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Blue gallium nitride (GaN) light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), combined with red/green fluorescent converters, have broad potential for display applications. Metal halide perovskites now show excellent luminescence properties and may be suitable as light converters. Here a simple solution‐processed method is reported to prepare a methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) nanoporous GaN composite. Fast (within 2 ps) energy transfer is demonstrated from photoexcited nanoporous GaN to encapsulate MAPbBr3 nanocrystals, as observed by transient absorption spectroscopy. The spatial confinement of the perovskite within the nanoporous GaN is shown to increase the perovskite radiative recombination rate. These results offer guidelines for developing high‐performance perovskite/nanoporous GaN optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bhakarwali, a recognized goat breed of India is native to region of Jammu and Kashmir, plays a significant role in sustaining the livelihood of small and marginal farmers especially the nomadic tribes of Gujjars and Bhakarwals. Keeping in view, its importance to the farming community, high number of cases handled and lack of literature available in the country regarding baseline echobiometric values of eye in goats in general, the present study was undertaken. Methods: Ocular sonography and echobiometry was performed in Bhakarwali (n=60) and Non-descript goats (n=32) and normal echobiometric values for eye structures in different age groups were established. Result: There was significant (P>0.05) increase in the different ocular echobiometric measurements as the animal aged. Further, echobiometric values were non-significantly higher in Bhakarwali goats than local non-descript breed in all the age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study was conducted on confirmed sheep patients suffering from complete retention of urine. Methods: A complete history regarding the age, breed and sex of the animal, castration, duration of illness, managemental practices, feeding habits of the animals, early signs of the disease, previous treatment, if any, were recorded. Result: An overall incidence of 27.11% of obstructive urolithiasis was recorded in sheep. All these cases were intact rams with different age groups, weights and of different breeds. Highest (78.68%) incidence of ovine obstructive urolithiasis was recorded during winter season. Young lambs of 2-6 months of age were found most affected with obstructive urolithiasis (31.14%). Cross bred Kashmir Merino was most affected followed by cross bred corridale (18.3%) and non descript local breeds of ovine (8.9%). The highest (60.65%) cases were brought to the clinics 48-96 hours after the onset of the disease. The cases from far flung areas and hilly terrain were usually received as late as 120-144 hours of illness. The losses could be averted to a great extent by apprising the farmers about the preventive measures of the disease and imparting them training about the balanced feeding and good managemental practices of sheep rearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite considerable development in performance, both poor operational stability and high costs associated with hole conductors such as 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis[N,N‐di(4‐methoxyphenyl)amino]‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD) and Poly[bis(4‐phenyl)(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)amine (PTAA) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) need to be addressed by the research community. Here, two nonspiro hole transporting materials (HTMs), namely HTM‐1 and HTM‐2, are designed and straightforwardly synthesized exhibiting remarkable electrochemical properties and hole mobilities. In particular, the PSC based on the methoxy derivative (HTM‐2) exhibits a remarkable efficiency of 21.2% (stabilized efficiency of 20.8%), which is superior to the benchmark HTM spiro‐OMeTAD (stabilized efficiency of 20.4%). These results establish that the molecular design is effective in improving the performance of PSCs. Importantly, these two HTMs show admissible long‐term stability under different harsh conditions such as thermal stress up to 85 °C, high humidity level of 60% ± 10%, and continuous illumination over 1000 h. These insights allow correlating the impact of molecular design on optoelectronic properties of nonspiro‐based hole conductors with the overall device performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To develop and evaluate detergent-free, triple-drug-loaded, hyaluronate-coated elastic nanovesicles (H-ENVs) for the topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Materials & methods: H-ENVs were developed and evaluated for vesicle size, entrapment efficiency, skin permeation and antileishmanial potential. Results: A 15.7 and 28.6% decrease in the cytotoxicity of paromomycin and amphotericin B, respectively, was observed in detergent-free ENVs compared with conventional ENVs. H-ENVs improved the efficacy of paromomycin against promastigote and amastigote models of leishmaniasis by 4- and 7.5-fold, respectively. In vivo investigation of H-ENVs demonstrated efficient topical management of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Conclusion: The results indicate the potential of H-ENVs as a safe topical treatment choice for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Application of topical gel is an attractive alternative to oral or intravenous administration of drugs and is likely to deliver a higher dose of the drug to the target site with only rare systemic adverse effects. Nanotechnology-based topical drug delivery is an attractive aspect of pharmaceutical sciences that expresses interest in the topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The authors' research focuses on the development and evaluation of novel multidrug-loaded, detergent-free nanovesicles for the simple and effective topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A test program on cold-formed steel (CFS) laced columns fabricated using plain channels has been presented in this study. Twelve specimens with single and N-type lacing configurations were fabricated. The lacing plates and the end-plates were connected to the chords by using self-drilling screws. The effect of critical parameters, like lacing slenderness and transverse chord spacing, on the performance of laced columns under concentric axial loading was investigated. The aspect ratio of the built-up section of the specimens varied from 0.75 to 1.25. The relative slenderness of the unsupported chord (with respect to the global slenderness of the column) ranged from 0.31 to 0.87 in single-laced columns and 0.15–0.44 in N-type laced columns. The performance of the specimens was assessed in terms of their failure modes, peak strengths, and load-displacement trends. Lastly, the strength estimations from both the current American (AISI S100-16) and European (EN1993-1-3) standards were evaluated by comparison against the test strengths. It was noted that both these codes overpredicted the strength of the laced column specimens by up to about 25%. The modified design rules catering to both American (AISI S100-16) and European (EN1993-1-3) standards, previously proposed by the authors for CFS battened columns, were assessed, and their strength predictions were found satisfactory for both types of lacing configurations. The reliability index determined using the modified design rules was approximately equal to three, indicating high reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some of the past studies on cold-formed steel (CFS) battened built-up columns have resulted in the development of new design rules for predicting their axial strengths. However, the main drawbacks of such studies are that they are purely numerical and the numerical models developed for such parametric studies were validated using the test results on similar built-up column configurations, but not the exact ones. Therefore, experimental studies on CFS battened columns comprising of lipped channels are needed for verifying the accuracy of the proposed design rules for CFS battened columns. This paper reports an experimental study performed on CFS built-up battened columns under axial compression. Adequately spaced identical lipped channels in the back-to-back arrangement were used as chords and were connected by batten plates laterally with self-driving screws to form the built-up members. The dimensions of chords were fixed as per the geometric limits given out in the North American Specifications (NAS) for the design of CFS structural members. The sectional compactness of the chords and the overall slenderness of the built-up columns were varied by altering the thickness of the channels and height of the built-up columns, respectively. A total of 20 built-up sections were tested under uniform compression to investigate the behavioural changes in the built-up columns due to these variations. The behaviour assessment was made in terms of peak strengths, load–displacement response and failure modes of the test specimens. The current design standards on CFS structures were used to determine the design strengths and were compared against the test strengths for assessing their adequacy. Furthermore, as discussed in the beginning, the test strengths were used to verify the accuracy of the different relevant proposed design rules in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt has been made in this study to quantify the soil loss rate and their spatial distribution using a hybrid model of geographic information system coupled with fuzzy logic technique. Shewa Semien zone, Ethiopia, characterized by steep slopes and high rainfall was chosen for this study. A total of ten thematic layers pertaining to soil erosion study, namely rainfall erosivity factor, topographic factor, drainage density factor, plane curvature factor, crop management factor, soil erodibility factor, silt percentage factor, hydraulic conductivity factor, soil texture factor, and stream power index, were analyzed. Fuzzy logic membership values were assigned to different classes within each thematic layer depending on their erosion potential. The final output raster was reclassified into four zones depending on the fuzzy membership values: slight, moderate, severe, and very severe zones with their fuzzy membership values varied from 0 to 0.05, 0.05 to 0.30, 0.30 to 0.65 and 0.65 to 1.00, respectively. The "very severe" erosion zone characterized with the soil loss rate of 67.84–96.26 t/ha/year was found to cover an areal extent of 400,524.92 ha which demands immediate conservation measures. Slope was found as a major factor determining the severity of soil loss rate spatially. The influence of slope, erosivity, stream power index and drainage density toward soil loss rate is documented well in this study. This study testifies the efficiency of the hybrid model for the demarcation of erosion hazard zones and can be applied at continental scale for landscape development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work leads to improvement towards fuel efficiency of biomass by pelletizing at different pressures with different percentage of coal. Two species of wood sawdust–Gurjan Balsam, Teak, and a coal sample were used in this study. Analysis of unprocessed raw materials were conducted to evaluate their fuel characteristics. From our observation, it is eminent that pellet density increases radically at pressures of 3.055–6.111MPa. This phenomenon eventually causes minor density increases with increased pressure. An increasing pattern was also observed in the variation of the heating value of pellets with the increased pelletizing pressure in both samples. Bonding between biomass particles has been identified as the main factor which influences the heating value. Consequently, this variation in bonding alters the heating value at different pressures. The formation of the solid bridge due to lignin flow and inter-diffusion between adjacent biomass particles are responsible for binding with coal and increased heating value at higher pressures. The presence of van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding also increases the heating value with increasing pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant pathology has been revolutionized by the emergence and intervention of next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS) which provide a fast, cost-effective, and reliable diagnostic for any class of pathogens. NGS has made tremendous advancements in the area of research and diagnostics of plant infecting viromes and has bridged plant virology with other advanced research fields like genome editing technologies. NGS in a broader perspective holds the potential for plant health improvement by diagnosing and mitigating the new or unusual symptoms caused by novel/unidentified viruses. CRISPR-based genome editing technologies can enable rapid engineering of efficient viral/viroid resistance by directly targeting specific nucleotide sites of plant viruses and viroids. Critical genes such as eIf (iso) 4E or eIF4E have been targeted via the CRISPR platform to produce plants resistant to single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses. CRISPR/Cas-based multi-target DNA or RNA tests can be used for rapid and accurate diagnostic assays for plant viruses and viroids. Integrating NGS with CRISPR-based genome editing technologies may lead to a paradigm shift in combating deadly disease-causing plant viruses/viroids at the genomic level. Furthermore, the newly discovered CRISPR/Cas13 system has unprecedented potential in plant viroid diagnostics and interference. In this review, we have highlighted the application and importance of sequencing technologies on covering the viral genomes for precise modulations. This review also provides a snapshot vision of emerging developments in NGS technologies for the characterization of plant viruses and their potential utilities, advantages, and limitations in plant viral diagnostics. Furthermore, some of the notable advances like novel virus-inducible CRISPR/Cas9 system that confers virus resistance with no off-target effects have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have gained tremendous attention owing to their promising photovoltaic performance, surpassing all the alternative technologies based on solution‐processed materials. PSCs displaying record efficiencies contain hole transporting material (HTM) and gold back contact, which are too expensive for large‐scale deployment. Although the HTM‐free PSCs have been reported, a few can be used in tandem configuration, an architecture that is warranted to commercialize PSCs. This work presents, to the best of our knowledge, the first HTM‐free and Au‐free PSCs that are semi‐transparent in the IR region (desired for tandem cells) with an efficiency of 8.3 %. We systematically investigate the effect of varying the thickness of active and charge conducting layers on the photovoltaic performance of PSCs. Besides, semitransparency, another advantage of the scaffold is its simplicity: a fully printable mesoporous structure consisting of a TiO2 layer (400 nm), Al2O3 as a separator layer (500 nm) and tin‐doped indium oxide (ITO) layer (5 μm), rendering our work highly pertinent for upscaling and large‐scale applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bakanae is the emerging disease threating the rice cultivation globally. Yield reduction of 4–70% is recorded in different parts of the world. A total of 119 Fusarium isolates were collected from rice plants at different geographical locations and seeds of different rice cultivars. The isolates were evaluated for morphological, biochemical and pathogenic diversity. The amplification of TEF-1α gene was carried out for exploring the species spectrum associated with the cultivated and pre-released rice varieties. The production of gibberellin varied from 0.53 to 2.26 µg/25 ml, while as that of Indole acetic acid varied from 0.60 to 3.15 µg/25 ml among the Fusarium isolates. The phylogenetic analysis identified 5 different species of the genus Fusarium viz. Fusarium fujikuroi, F. proliferatum, F. equiseti, F.oxysporum and F. persicinum after nucleotide blasting in NCBI. Only two Fusarium spp. F. fujikuroi and F. proliferatum were found to be pathogenic under virulence assays of the isolates. The isolates showed a considerable variation in morphological and pathogenic characters. The isolates were divided into different groups based on morphology and pathogenicity tests. The isolates showed a considerable variation in morphology, phytohormone profile and virulence indicative of population diversity. Three species F. equiseti, F.oxysporum and F. persicinum which have not been reported as pathogens of rice in India were found to be associated with bakanae disease of rice, however their pathogenicity could not be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: During the process of plant domestication, the selection and traditional breeding for desired characters such as flavor, juiciness and nutritional value of fruits, probably have resulted in gain or loss of specialized metabolites contributing to these traits. Their appearance in fruits is likely due to the acquisition of novel and specialized metabolic pathways and their regulation, driven by systematic molecular evolutionary events facilitated by traditional breeding. Plants change their armory of specialized metabolism to adapt and survive in diverse ecosystems. This may occur through molecular evolutionary events, such as single nucleotide polymorphism, gene duplication and transposition, leading to convergent or divergent evolution of biosynthetic pathways producing such specialized metabolites. Breeding and selection for improved specific and desired traits (fruit size, color, taste, flavor, etc.) in fruit crops through conventional breeding approaches may further alter content and profile of specialized metabolites. Biosynthetic routes of these metabolites have been studied in various plants. Here, we explore the influence of plant domestication and breeding processes on the selection of biosynthetic pathways of favorable specialized metabolites in fruit crops. An orderly clustered arrangement of genes associated with their production is observed in many fruit crops. We further analyzed selection-based acquisition of specialized metabolic pathways comparing first the metabolic profiles and genes involved in their biosynthesis, followed by the genomic organization of such genes between wild and domesticated horticultural crops. Domestication of crop plants favored the acquisition and retention of metabolic pathways that enhanced the fruit value while eliminated those which produced toxic or unfavorable metabolites. Interestingly, unintentional reorganization of complex metabolic pathways by selection and traditional breeding processes has endowed us with flavorful, juicy and nutritionally rich fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental study on the strengthening of rectangular timber beams under monotonic loading. Both flexural and shear behavior of the specimens was studied. A total of five timber beam specimens with identical cross-sections were prepared. The first three specimens had a long span (3 m), whereas the remaining two had a short span (1 m). In order to obtain the benchmark parameters for flexural and shear behavior, one beam specimen from each span group was tested without adopting any strengthening measures. The long beam specimens were tested under four-point loading (for flexure) and the short ones under three-point loading (for shear). One of the long beam specimens was strengthened with mild steel plates bolted on the tension and compression sides. The last long beam specimen was strengthened with a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate adequately bonded on the tension side only. The other short beam specimen was strengthened with self-tapping screws in different detailing arrangements on the tension and compression sides to strengthen the specimen against horizontal shear. The performance assessment of all specimens was done on the basis of their peak load resisted, load versus midspan displacement, stiffness response, and failure mode. Last, the theoretical strengths of the specimens were quantified and were compared with the strengths obtained during the tests. It was observed that all strengthening measures adopted improved the targeted flexural and shear performance of the beam specimens. However, the performance improvement achieved was proportional to the cost involved for each strengthening measure adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid organic–inorganic halide perovskite based solar cell technology has passed through a phase of unprecedented growth in the efficiency scale from 3.8% to above 25% within a decade. This technology has drawn tremendous research interest because of facile solution processability, ease of large scale manufacturing and ultra-low cost production of perovskite based thin film solar cells. It has been observed that performances of perovskite-based solar cells are extremely dependent on the morphology and crystallinity of the perovskite layer. The high-quality perovskite films have made a significant impact on the fabrication of efficient and stable hybrid perovskite solar cells. It has also been observed that device lifetime depends on the perovskite morphology; devices with larger perovskite grains degrade slowly than those of the smaller ones. Various methods of perovskite growth such as sequential deposition, doctor blading, slot die coating and spray coating have been applied to achieve the most appropriate morphology necessary for highly efficient and stable solar cells. This review focuses on the recent progress in morphology optimizations by various processing condition such as annealing condition, additive effects, Lewis acid–base adduct approach, precursor solution aging and post-device ligand treatment emphasizing on grain sizes, film uniformity, defect passivation, ambient compatibility and device efficiency and stability. In this review, we also discussed recently developed bifacial stamping technique and deposition methods for large-area and roll-to-roll fabrication of highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Venturia inaequalis is a notorious fungal pathogen and show classical gene for gene interaction with its apple host. Neutral markers provide clues about history, evolutionary potential, genetic diversity and population structure of V. inaequalis. The genetic diversity and population structure of fungus indicates that the pathogen is highly diverse with the capacity to breach the scab resistance genes. In the present study, we collected 108 V. inaequalis isolates from three apple cultivars differing in Rvi1 resistance gene. Based on the AMOVA, the variation was mostly distributed among the isolates, providing evidence of non-existence of subpopulation in orchards thus founder population is difficult to arise in Kashmir apple orchards. Pair wise genetic differentiation is less due to regular occurrence of gene flow between the populations residing on different orchard as infected material is transported without stringent quarantine measures. Based on principal coordinate analysis and clustering algorithm as implemented in STRUCTURE, we observed admixture between the two subpopulations, which is quite low, suggesting the existence of pre-zygotic and post-zygotic barriers to gene flow and we cannot rule out the existence of other structures shared by accessions belonging to different varieties. Due to the continuous increase in introduction and monoculture of apple varieties, mixed orchard with different host resistance specificities are more suitable for managing the apple scab in Kashmir valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally farmers have difficulty in extending the shelf-life of the tropical fruits due to their perishable nature. The present study aimed to assess the effect of hexanal nano-formulation treatment (NFT) on the shelf-life of Alphonso mango. Further, volatilomics was performed to explore the molecular basis of such effect. Untreated and treated fruits were sampled starting from 5th to 21st day after NFT at an interval of 4 days. Moderate changes in visual and digital colour parameters were evident from the intact and dissected fruits of NFT set compared to untreated fruits. Biochemical assays affirmed the phenotypic differences with significant changes in the colour imparting compounds like carotenoids and anthocyanins among them. Further, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed significant qualitative and quantitative variations in the different classes of compounds like lactones, furanones, esters, aldehydes and alcohols. Some of the key metabolites showed differential modulations among the NFT and untreated fruit sets indicating their potential role in various processes, which ultimately might have resulted in delayed ripening of the mango. Overall, this study has demonstrated the beneficial effect of hexanal and identified important metabolites with the enhanced shelf-life in Alphonso that could be useful for farmers and mango-based food/flavour industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered hybrid perovskites have emerged as a promising alternative to stabilizing hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite materials, which are predominantly based on Ruddlesden‐Popper structures. Formamidinium (FA)‐based Dion‐Jacobson perovskite analogs are developed that feature bifunctional organic spacers separating the hybrid perovskite slabs by introducing 1,4‐phenylenedimethanammonium (PDMA) organic moieties. While these materials demonstrate competitive performances as compared to other FA‐based low‐dimensional perovskite solar cells, the underlying mechanisms for this behavior remain elusive. Here, the structural complexity and optoelectronic properties of materials featuring (PDMA)FAn–1PbnI3n+1 (n = 1–3) formulations are unraveled using a combination of techniques, including X‐ray scattering measurements in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations. While theoretical calculations suggest that layered Dion‐Jacobson perovskite structures are more prominent with the increasing number of inorganic layers (n), this is accompanied with an increase in formation energies that render n > 2 compositions difficult to obtain, in accordance with the experimental evidence. Moreover, the underlying intermolecular interactions and their templating effects on the Dion‐Jacobson structure are elucidated, defining the optoelectronic properties. Consequently, despite the challenge to obtain phase‐pure n > 1 compositions, time‐resolved microwave conductivity measurements reveal high photoconductivities and long charge carrier lifetimes. This comprehensive analysis thereby reveals critical features for advancing layered hybrid perovskite optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered hybrid perovskites comprising adamantyl spacer (A) cations based on the A2FAn−1PbnI3n+1 (n = 1–3, FA = formamidinium) compositions have recently been shown to act as promising materials for photovoltaic applications. While the corresponding perovskite solar cells show performances and stabilities that are superior in comparison to other layered two-dimensional formamidinium-based perovskite solar cells, the underlying reasons for their behaviour are not well understood. We provide a comprehensive investigation of the structural and photophysical properties of this unique class of materials, which is complemented by theoretical analysis via molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations. We demonstrate the formation of well-defined structures of lower compositional representatives based on n = 1–2 formulations with (1-adamantyl)methanammonium spacer moieties, whereas higher compositional representatives (n > 2) are shown to consist of mixtures of low-dimensional phases evidenced by grazing incidence X-ray scattering. Furthermore, we reveal high photoconductivities of the corresponding hybrid perovskite materials, which is accompanied by long charge carrier lifetimes. This study thereby unravels features that are relevant for the performance of FA-based low-dimensional hybrid perovskites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of their attractive optoelectronic properties, metal halide APbI3 perovskites employing formamidinium (FA+) as the A cation are the focus of research. The superior chemical and thermal stability of FA+ cations makes α‐FAPbI3 more suitable for solar‐cell applications than methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3). However, its spontaneous conversion into the yellow non‐perovskite phase (δ‐FAPbI3) under ambient conditions poses a serious challenge for practical applications. Herein, we report on the stabilization of the desired α‐FAPbI3 perovskite phase by protecting it with a two‐dimensional (2D) IBA2FAPb2I7 (IBA=iso‐butylammonium overlayer, formed via stepwise annealing. The α‐FAPbI3/IBA2FAPb2I7 based perovskite solar cell (PSC) reached a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of close to 23 %. In addition, it showed excellent operational stability, retaining around 85 % of its initial efficiency under severe combined heat and light stress, that is, simultaneous exposure with maximum power tracking to full simulated sunlight at 80 °C over 500 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of their attractive optoelectronic properties, metal halide APbI3 perovskites employing formamidinium (FA+) as the A cation are the focus of research. The superior chemical and thermal stability of FA+ cations makes α‐FAPbI3 more suitable for solar‐cell applications than methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3). However, its spontaneous conversion into the yellow non‐perovskite phase (δ‐FAPbI3) under ambient conditions poses a serious challenge for practical applications. Herein, we report on the stabilization of the desired α‐FAPbI3 perovskite phase by protecting it with a two‐dimensional (2D) IBA2FAPb2I7 (IBA=iso‐butylammonium overlayer, formed via stepwise annealing. The α‐FAPbI3/IBA2FAPb2I7 based perovskite solar cell (PSC) reached a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of close to 23 %. In addition, it showed excellent operational stability, retaining around 85 % of its initial efficiency under severe combined heat and light stress, that is, simultaneous exposure with maximum power tracking to full simulated sunlight at 80 °C over 500 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the effect of BaTiO3 phase on the structural, vibrational, and electrical properties of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3. The parent samples of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3, BaTiO3 and their composite (0.85) La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 + (0.15) BaTiO3 were synthesized by solid-state reaction route. Structural study using X-ray diffraction (XRD) for La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 phase revealed a rhombohedrally distorted (space group R3c) structure, while BaTiO3 compound was found to have crystallized in tetragonal structure (space group P4mm). The XRD results were verified using Rietveld refinement. The composite sample (0.85) La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 + (0.15) BaTiO3 display the presence of both of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 and BaTiO3 phases. The addition of insulating BaTiO3 phase in the ferromagnetic metallic phase of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 which exhibits well-characterized metal-to-insulator transition in the vicinity of 350 K enhances the resistivity and shifts the metal–insulator transition temperature TMI towards lower temperature. Further, with the application of magnetic field, resistivity of the composite sample is found to decrease and TMI in composite sample is observed to shift towards higher temperature. The magnetoresistance (MR) of composite sample (0.85) La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 + (0.15) BaTiO3 decreases monotonously in 200–300 K regime under magnetic field of 8 T. The analysis of electrical resistivity data in the metallic region (T < TMI) suggests that the electron–electron scattering is predominant in this region, whereas the insulating region (T > TMI) is well described using Small polaron hopping (SPH) and Mott's variable range hopping (VRH) models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead halide perovskite solar cells now show excellent efficiencies and encouraging levels of stability. Further improvements in performance require better control of the trap states which are considered to be associated with vacancies and defects at crystallite surfaces. Herein, a reflection on the ways in which these traps can be mitigated is presented by improving the quality of the perovskite layer and interfaces in fully assembled device configurations. In this review, the most recent design strategies reported in the literature, which have been explored to tune grain orientation, to passivate defects, and to improve charge‐carrier lifetimes, are presented. Specifically, the advances made with single‐cation, mixed‐cation and/or mixed‐halide, and 3D/2D bilayer‐based light absorbers are discussed. The interfacial, compositional, and band alignment engineering along with their consequent effects on the open‐circuit voltage, power conversion efficiency, and stability are a particular focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents low temperature (200 and 300 °C) thin film deposition of tin oxide (SnO2) using modified plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition as a function of radio frequency power (100 – 500 W). Stannic chloride (SnCl4) was used as precursor and oxygen (O2, 300 SCCM) as reactant gas. Fine granular morphology was observed with tetragonal rutile structure grown along the [110] direction, at all the deposition conditions. Higher plasma power resulted in smoother morphology, improved crystallinity, and enhanced conductivity. Electrical resistivity value of as low as ∼0.01 Ω cm was obtained at the deposition temperature of 300 °C and 250 W of plasma power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The baseline ecological exploratory studies of floristically rich areas like the western Himalaya are very important to determine the diversity variations. Based on research gaps detected in ecological literature of the western Himalayan forests of Sudhan Gali and Ganga summit, the study area is revisited. Plots data was collected during 2016, and advanced multivariate statistical tools were used to analyze it. Some of multivariate tools including permutation test, indicator species analysis and variation partitioning (partial CCA) were used for the first time in the area. The results of hierarchical clustering and permutation test revealed that there were four ecologically meaningful vegetation groups (1. Berberis- Micromeria-Desmodium (BMD), 2. Pinus-Rubus-Persicaria (PRP), 3. Viburnum-Abies-Dryopteris (VAD) and 4. Sibbaldia-Thymus-Bistorta (STB) associations) in the area. A significant (p ≤ 0.05) pairwise compositional difference of all the detected plant communities was observed. The results of canonical correspondence analysis (net effect) depicted that all the studied environmental variables were significantly important, and explains about 73.1% variations in the species data. The higher (r > 0.9) species-environment pseudo-canonical correlations values for the first four CCA-axes revealed that the selected explanatory variables were determinants of the response (species) data variations, and the high values for the CCA axes 2 to 4 indicated that there was no single dominant environmental gradient in this part of the western Himalaya. The highest β diversity value of Himalayan alpine scrubland at the Ganga summit depicted that even a minor variation in environment affects the high altitude vegetation more rapidly than the vegetation of low elevation areas. The vegetation of the study area is under continuous deterioration, and this exploratory work can be used as a baseline study for the future management, sustainable use, and conservation programs in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we report the structural and low temperature electrical properties of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSMO), Bi0.95Dy0.05FeO3 (BDFO) and their composite (0.5) LSMO + (0.5) BDFO prepared via solid-state reaction route. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data studies infers that both the compounds LSMO and BDFO are single phased in nature. Further XRD data analysis reveal that both these compounds display their presence in the composite sample. Both the parent samples of the composite were observed to have crystallized in rhombohedral (R3c) structure. The lattice structure was further verified via Raman Spectroscopic measurement technique. Low temperature transport properties study establishes the semiconducting nature of the composite. The dc resistivity data of ferromagnetic mettalic LSMO compound suggests that the electron–electron scattering is predominant in the metallic region whereas the semiconducting region in the composite sample [(0.5) LSMO + (0.5) BDFO] is well described using small polaron hopping and Mott's variable range hopping (VRH) models. Activation energy Ep was found to decrease with increase in magnetic field from 0 to 8T attributed to the decrease in the values of charge localization. The density of states Increases with magnetic field attributed to the suppression of magnetic domain scattering explained via Mott's VRH mechanism. High MR% is observed in both the LSMO sample and the composite one which increases with decrease in temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CsPbBr3 perovskite is highly desired to fabricate many optoelectronic devices: high photovoltage solar cells, tandem solar cells, light-emitting diodes, lasers, photodetectors, field effect transistors etc. However, to realize these applications, resistance to humidity, one of the most important stressing agents, needs to be understood. In this article, we investigate the effect of prolonged exposure (up to 500 h) of CsPbBr3 to ∼60% and 80% relative humidity by in situ X-ray diffraction and ex situ scanning electron microscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence. We show that humidity does not always have detrimental effects. Indeed, the exposure of CsPbBr3 films to humidity for a limited time (2–3 days and 8 minutes for 60% and 80% RH, respectively) enhances their crystallinity. However, prolonged exposure to humidity results in partial degradation of the perovskite phase leading to the concomitant formation of a new, possibly hydrate, crystalline phase. Restoration of 30% RH leads to partial recovery of the initial phase by nucleation of new small CsPbBr3 crystallites. The present findings suggest that post-deposition treatment under controlled humidity might help in producing better films to enhance the efficiency of optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of Pb substitution on the structure, dielectric, impedance and magnetic properties of Li0.5+0.5xFe2.5-1.5xPbxO4 ferrite nano-crystals prepared by citrate gel method has been investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of cubic spinel phase and broadness of reflection peaks indicates the formation of smaller sized crystallites. The average crystallite size was observed to increase from 21.3 to 26.1 nm on increasing Pb substitution in Li0.5+0.5xFe2.5-1.5xPbxO4 ferrite. The surface analysis of the samples was performed using scanning electron microscopy. An improvement in the microstructure has been obtained on Pb doping. Dielectric and impedance measurements were carried out in the frequency range of 100 Hz-10 MHz. The dielectric properties of Li0.5+0.5xFe2.5-1.5xPbxO4 ferrite samples were improved much by the substitution of Pb ions. The low dielectric loss at higher frequencies identifies the potential of these ferrites for high frequency applications. Interestingly, a very large value for dielectric constant of the order of 107 has been obtained on Pb doping. The impedance spectroscopy technique was used to study the effect of grain and grain boundary on the electrical properties of the material. From the present investigation on Li0.5+0.5xFe2.5-1.5xPbxO4 ferrite, one can conclude that the substitution of Pb4+ ions play an important role to modify the magnetic and electrical properties of lithium ferrite desired for microwave devices and power applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the various instability problems in cold-formed steel members, many researchers have mainly focused on developing innovative sectional profiles wherein geometry of the section plays a vital role in enhancing the inherent resistance of such sections against premature buckling. However, the process of forming such innovative shapes is not only complex and time-consuming but sometimes such sections fail to mobilize their complete reserve strength. Hence, a stiffening arrangement of weaker zones for mobilizing the untapped reserve strength is suggested. The contribution of this simple, effective and partly stiffening arrangements, aimed at eliminating/delaying the premature local buckling, is studied both experimentally and numerically and also compared with existing codes. Experimental study was carried out on different simply supported cold-formed steel beams with judiciously proposed stiffening arrangements under four-point loading. An equivalent hot-rolled steel beam was also tested to compare the efficiency of the cold-formed steel beams. The cold-formed steel beams investigated had different width-to-thickness ratio, different geometries and different stiffening arrangements. The test strengths, failure modes, deformed shapes, load versus mid-span displacements and geometric imperfections were measured and reported. The test strengths of the beam models are also compared with the design strength predicted by North American Standards and Eurocode for cold-formed steel structures. To validate the test results further, a numerical study was carried out on such stiffened cold-formed steel beams using finite element software ABAQUS. All these results show that the proposed strengthening system is efficient and economical and allow cold-formed steel beams to reach greater load carrying capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Characterisation of pancreatic cystic lesions has a direct role in their management and computed tomography is the mainstay of investigation for diagnosing and characterising them. Objectives: The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) in preoperative characterisation of pancreatic cystic lesions with histopathology as the reference standard. Method: A total of 38 patients with cystic pancreatic lesions diagnosed after clinical, laboratory and sonographic evaluation, irrespective of age, were preoperatively evaluated with CECT. Images were reviewed for the general characteristics of the lesions on pre-contrast and portal venous phase images and overall diagnostic accuracy calculated. Imaging findings were compared with histopathology, or cytology and/or intra-operative findings. Results: Serous cystadenoma (SCA) was the most common cystic pancreatic lesion found in 31.6% of patients followed by mucinous cystadenoma (MCA) (26.3%), solid pseudo-papillary tumour (SPT) (21.1%) and intra-ductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) (10.5%). Three patients (7.9%) had simple cysts and one patient (2.6%) had a lymphangioma. The diagnostic accuracy of CECT for pancreatic cystic lesions was found to be 72.5% Conclusion: The diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography (CT) was high for SCA, IPMN and pancreatic cysts, and low for MCA and SPT. Combination of a multiloculated cystic lesion with locule size of less than 20 mm, septal enhancement with relative lack of wall enhancement, central scar and lobulated outline are highly specific for SCA. Unilocular or macro-cystic pattern with locule size of more than 20 mm, female gender and wall enhancement with smooth external contour are pointers towards MCA. Solid cystic pancreatic head lesions in young females may be suggestive of SPT. A dilated main pancreatic duct in a cystic lesion with internal septations may point towards IPMN. Fluid attenuation lesions with imperceptible non-enhancing wall indicate pancreatic cysts. Lastly, pseudocysts and neuroendocrine tumours with cystic components are great mimickers of pancreatic cystic lesions, and a history of pancreatitis and hormonal profile of patients should always be sought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High photovoltage in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can be achieved by designing new hole transporting materials (HTMs) with relatively deeper energy levels of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). Here, we report on the synthesis of a new heteroacene‐based HTM (HTM‐1) and demonstrate its potential in the fabrication of FAPbBr3 [FA = CH(NH2)2] PSCs yielding VOC as high as 1.55 V, a record value for this light harvester. The energetic position of the frontier orbitals of HTM‐1 was estimated using electrochemical measurements, and the charge transport across the interfaces was studied using steady‐state and time‐resolved photoluminescence. When spiro‐OMeTAD (HOMO = –5.1 eV) is replaced with HTM‐1 (HOMO = –5.3 eV), the VOC increases from 1.51 to 1.55 V, whereas the JSC value decreases from 7.0 to 5.7 mA cm–2. The similar trade‐off between JSC and VOC is observed for efficient iodide‐based PSCs, suggesting that there is a critical energy level for the HOMO below which overall photovoltaic performance will suffer. After probing at a maximum power point under full‐sun illumination at 60 °C for a duration of 120 h, the FAPbBr3 PSCs based on HTM‐1 retained ≈ 95 % of their initial efficiency, which demonstrates their robust operational stability. A new heteroacene‐based hole transporting material (HTM) was designed and used in the fabrication of FAPbBr3 [FA = CH(NH2)2] robust solar cells yielding a VOC of 1.55 V, a record value for this light harvester. A trade‐off between JSC and VOC was observed when the HOMO level was lowered, suggesting that there is a critical energy level for the HOMO, below which overall photovoltaic performance will suffer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the impressive photovoltaic performances of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) beyond 22%, intensive studies are still required to overcome ongoing issues such as cost, stability, and hysteresis. Here, for the first time, we report a cesium-containing triple-cation mixed-halide perovskite solar cell (n–i–p structure) by using hydrothermally synthesized inorganic CuCrO2 (CCO) delafossite nanoparticles as a hole transporting material (HTM). After optimization of the concentration, a fully homogeneous and completely covered CCO layer that facilitates fast carrier extraction and collection was obtained on the surface of the perovskite. Our CCO-based cells achieved the best PCE of 16.7% (average 16.04 ± 0.40) with negligible hysteresis. More importantly, it was found that our cells showed a significant improvement in stability in ambient air compared with Spiro-OMeTAD HTM-based cells. After 60 days of storage in air without encapsulation, PCE remained at ∼83% of the initial value with the CCO-based cells, whereas it decreased to ∼24% of the initial value with devices based on the Spiro-OMeTAD HTM. Furthermore, cost estimation results indicated that the current prospect of CCO has an affordable cost/device ratio (∼180-fold cheaper than Spiro-OMeTAD). This work not only reveals the importance of air-stable inorganic HTMs, but also provides a low-cost HTM for highly efficient and stable PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topical drug delivery against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) signifies an effective alternate for improving the availability and reducing the toxicity associated with the parenteral administration of conventional sodium stibogluconate (SSG) injection. The basic aim of the study was to develop nano-deformable liposomes (NDLs) for the dermal delivery of SSG against CL. NDLs were formulated by a modified thin film hydration method and optimized via Box-Behnken statistical design. The physicochemical properties of SSG-NDLs were established in terms of vesicle size (195.1 nm), polydispersity index (0.158), zeta potential (−32.8 mV), and entrapment efficiency (35.26%). Moreover, deformability index, in vitro release, and macrophage uptake studies were also accomplished. SSG-NDLs were entrapped within Carbopol gel network for the ease of skin application. The ex vivo skin permeation study revealed that SSG-NDLs gel provided 10-fold higher skin retention towards the deeper skin layers, attained without use of classical permeation enhancers. Moreover, in vivo skin irritation and histopathological studies verified safety of the topically applied formulation. Interestingly, the cytotoxic potential of SSG-NDLs (1.3 mg/ml) was higher than plain SSG (1.65 mg/ml). The anti-leishmanial activity on intramacrophage amastigote model of Leishmania tropica showed that IC50 value of the SSG-NDLs was ∼ fourfold lower than the plain drug solution with marked increase in the selectivity index. The in vivo results displayed higher anti-leishmanial activity by efficiently healing lesion and successfully reducing parasite burden. Concisely, the outcomes indicated that the targeted delivery of SSG could be accomplished by using topically applied NDLs for the effective treatment of CL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis, characterization, and photovoltaic performance of a series of indacenodithiophene (IDT)‐based D‐π‐A organic dyes with varying electron‐accepting units is presented. By control of the electron affinity, perfectly matching energy levels were achieved with a copper(I/II)‐based redox electrolyte, reaching a high open‐circuit voltage (>1.1 V) while harvesting a large fraction of solar photons at the same time. Besides achieving high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs), that is, 11.2 % under standard AM 1.5 G sunlight, and 28.4 % under a 1000 lux fluorescent light tube, this work provides a possible method for the design and fabrication of low‐cost highly efficient DSCs. A series of indacenodithiophene (IDT)‐based D‐π‐A organic dyes with varying electron‐accepting units were synthesized, characterized, and the photovoltaic performance investigated. By control of the electron affinity, perfectly matching energy levels were achieved with a copper(I/II)‐based redox electrolyte, achieving efficient dye‐sensitized solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of up to 11.2% and high open‐circuit voltages of over 1.1 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Mountainous regions of the globe experience landslides due to heavy rainfall and unplanned construction on slopes. Geojute is adopted globally as a landslide rehabilitation measure, but its impact on natural vegetation development is poorly understood. The present study was conducted to examine the impact of geojute application on vegetation restoration, ecology and carbon stock in a recently occurred landslide, during 2012. The results revealed that the geojute application improved the richness, diversity, density and basal area of plant species at the landslide site. Likewise, biomass production, carbon stock and carbon sequestration of plant species was observed significantly higher in geojute treatments compared to control (without geojute treatment). Moreover, significant improvement in soil moisture was recorded beneath the geojute treatments. Further, results showed that the geojute is highly effective in controlling soil erosion at the landslide site. The findings of this study revealed ecological and environmental benefits of geojute application in term of improvement in vegetation recovery processes, species diversity and carbon sequestration at the landslide site. The scientific outcome of this study can be helpful for planning the rehabilitation measures in landslide affected regions of the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing population poses serious threats not only to forests but also to the overall environment due to fuel and wood consumption used for various purposes. However, converting organic waste into fire bricks could be a useful step towards alternative energy sources. In the present study, fire bricks were prepared using organic waste i.e., cardboard, rice husk, saw dust, cow dung and newspapers. Firstly, the brick manufacturing materials were soaked in water in various ratios and converted into paste with mortar and pestle to make bricks. Secondly, the fire bricks were analyzed for gas emissions, burning time period, flue gas temperature and net efficiency. The results reveal that gas emissions were below the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). Moreover, the results were also compared with a commonly used fuel wood (Vachellia karroo) to calculate the statistical variations for various parameters. Thus, the net efficiency range of fire bricks was from 39.7 to 58.9%, significantly higher than that of the fuel wood. The flue gas temperature varied from 230 to 430 °C. Therefore, the bricks were found to have high heat intensity, to be easy to use, and to have needed small space for their storage. Additionally, fire bricks are cost-effective compared to fuel wood. It is concluded that high quality and durable fire bricks can be made while using a combination of rice husk and newspapers (RHNP), rice husk and cardboard (RHCB), sawdust and cardboard (SDCB), cow dung and cardboard (CDCB), cow dung and newspapers (CDNP), sawdust and cow dung (SDCD) in a ratio of 2:3. It is due to all these benefits, that fire bricks were considered eco-friendlier in efficiency than fuel wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shot hole disease of stone fruits caused by Thyrostroma carpophilum has become a major threat to stone fruit industry of Jammu and Kashmir, India because of the failure in its management with fungicides. To understand the diversity in shot hole pathogen, a combination of conventional (morphological, cultural and pathological) and molecular (ISSR and ITS markers) approaches were employed to discern variability in 25 isolates of T. carpophilum isolated from peach, plum, apricot, almond and cherry leaves collected from Srinagar, Ganderbal, and Baramulla districts of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The studies revealed a high level of variability among the pathogen. Based on the morpho-cultural and pathological studies, the isolates were grouped into different categories based on colony growth, texture, margin and colour besides change in media colour, incubation period, leaf area infected, etc. Using ISSR markers, a high level of polymorphism in different isolates of T. carpophilum was observed which indicated that these markers are suitable for studying the genetic diversity in this pathogen. Based on dendrogram, the isolates were grouped irrespective of their geographical origin or host species. Phylogenetic analysis of the 25 sequences based on ITS region showed maximum similarity with T. carpophilum (Syn. Wilsonomyces carpophilus) sequences retrieved from NCBI and grouped them in a single clade which proved it as a powerful tool for authentic identification. The pathogen was highly variable based on morpho-cultural, pathological and molecular (ISSR) characterisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants have a proven long history for their effective use to prevent and treat diseases. During the recent decades, the modern drug discovery approaches have refocused on traditional medicinal plants because of their higher contribution for providing new drugs, drug candidates, novelty and mechanism insights. Juglans regia L. is very famous for providing precious and medicinal dry fruits which are extensively being used in many parts of the world. In this study four parts of J. regia i.e. fruits, leaves, stem bark and green husk were investigated for metal contamination by using atomic absorption spectroscopy and found that Cd contamination in its fruits, Cu and Mg concentration in all parts of J. regia (fruits, leaves, stem bark and green husk) were critically above the standard permissible limits. Methanolic extracts of various parts for J. regia were screened for antimicrobial activities against twelve different human pathogens which indicated that fruits, leaves, stem bark and green husk were proved to be potential source of antimicrobial activities in comparison to the standard clinical drugs i.e. ciprofloxacin and nystatin which was used as positive control. Whereas, J. regia fruit had potent antioxidant properties with IC50 value of 6.938693 mg mL-1. Total phenolic contents were ranged from 12.6987 to 31.9685 mg of GA g-1 whereas, highest flavonoid contents were found in the fruit's extract which was 25.8231 mg g-1 and lowest in leaves extract of J. regia i.e. 7.2861 mg g-1. Breast cancer is the top most prevalent cancer in women worldwide and is responsible for nearly 58% of all cancer deaths. The Juglans regia fruits, green husk, stem bark and leaves showed promising antiproliferative activities against MCF-7 breast cell lines. Fruit of J. regia was proved to be more potent as compared to other parts screened with highest antiproliferative activity i.e. GI50 1.581722 at conc.1 mg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil erosion negatively affects vegetation that brings deteriorating changes in the structure and composition of plant communities. Present study investigated the impact of soil erosion on vegetation along Jhelum valley road District Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Phytosociological attributes were measured by using quadrat method. Geographical characters of each site were recorded including slope, aspect and elevation of eroded sites. Five sites were selected three were disturbed and two were used as control sites for general comparison. At disturbed sites Average Shannon diversity was 2.47; Simpson diversity was 0.94; Species richness was1.75; Evenness was 0.7. At control sites. Average Shannon diversity was 2.95; Simpson diversity was 0.97; Species richness was 2.02; Evenness was 0.72. Maximum similarity was 66.13 recorded between Control site 1 and Control site 2 while minimum similarity was 22.98 recorded between disturbed site 1 and Control site 1. There was a general trend of low diversity of trees and shrubs at disturbed sites as compared to control sites. Therophytes were dominant at disturbed site and regeneration pattern was high at disturbed sites. A total of 99 plants representing 91 genera belonging to 45 families were recorded from investigated area. The dominant family was Poaceae followed by Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Rosaceae. At disturbed sites Shannon diversity was 2.47; Simpson diversity was 0.94; Species richness was1.75; Evenness was 0.7. At control sites Shannon diversity was 2.95; Simpson diversity was 0.97; Species richness was 2.02; Evenness was 0.72. At control sites, more diversity and richness was observed as compared to disturbed sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]