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The interpretation and the analysis of physical spaces is generated from the symmetry axiom which is valid in geographical spaces but might not be valid in other forms of spaces, the so called non-geographical ones. In the case of such spaces which can be expressed by time, network and cost, the opposite of symmetry can be found: distance asymmetry which means that the distance from one object to another and back are not equal. This research is motivated by the fact that while distance symmetry has been widely studied distance asymmetry has been not investigated in suburban areas of Győr. The purpose of the study is to give a typology of the sources of distance asymmetry, especially with regard to time-spaces, to demonstrate some real life practices and finally, to present measures of time-space asymmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aviation is paramount in contemporary medium and long-distance transport, and airports are essential junctions in the modern globalised economy. The presence of airports is determinative concerning local regions or areas, and a specific methodology demonstrates its impact on the economy. It allows estimating the direct, indirect, and consequent multiplicative effect of the presence of airports on employment and income more accurately. Thus, it numerically describes the economic significance of certain airports as well. It is not only about quantifying the significant impact of an airport on the local economy; it should also be the extent to which an airline's presence impacts regional and local economic processes. Besides analysing general methodological issues concerning the impact analysis of airports, this study aims to evaluate the impact of a particular low-cost airline's flights on the local economy. The basis of our study is the Cluj Avram Iancu International Airport (CLJ) of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, and its dominant airline Wizz Air, which has a distinct impact because of its distance from large international airports. Thus, we can conclude that as a net result at the regional level, the presence of Wizz Air's Cluj-Napoca flights generates over 4,000 person employment impact besides about 54 million euro income impact on the local economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aviation is paramount in contemporary medium and long-distance transport, and airports are essential junctions in the modern globalised economy. The presence of airports is determinative concerning local regions or areas, and a specific methodology demonstrates its impact on the economy. It allows estimating the direct, indirect, and consequent multiplicative effect of the presence of airports on employment and income more accurately. Thus, it numerically describes the economic significance of certain airports as well. It is not only about quantifying the significant impact of an airport on the local economy; it should also be the extent to which an airline's presence impacts regional and local economic processes. Besides analysing general methodological issues concerning the impact analysis of airports, this study aims to evaluate the impact of a particular low-cost airline's flights on the local economy. The basis of our study is the Cluj Avram Iancu International Airport (CLJ) of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, and its dominant airline Wizz Air, which has a distinct impact because of its distance from large international airports. Thus, we can conclude that as a net result at the regional level, the presence of Wizz Air's Cluj-Napoca flights generates over 4,000 person employment impact besides about 54 million euro income impact on the local economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic and social importance of administrative borders can be examined from the point of view of internal homogeneity and external heterogeneity of the delimited spatial units and of the effect on the intensity of spatial interactions. This paper deals with the first question. Hungarian county borders can be treated as strict limits from the administrative point of view. However, choropleth maps with county borders can suggest that county borders are strict limits for the social and economic indicators too. It is a conceptually interesting question, whether presenting data at county level is justified by the significant differences of various indicators along the county borders or if it is determined only by the availability of data. The aim of this study is to examine empirically the existence or non-existence of the county border effect by the example of spatial distribution of personal incomes in Hungary. The analysis is possible due to the availability of personal income data at the level of more than 3,000 Hungarian settlements. The results show that county borders have effect only in those cases where the border is determined by a physical geographical barrier, namely the Danube River and Lake Balaton. The settlements are more similar to the close settlements of a neighbouring county than to the average of its own county. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of whether, and over what range of output, there are economies or diseconomies of scale in providing local communal services is an important question from a theoretical, practical and regional political point of view. The theoretical side of the question is connected to the primary research regarding the optimal city size. If an optimal city size can actually be established, then a valid policy argument can be made for fostering its approximation. However, theoretical considerations are sometimes based on those types of assumptions, which are often not valid in reality. Therefore, empirical investigations are essential in this research area. After a short theoretical overview, the paper initially gives a general outline of previous controversial empirical evidence on economies of scale regarding community size and the provision of local communal services. In the second part, the empirical findings are presented; these concern economies of scale in local communal services based on a large and detailed database, which consist of almost 300 Hungarian settlements. During the research, a number of methodological questions have occurred. For example, there are several solutions for the organisational structure providing local services, from a large holding to the smaller individual companies. Considering this and some other issues, the main results suggest that on a community level, there are moderate economies of scale in water supply, sewage disposal and district heating and a moderate diseconomy of scale in refuse collection until 5 thousand inhabitants. Above this level there is no connection between the settlement size and the average cost of services. The results are mainly consistent with the previous findings: there are economies of scale under a certain threshold, but after this, unit cost reduction is not feasible. This threshold can be different in the different types of services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]