It proposes the establishment of an Intelligent Environmental Monitoring System (IEMS). Furthermore, the research discusses different types of taxes that could alleviate the adverse environmental effects of businesses. It recommends channelling funds from green bonds into the banking system for green loans or setting up a specialised green investment bank. These measures could incentivize businesses to adopt eco-friendly technologies. This study offers valuable insights for enhancing environmental safety management in businesses and provides practical suggestions for policymakers and business leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Eastern Liaoning University (Social Sciences) is the property of Department of Journal of Eastern Liaoning University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Metal-based nanomaterials (MNMs) possess exceptional properties that have led to their widespread use in various fields, including medicine, energy, electronics, and agriculture. However, this increased utilization of MNMs also raises concerns about their potential release into environmental compartments, such as soil, water bodies, and the atmosphere, which could adversely affect the environmental system and living organisms. Hence, it is crucial to investigate the environmental risks associated with MNMs. This review comprehensively discusses the adverse effects of MNMs at different levels, including organismal, tissue, metabolic, molecular, and genetic levels. Additionally, it offers a holistic perspective on their overall impact. Specifically, biological models are categorized based on the environmental medium, and the effects of MNMs on tissues, organs, growth, development, and reproduction of individual biological models are summarized. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of different MNMs toward biological models are also discussed. By doing so, this review provides a comprehensive and system-level understanding of nanotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esterquats constitute a unique group of quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) that contain an ester bond in the structure of the cation. Despite the numerous advantages of this class of compounds, only two mini-reviews discuss the subject of esterquats: the first one (2007) briefly summarizes their types, synthesis, and structural elements required for a beneficial environmental profile and only briefly covers their applications whereas the second one only reviews the stability of selected betaine-type esterquats in aqueous solutions. The rationale for writing this review is to critically reevaluate the relevant literature and provide others with a "state-of-the-art" snapshot of choline-type esterquats and betaine-type esterquats. Hence, the first part of this survey thoroughly summarizes the most important scientific reports demonstrating effective synthesis routes leading to the formation of both types of esterquats. In the second section, the susceptibility of esterquats to hydrolysis is explained, and the influence of various factors, such as the pH, the degree of salinity, or the temperature of the solution, was subjected to thorough analysis that includes quantitative components. The next two sections refer to various aspects associated with the ecotoxicity of esterquats. Consequently, their biodegradation and toxic effects on microorganisms are extensively analyzed as crucial factors that can affect their commercialization. Then, the reported applications of esterquats are briefly discussed, including the functionalization of macromolecules, such as cotton fabric as well as their successful utilization on a commercial scale. The last section demonstrates the most essential conclusions and reported drawbacks that allow us to elucidate future recommendations regarding the development of these promising chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that the reserve of the economy, rational use and protection of the subsoil is the involvement in the production of non-standard resources through the use of metal leaching technologies, which should be combined with traditional development technologies. It was established that the optimal value of the indicators is most often achieved when a smaller part of the rich ore (up to 40%) is extracted by traditional technologies and released to the surface, and its larger part (up to 60%) -- poor, out-of-condition and out-of-balance ore is leached underground. leu. In particular, the most intensive infiltration leaching occurs in the size class of ore pieces -100 + 0 mm. For the Michurinsky deposit (SE ShidGZK, Ukraine) during underground block leaching of metals, it is recommended that the yield of such a fraction in the recovered ore is about 90%. Metals from fractions -200 + 100 mm are leached less intensively and longer. It has been proven that the main place in PBV should be occupied by the explosive preparation of ore, which ensures effective extraction of metal from stored ores with a loosening coefficient of 1.15 > Kr < 1.2, which is regulated by the volume of products produced from the ore block (up to 30%) and camera parameters (length, width and height). Due to the involvement in the production of substandard ores, the raw material base of metal extraction at the operating mines can be increased by 1.4-1.6 times. To neutralize and wash the spent ore mass, it is recommended to process it with a solution of lime and mine water through the wells of the irrigation system. Protection of the hydrogeological environment should be carried out by silting the bottom of the chamber for collecting productive solutions with a clay solution and constant monitoring of groundwater pollution in the area affected by PBV. On the basis of the received positive results of the research and implementation of technologies of PBV of metals from rock ores during the development of block 5-86, according to the recommendations issued, the same approach was used for blocks 5-84-86 and 5-88-90, as well as the industrial-experimental block 1-75-79. For the industrial use of the combined traditional technology of development of deposit reserves, it is worth considering the possibility and expediency of including in the extraction and processing of substandard and out-of-balance, in terms of the content of useful components, ores with the technologies of underground block leaching of metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this study is the production costs of ecologically oriented innovative products. The problem under consideration was to improve the efficiency of cost management for the production of eco-innovative products by improving the methodical approach to identifying reserves for their reduction in order to ensure competitive advantages and strengthen the economic and environmental security of the enterprise. The devised methodological approach is based on a systematic analysis using economic and mathematical methods. It provides for the establishment of the dependence of costs per dollar of eco-innovative products on factors related to the economic potential of the enterprise, and the search for reserves for reducing costs for the production of eco-innovative products. The analysis technology was substantiated and modeling of costs per dollar of eco-innovative products of the enterprise was carried out using the principal component analysis. A distinctive feature of the built model was the consideration of the influence of micro-level factors, risk management, and the innovative component of the enterprise’s economic potential. The resulting model is significant and reliable since the variation of costs per dollar of innovative products depends on the change in the principal components under investigation by 85 %. Within the framework of the devised methodical approach, a technology for calculating reserves for reducing production costs of enterprises producing eco-innovative products has been proposed. It was established that the potential of reducing costs per dollar of eco-innovative products for the totality of the investigated enterprises is on average 5.4 cents per dollar of costs. The area of practical use of the devised methodical approach is the process of minimizing and optimizing costs per hryvnia of eco-innovative products [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the formulation of the concept of «environmental risk associated with military operations», and to the identification of its key features based on the analysis of the developments of legal science and related fields, provisions of national legislation and practice of its application. Given that our country has faced an unprecedented event - a full-scale war, which in turn has led to the emergence of new environmental risks associated with military operations, and these risks are of a completely different nature than the environmental risks studied in so-called «peacetime», there is a need to expand and modernize the legal conceptual and categorical apparatus, in particular, through the introduction of the concept of «environmental risk associated with military operations». This is the reason for the relevance of this scientific article. The article analyzes the doctrinal and regulatory approaches to the definition of the concept of «risk». Scientific sources on the interpretation of the concept of «environmental risk» are studied. The author also analyzes the content of the category of «military actions». The author's definition of environmental risk associated with military actions is formulated as «a quantitative measure of environmental hazard which reflects the possibility of negative consequences for both components of the biosphere and for humans, their life and health and is caused by the organized use of branches and individual branches of troops (forces) of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, other military formations formed in accordance with the laws of Ukraine, as well as the armed forces and other military formations of the enemy in operations and hostilities». It is established that the environmental risks associated with military operations are not characterized by anthropocentric focus and substitutionality. It is substantiated that the signs of environmental risks associated with military operations are monovariation of forms of origin (military actions are always carried out at the will of a person, and, accordingly, the negative consequences for the environment/biosphere/human are exclusively of anthropogenic origin); limited possibility of absolute determination (the current state of technology and available experience do not allow to accurately determine the level of environmental threats caused by military actions); cumulative nature (environmental risks associated with military actions may cause other environmental risks and lead to a multiplicity of negative consequences). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Determination of the thermal effect (combustion) on the geochemical characteristics of waste rock argillite, and on the leachability of pollutants for establishing the potential of these compounds as a source of drainage and groundwater pollution. Methodology. The article describes the investigation of argillite, the main component of the basin’s waste heaps, the analysis of pollutant leaching from unburned and burned argillite using a washing plant, their X-ray fluorescence analysis, the surface morphology of different types of argillite by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the qualitative and quantitative composition of samples using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and the content of water-soluble heavy metals by atomic absorption. Findings. As a result of thermal effects on argillite, the salt content in the washing water increases by 2.5 times and reaches 185 ppm in water from unburned rock and 462 ppm from burned rock, the sulfur content in the burned rock after washing decreased by 21.3 times. The variability of changes in the content of water-soluble compounds in the studied samples is also noted, since the amount of Mn, Pb, Cu and Co leached out is up to 15.5 times higher in unburned argillite, but the amount of Fe and Zn leached out after combustion increases up to 17.4 times compared to unburned rock. Originality. The series of changes in the content of chemical elements and compounds as a result of combustion and rock washing have been established, which are important for assessing and predicting the migration potential of chemical elements from coal dump rocks to soils and waters within coal spoil tips. Practical value. The conducted research characterises the ecological state of spoil tips and can be used for reclamation or melioration works in these areas, taking into account the degree of rock metamorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Amazonia Investiga is the property of PRIMMATE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

People are increasingly using black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) as a sustainable waste management solution. They are high in protein and other essential nutrients, making them an ideal food source for livestock, poultry, and fish. Prior laboratory studies with BSFL developed on pure mushroom root waste (MRW) showed poor conversion efficiency compared to a regular artificial diet. Therefore, we mixed the nutrient-rich soybean curd residues (SCR) with MRW in different ratios (M2–M5). Pure mushroom root waste (M1, MRW 100%) had the lowest survival rate (86.2%), but it increased up to 96.9% with the SCR percentage increasing. M1 had the longest developmental period (31.1 days) and the lowest BSFL weight (7.4 g). However, the addition of SCR reduced the development time to 22.0 and 21.5 days in M4 (MRW 40%, SCR 60%) and M5 (MRW 20%, SCR 80%), respectively, and improved the larval weight to 10.9 g in M4 and 11.8 g in M5. Other groups did not have as much feed conversion ratio (FCR) (8.4 for M4 and M5), bioconversion (M4 5.4%; M5 5.9%), or lipid content (M4 25.2%; M5 24.3%). These mixtures did. Compare this to M1. We observed better results, with no significant differences between the M4 and M5 groups and their parameters. In the present study, our main target was to utilize more MRW. Therefore, we preferred the M4 group in our nutritional and safety investigation and further compared it with the artificial diet (M7). The heavy metals and essential amino acids (histidine 3.6%, methionine 2.7%, and threonine 3.8%) required for human consumption compared to WHO/FAO levels showed satisfactory levels. Furthermore, fatty acids (capric acid 1.9%, palmitic acid 15.3%, oleic acid 17.3%, and arachidonic acid 0.3%) also showed higher levels in M4 than M7. The SEM images and FT-IR spectra from the residues showed that the BSFL in group M4 changed the structure of the compact fiber to crack and remove fibers, which made the co-conversion mixture better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerning environmental safety and mitigating the risk of water pollution, the electroplating industry, historically reliant on the use of elevated concentrations of heavy metals to achieve high-quality products, faces a crucial challenge in monitoring wastewater enriched with these metals, notorious for their adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. Chromium, in both oxidation states Cr (III) and Cr (VI), emerges as a prominently employed metal, yielding noteworthy outcomes throughout the galvanisation process. This research showcases the prototype of an automatic in situ sensor tailored to industry sustainability efforts to facilitate real-time monitoring and efficient water management. This custom sensor, characterized by sensitivity, reliability, and user-friendliness, utilizes UV-Vis colorimetric principle to detect Cr in both oxidation forms ranging from grams per litre (g/L) to parts per million (ppm). This is made possible by the unique vibrant colours induced by chromium ions, enabling the precise measurement of analyte concentrations. Thanks to 3D printing, this sensor system interacts with customized parts, designed and validated through simulation processes, for filtering out particulate that may interfere with the analysis. The outcome represents a synergistic blend of technology and environmental responsibility, aligning industrial processes with the goal of safeguarding water resources and ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of environmental pollution with organic livestock waste, especially cattle manure, which contains toxic heavy metals, is relevant for various countries of the world, including the United States of America, the countries of the European Union and Ukraine. Manure containing pollutants such as Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, etc. is a much greater threat to agrobiogeocenoses and, in particular, to the soil. In the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, an experiment was conducted on dairy cows for the production of ecologically safe milk. In the experimental groups, the animals were fed a special premix and injected with an antitoxic biopreparation, which increased the removal of heavy metals with excrement. The experiment was conducted in four farms with different herds of cows. At the end of the experiment, 10 samples of manure mass were taken from each farm (total of 40 samples), chemical analysis of the concentration of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn was carried out by the method of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS-30 spectrophotometer). The content of feed in animal rations with exceeding the maximum allowable concentrations of heavy metals leads to their transition from the gastrointestinal tract into feces and urine and into manure, which, after disinfection in the manure storage, is introduced into the soil as an organic fertilizer for plants. The average concentration of Cd was 0.07-0.11 mg/kg, Pb 5.48-8.25 mg/kg, Cu 37.71-47.42 mg/kg, Zn 66.55-81.49 mg/kg. In order to prevent the ecological risk of soil contamination with heavy metals, it is necessary to establish the expediency of applying organic fertilizers to vegetable and fodder crops in each specific case, especially those that are fed to dairy cows. Farmers have difficulties in purchasing a sufficient amount of expensive mineral fertilizers, so they increase the use of available organic fertilizers, if their quantity is sufficient in the farm. At the same time, the introduction into the soil should be controlled, standardized taking into account the concentration of pollutants in the manure mass and the soil of agricultural land with simultaneous improvement of grinding and uniformity of distribution over the field. The use of modern equipment for crushing and spreading manure and scientifically based methods of its composting, growing vermiculture, synanthropic fly larvae or biogas production will contribute to the introduction of manure into the soil as an ecologically safe organic fertilizer, will have a positive effect on its mechanical and physico-chemical properties, will provide a good economic effective yield of crops, cows with ecologically safe feed, will reduce environmental risks of pollution of agroecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]