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Necrosis is common in skin flap surgeries. Photobiomodulation, a noninvasive and effective technique, holds the potential to enhance microcirculation and neovascularization. As such, it has emerged as a viable approach for mitigating the occurrence of skin flap necrosis. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the scientific literature considering the use of photobiomodulation to increase skin-flap viability. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), was used to conducted systematic literature search in the databases PubMed, SCOPUS, Elsevier and, Scielo on June 2023. Included studies investigated skin-flap necrosis employing PBMT irradiation as a treatment and, at least one quantitative measure of skin-flap necrosis in any animal model. Twenty-five studies were selected from 54 original articles that addressed PBMT with low-level laser (LLL) or light-emitting diode (LED) in agreement with the qualifying requirements. Laser parameters varied markedly across studies. In the selected studies, the low-level laser in the visible red spectrum was the most frequently utilized PBMT, although the LED PBMT showed a similar improvement in skin-flap necrosis. Ninety percent of the studies assessing the outcomes of the effects of PBMT reported smaller areas of necrosis in skin flap. Studies have consistently demonstrated the ability of PBMT to improve skin flap viability in animal models. Evidence suggests that PBMT, through enhancing angiogenesis, vascular density, mast cells, and VEGF, is an effective therapy for decrease necrotic tissue in skin flap surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antitumor activity of dialkylamino-1,4-naphthoquinones (1a–n) toward human glioblastoma multiforme cells (GBM02). All the derivatives inhibited GBM02 cell viability except for compounds 1a, 1b, and 1c. In contrast, compounds 1d, 1e, 1f, 1g, 1h, 1k, and 1n were the most effective ones. Among them, compound 1e was found to be the most promising analog (IC50 : 14.9 ± 4.6 μM). Compounds 1a, 1l, and 1n weren't toxic towards monocytes and lymphocytes, while compounds 1e, 1f, and 1g presented low cytotoxicity. Moreover, compounds 1e, 1f, 1g, 1k, and 1n were more selective for GBM02 cells than for monocytes and lymphocytes. Still, compounds 1e and 1n promoted changes in the morphology of tumor cells, induced apoptosis in GBM02 cells, and promoted cell cycle arrest in the S and G0/G1 phases. Compounds 1e and 1n were more effective against GBM02 than temozolomide (TMZ). Furthermore, in silico studies suggest that these compounds have good oral bioavailability after intestinal absorption, have permeability to the blood–brain barrier, and are not inhibited by P-glycoprotein, remaining in the brain environment. In this sense, these two derivatives are effective antitumor agents and should be subjected to new experimental protocols in the antitumor drug development chain to become future therapeutic options for this disease of poor prognosis and, to date, no cure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]