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The catalytic hyperpolarisation of pyridine, 3-hydroxypyridine and oxazole by the Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE) process is achieved by a series of water soluble iridium phosphine and N-heterocyclic carbene dihydride complexes. While the efficiency of the SABRE process in methanol-d4 solution or ethanol-d6 solution is high, with over 400-fold 1H polarisation of pyridine being produced by [Ir(H)2(NCMe)(py)(IMes)(monosulfonated-triphenylphosphine)]BF4, changing to a D2O or a D2O–ethanol solvent mixture leads to dramatically reduced activity which is rationalised in terms of low H2 solubility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metabolism of radiolabelled alosetron was studied in rat, dog, rabbit, mouse and human. The metabolism in rat and dog was studied at a low and an elevated dose designed to generate sufficient quantities of metabolite for definitive identification. A strategy for the characterization of metabolites in cases of extensive metabolism was developed and demonstrated for alosetron. Semi–preparative high–performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography–nuclear magnetic resonance (HPLC–NMR) enabled the isolation and characterization of 28 metabolites of alosetron. The characterization of the metabolites in animal excreta facilitated the identification of human systemic metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the effects of age and exercise on physiological dead space (VDS) during stimulated dives at 2.8 atmosphere absolute (ATA). Analysis of VDS at a relatively shallow depth of 18.3 of sea water equivalent to 2.8 ATA; Degree of hypercapnia experienced by both younger and older divers during moderate exercise at 2.8 ATA; Comparison of capnography and direct arterial measurement of carbon dioxide.

In this paper we investigate the potential of alkyl-bonded silica monolithic columns for the isolation and identification of drug-related components in biological fluids. Up to 6 columns have been connected in series to produce a chromatographic system with up to 40,000 plates. This high-resolution chromatography system has been coupled to both MS and NMR to enable efficient detection and characterisation of drug-related components in biological fluids. The use of six coupled columns has been shown to give enhanced resolution over a high quality silica particulate column packed with 3 μm material which exhibits the same back pressure. The effect of volume and mass load on the performance of monolithic columns for semi-preparative chromatography of biological fluids has also been investigated. In these studies it was possible to inject up to 100 mL of neat urine with no loss of chromatographic performance. Furthermore, upon re-testing, the columns showed similar chromatographic performance. Again several columns were serially connected, producing enhanced resolution in the semi-preparative mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The urinary metabolites of the anti-convulsant compound 4-amino-1-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-c]-pyridine hydrochloride (GI265080) obtained following a single oral dose to man have been detected and quantified relative to each other using [sup 19]F-NMR spectroscopy. 2. The human urinary metabolites of GI265080 were isolated using semipreparative HPLC and unequivocally characterized using [sup 1]H-NMR spectroscopy, two-dimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The assignments of the N-(5)oxide and the N-(5)-O-glucuronide metabolites of GI265080 were further confirmed by independent synthesis. The urinary metabolites obtained following single oral doses to dog and rat have also been isolated and characterized. 3. The human urinary metabolites of GI265080 comprise the N-(5)-oxide, the quaternary N[sup +]-(5)-glucuronide, the 7-hydroxy glucuronide and a glucuronide conjugate of the N-(5)-oxide. The N-(5)-O-glucuronide conjugate is a novel species in human metabolism and is a significant route of elimination of GI265080 in man. 4. The urinary metabolites of the potential anti-convulsant GW273293 (6-amino-3-(2,3,5-trichlorophenyl)pyrazin-2-ylamine) obtained following a single oral dose to man have also been isolated and characterized. The formation of a novel N-O-glucuronide was also observed and was shown to constitute a significant route of elimination of GW273293 in man. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yufit and Bongar (1992) argued that a deficiency in coping skills is an important risk factor for suicidal behavior. Dear, Thomson, Hall, and Howells (1998) found that prisoners who had self-harmed in the past 3 days were less likely than a comparison group to have used problem-solving or active cognitive coping strategies to handle the most significant stressor of the past week, but it was not clear whether this represented a difference in the quality of coping responses used. In this study, three groups of blind raters (prisoners, prison officers, and forensic psychologists) rated the coping responses of the participants in Dear et al.'s study. The coping responses of self-harmers were judged less beneficial and more risky. Problem-solving strategies were most often cited as contributing to beneficial outcomes and the catharsis strategies employed by self-harmers were most often judged to be counterproductive. It remains unclear whether prisoners who self-harmed routinely employ poor quality coping strategies or if they simply used poor quality coping on this occasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The development of bio-analysis of drug molecules over the last 10 years is reviewed, focusing on advances in sample preparation, liquid chromatography and detection. 2. Developments have led to improvements in detection sensitivity, enhancements in specificity and increased capacity. 3. Emerging technologies such as monolithic column chromatography and miniaturized chip-based systems are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The urinary metabolites of (S)-2-ethyl-7-fluoro-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-quinoxaline-carboxylic acid isopropylester (GW420867X) have been investigated in samples obtained following oral administration to rabbit, mouse and human. GW420867X underwent extensive biotransformation to form hydroxylated metabolites and glucuronide conjugates on the aromatic ring, and on the ethyl and isopropyl side-chains in all species. In rabbit urine, a minor metabolite was detected and characterized as a cysteine adduct that was not observed in mouse or man. 2. The hydroxylated metabolites and corresponding glucuronide conjugates were isolated by semi-preparative HPLC and characterized using NMR, LC-NMR and LCMS/MS. The relative proportions of fluorine-containing metabolites were determined in animal species by [sup 19]F-NMR signal integration. 3. The fluorine atom of the aromatic ring underwent NIH shift rearrangement in the metabolites isolated and characterized in rabbit, mouse and human urine. 4. The characterization of the NIH shift metabolites in urine enabled the detection and confirmation of the presence of these metabolites in human plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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1. The metabolism of (S)-2-ethyl-7-fluoro-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-quinoxaline-carboxylic acid isopropylester (GW420867X) has been investigated following oral administration to dog, cynomolgus monkey and mini-pig. 2. The urinary metabolites were isolated and characterized using semi-preparative HPLC, NMR and LC-MS MS. The relative proportions of fluorine-containing metabolites were determined for each species by F-NMR signal integration. 3. The metabolite profiles for each species were similar, although the proportion of individual components varied, suggesting that similar metabolic pathways are involved in the biotransformation of GW420867X in the species studied. 4. The urinary metabolites indicated that the major routes of biotransformation included hydroxylation and subsequent glucuronic acid conjugation on the aromatic ring, and on the ethyl and isopropyl side chains. A component was observed in mini-pig urine that corresponded to hydroxylation and glucuronidation accompanied by loss of the fluorine atom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses that infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus Sp serotype in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., post-smolts is associated with mortality and clinical disease. IPN is a disease of salmonids which can cause losses of first feeding fry depending on the strain and serotype of virus. ln experimentally infected Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., the Sp serotype was virulent to sac fry and feeding fry with a mortality of 20% for sac fry, whereas the Te serotype was avirulent. There are increasing numbers of reports that IPN virus is also associated with losses around smoking both before and after transfer to sea water.

Gas exchange occurring in the abdominal cavity during laparoscopy, using carbon dioxide as the insufflating gas, was investigated in 25 female patients being ventilated with 66.6% nitrous oxide and 33.3% oxygen. The gas remaining in the abdomen at the end of the procedure was collected and measurements were made using an infrared spectrometer, a paramagnetic analyser and a mass spectrometer. The mean duration of the laparoscopy was 9.5 minutes and the mean volume of carbon dioxide delivered was 6.8 litres. Nitrous oxide concentration in the abdomen was found to increase significantly with the duration of the procedure, varying from 1.4% to 12.8% with a mean of 4.3% (s.d.±2.4). Oxygen concentration measured from 0.1 to 1.8% with a mean of 0.7% (s.d.±0.4). Nitrogen concentration varied from zero to 1.8%, having a mean concentration of 0.8% (s.d.±0.5). Carbon dioxide content was from 85.7 to 99.6% with a mean concentration of 94.2% (s.d. #x00B1;3.1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mr. Dear's article is based upon a study he made whilst attending the Senior Command Course at the Police College, Bramshill. It constitutes a general appreciation of the position regarding coloured immigrant communities with particular reference to problems presented to the police. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article focuses on a study related to histopathology of "Sekiten-byo" caused by Pseudomonas anguilliseptica in the European eel. "Sekiten-byo" has been described as a major disease of the Japanese eel. Externally the diseased fish were marked by petechial hemorrhages in the skin, particularly noticeable on the unpigmented ventrum. This characteristic lesion of red spots results from the vasodilatation and hemorrhage of the dermal and epidermal capillaries which ate a feature of eel skin. The epidermis of affected fish was sloughed over extensive areas.

This article presents a study related to an outbreak of "Sekiten-byo" among cultured European eels. Adult eels had been kept with few health problems in this system since 1980s. Bacterial analyses had been made every week on both the circulating water and the eel slime. Adult eels and elvers began to die within 3 weeks of the introduction of the elvers. Microbiological examination of the muscle tissue below the red spots, and of the liver, spleen, kidneys and heart yielded large numbers of a slow-growing, motile Gram-negative bacillus in pure culture.

Psychologists who treat children are often asked by a parent or lawyers to disclose information or prepare reports for the Family Court, or they may have their clinical notes subpoenaed. This has important implications in respect of how psychologists record information and deal with confidential information. It also highlights the risk that psychologists may be forced into a dual relationship, namely that of therapist and forensic expert. This paper examines potential problems that may occur in this regard, and presents a set of guidelines in an attempt to avoid potential legal and ethical problems and reduce the anxiety that accompany situations of this nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]