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Stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a very heterogeneous disease that encompasses patients with resected, potentially resectable and unresectable tumours. To improve the prognostic capacity of the TNM classification, it has been agreed to divide stage III into sub-stages IIIA, IIIB and IIIC that have very different 5-year survival rates (36, 26 and 13%, respectively). Currently, it is considered that both staging and optimal treatment of stage III NSCLC requires the joint work of a multidisciplinary team of expert physicians within the tumour committee. To improve the care of patients with stage III NSCLC, different scientific societies involved in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease have agreed to issue a series of recommendations that can contribute to homogenise the management of this disease, and ultimately to improve patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imaging in oncology is an essential tool for patient management but its potential is being profoundly underutilized. Each of the techniques used in the diagnostic process also conveys functional information that can be relevant in treatment decision-making. New imaging algorithms and techniques enhance our knowledge about the phenotype of the tumor and its potential response to different therapies. Functional imaging can be defined as the one that provides information beyond the purely morphological data, and include all the techniques that make it possible to measure specific physiological functions of the tumor, whereas molecular imaging would include techniques that allow us to measure metabolic changes. Functional and molecular techniques included in this document are based on multi-detector computed tomography (CT), 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and hybrid equipments, integrating PET with CT (PET/CT) or MRI (PET-MRI). Lung cancer is one of the most frequent and deadly tumors although survival is increasing thanks to advances in diagnostic methods and new treatments. This increased survival poises challenges in terms of proper follow-up and definitions of response and progression, as exemplified by immune therapy-related pseudoprogression. In this consensus document, the use of functional and molecular imaging techniques will be addressed to exploit their current potential and explore future applications in the diagnosis, evaluation of response and detection of recurrence of advanced NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen La tomografía por emisión de positrones/tomografía computarizada (PET/TC) con 68 Ga-PSMA es una técnica de imagen no invasiva para el estudio del cáncer de próstata con incremento de la expresión del antígeno prostático específico de membrana ( prostate-specific membrane antigen , PSMA). El PSMA es una proteína transmembrana presente en todos los tejidos prostáticos. El incremento de la expresión de PSMA está presente en varios tumores, aunque su concentración es más elevada en el cáncer de próstata. Casi todos los adenocarcinomas de próstata muestran expresión de PSMA en la mayoría de las lesiones, tanto primarias como metastásicas. Estudios inmunohistoquímicos han demostrado que la expresión de PSMA está incrementada en pacientes con tumores desdiferenciados, metastásicos u hormonorrefractarios. Más aún, el nivel de expresión del PSMA tiene un valor pronóstico para la evolución de la enfermedad. La tomografía por emisión de positrones proporciona una medida de la distribución tridimensional del 68 Ga-PSMA, obteniendo imágenes semicuantitativas que permiten valorar de forma no invasiva la expresión de PSMA. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with 68 Ga-PSMA is a non-invasive diagnostic technique to image prostate cancer with increased prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression. PSMA is a transmembrane protein present in all prostatic tissues. Increased PSMA expression is seen in several malignancies, although prostate cancer is the tumour where it presents higher concentrations. Almost all prostate adenocarcinomas show PSMA expression in most of lesions, primary and metastatic. Immunohistochemistry has demonstrated that the expression of PSMA increases in patients with de-differentiated, metastatic or hormone-refractory tumours. Moreover, the expression level of PSMA has a prognostic value for disease outcome. PET measures the three-dimensional distribution of 68 Ga-PSMA, producing semi-quantitative images that allow for non-invasive assessment of PSMA expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The radionuclide bone scan is the cornerstone of skeletal nuclear medicine imaging. Bone scintigraphy is a highly sensitive diagnostic nuclear medicine imaging technique that uses a radiotracer to evaluate the distribution of active bone formation in the skeleton related to malignant and benign disease, as well as physiological processes. Methods: The European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) has written and approved these guidelines to promote the use of nuclear medicine procedures of high quality. Conclusion: The present guidelines offer assistance to nuclear medicine practitioners in optimizing the diagnostic procedure and interpreting bone scintigraphy. These guidelines describe the protocols that are currently accepted and used routinely, but do not include all existing procedures. They should therefore not be taken as exclusive of other nuclear medicine modalities that can be used to obtain comparable results. It is important to remember that the resources and facilities available for patient care may vary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]