Search

Background: Physical activity and sport (PAS) have been related to health and social benefits, but their monetary value remains unclear. This systematic review on the social return on investment of PAS aimed to find what are the social outcomes measured in previous PAS literature and how are these measured and valued. Methods: A systematic search was conducted on WoS, PubMed, and EconLit. Articles in English, measuring the social value of any type of PAS in monetary terms and utilizing a social return on investment framework, were included. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Drummond checklist. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Results: Fifty-five documents (2010–2022), from all continents except America, were included; only 8 were published in peer-reviewed journals, whereas 47 were reports. Most studies evaluated the benefits of specific programs, and 6 measured the engagement in PAS at the population level based on national or community surveys. The social outcomes identified were health (94.5%), crime (50.9%), education (83.6%), subjective well-being (89.1%), social capital (60%), and other (3.6%–23.6%). The valuation methods included willingness to pay, well-being valuation, the cost of an activity that could result in the same outcome, and cost databases associating outcomes with a monetary value. Conclusions: This study updates a previous review and widens the scope by answering the question of how social outcomes are measured and valued in previous PAS literature. Given the heterogeneity found in the application of the method, this review will inform a Delphi study to reach a Global Consensus Statement on the measurement of social value and PAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the psychological effects from stock market returns. Using an FBI database of over 55 million daily reported crime incidents across the United States, crime is proposed as a measure of psychological well-being. The evidence suggests that stock returns affect the well-being of not only investors but also noninvestors. Specifically, a contemporaneous negative (positive) relationship between daily stock market returns and violent crime rates is found for investors (noninvestors). A similar relationship is also found between local earnings surprises and violent crime. The contrasting relationships for investors and noninvestors suggests that relative wealth may influence well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gestational age limits (GLs) are common in abortion laws and policies. They restrict when lawful abortion may be accessed by reference to the gestational duration of a pregnancy, in some cases specifying that abortion is a criminal offense after, but not before, the GL. This synthesis of legal and health evidence addresses knowledge gaps on the health and non-health outcomes plausibly related to the effects of GLs on abortion-related outcomes. Methods: This paper synthesizes the results of a systemic review with the identification and application of relevant international human rights standards. A search strategy was drawn up to capture public health, international human rights law, and policy evidence related to the impacts of GLs. We limited our search to papers published in English since 2010, including quantitative studies (comparative and non-comparative), qualitative and mixed-methods studies, reports, PhD theses, and economic or legal analyses. Only studies that undertook original data collection or analysis were included. Review of treaties, opinions, interpretations, general comments, and special procedures of UN human rights bodies identified relevant human rights standards, which were then synthesized with the extracted data to create a comprehensive evidence synthesis. Results: GLs do not prevent people from seeking abortion but do operate as a regulatory barrier that can result in people seeking abortion outside of the formal health system or unwillingly continuing pregnancy. In many jurisdictions, they interact with the criminalization of abortion, with significant health and non-health impacts. GLs impact most on people who are least able to access abortion because of later detection of pregnancy, lack of access to abortion provision, and lack of access to the resources required to avail of abortion. Conclusions: Although paradigmatic in abortion law, GLs are not based on evidence of either the safety or effectiveness of abortion or the needs and preferences of pregnant people. They produce rights-limiting impacts for pregnant people and, in some cases, result in arbitrary and disproportionate violations of legally protected rights. The persistence of GLs as part of the regulatory framework for abortion provision cannot be said to ensure an enabling environment for quality abortion care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Australia, vagrancy and public order laws have been used to criminalise homelessness since colonisation. Such laws have never provided an effective deterrent against 'offending' because most crimes committed by homeless people are survival-related or otherwise associated with their homeless status. It is generally agreed that a welfare-oriented rather than a punitive approach is needed if these 'crimes' are to be prevented, however the perspectives of homeless people on this subject remain largely unknown. We undertook a national study where we asked homeless individuals and criminal law practitioners to comment on whether and how criminal law processes could respond more appropriately to the 'offending' behaviour of homeless people. Practitioners viewed criminal law interventions as an opportunity to connect homeless individuals with the services they required. However, the homeless participants were not supportive of mandated social service intervention. They eschewed a criminal identity and wanted state actors to leave them alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Land on Fire: The Spatial Production of the Mafia" proposes to address a major lacuna in geographic literature: How mafia groups are socially and spatially reproducing themselves through the intentional setting of fire. Analyzing the 2021 and 2023 wildfire seasons in Sicily, this research proposes that the Sicilian Mafia is operationalizing both rural and urban space in novel ways that reflect a transformation in their organizational structure. This work engages with Henri Lefebvre's theory on the production of space but also uses ethnography in Sicily to reorient our understanding of mafia crime, suggesting that the Sicilian Mafia's operationalization of the landscape reflects not only an evolution of the Mafia but also an altered relationship with the land itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alfredo Stroessner ruled Paraguay for three and a half decades; his dictatorship has continued to overshadow the country since his ouster in 1989, despite its formal democratization. His Colorado Party has retained firm control over the state through clientelistic practices. Civil society remains weak after being subjected to "preventive repression" under the dictatorship. Corruption is widespread, with senior political figures linked to organized crime; smuggling and drug trafficking are flourishing. Another Stroessner legacy is neighboring Brazil's dominant position in Paraguay's economy, especially in the agriculture sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assassination of President Jovenel Moise in July 2021 plunged Haiti into accelerated institutional decay. Armed groups took control of 80 percent of the capital city and gained autonomy from the powerful political and private actors that had initially funded and controlled them. The state's failure to stop the gangsterization of Haitian society reflects the predatory nature of its ruling class. Moreover, neoliberal policies imposed by Western powers have widened the chasm between the privileged elite and the majority trapped in poverty, contributing to a series of cumulative and worsening social and political crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his six years as president, Andrés Manuel López Obrador claimed to be bringing genuine democracy to Mexico. Although his anti-poverty programs proved effective, his transformation of the political system diminished pluralism while building up the dominance of his Morena party, which he continues to lead since leaving office. He also gave the military an expanded role in domestic tasks such as internal security and infrastructure management, creating a new civil-military model of governance. Meanwhile, organized crime groups were left largely unchecked, effectively co-governing large swaths of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to characterize people with dementia who were charged with criminal offences between 1995 and 2020 and describe their offending. Court cases were derived from Australian legal databases and descriptive data were manually extracted from case reports. Of 62 people variously charged with homicide, assault, child sexual assault, breach of conditions, property and larceny offences, driving offences, perverting the course of justice and arson, 46 were identified as having executive dysfunction, either as stated by medical expert witnesses or implicitly, due to conditions like Huntington's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Offending history was found to differ depending on offence type and dementia type. Executive dysfunction appears to underly offending in the sample; furthermore, some disease factors may combine to 'inhibit' or 'permit' offending. Permitting factors include executive dysfunction and younger age at time of offending; inhibitory factors include dementia-related impacts on mobility, memory and reaction speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is accepted all over the world that children whose biological, psychological, cognitive, moral and social development processes are ongoing and whose value judgments are not sufficiently developed should not be punished or that punishment reductions should be applied. This study retrospectively analyzed the variables in a Turkish sample of 315 cases in which the criminal responsibility of children (83.5% boys and 16.5% girls) was determined using forensic psychiatric evaluation. The most common types of offense were theft (33.7%) and injury (31.1%). It was determined that the children involved in theft offenses were more often boys whose families were low income and broken, and that these children were more likely to commit offenses again. The characteristics of juvenile delinquents can be used in social studies to aid with preventing the involvement of children in criminal offenses, and supportive and protective measures should be taken to assist these vulnerable children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the significant global repercussions of terrorism, including loss of lives and economic resources, research on its relationship with crime has been limited to group-level analyses. This study examines the individual criminal activities of Australian Neo-Jihadists, via social network analysis from an individual perspective. Judicial documents and newspaper articles are analysed to determine the criminal activities and operational roles of network actors. Findings suggest a prominence of criminal activities, and a significant relationship between market criminal activities and facilitation of terrorist operations. The study concludes with suggestions for future research, emphasising the potential for disrupting terrorist networks by focusing on the new crime-terror nexus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparing police crime-rates to newspaper reports for a period of over six decades this reasearch first examined crime reporting in the media. Second, it confirmed what we know: location of crime news in the paper (front page, center), reports length, tone, choice of words, gender, race or class issues. Third, it suggests a new challenging insight. Rather than have periodic, discrete crimereports, waves or moral panics, the data indicate that the media maintains inflated, consistent and continuous levels of crime reporting, thereby keeping a relative high level of concern and fear thus normalizing and routinizing these concerns and fears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study of police emergency calls in the UK addresses the interactional work conducted when dealing with reports of kidnap. In the UK, kidnap is classed as a type of 'crime-in-action', known to be complex to categorise and code for the appropriate police response. Using the qualitative method of 'conversation analysis', we address this complexity through analysing a dataset of anonymised emergency calls which are, at some point during the call or subsequent police investigation, categorised as 'kidnap'. Analysing the calls, their categorisations and the accompanying incident logs, we aim to understand the difficulties that can arise in identifying this type of high-stakes incident at the first point of police contact. We find callers encode differing levels of 'entitlement' in requests for police assistance, with potential effects on call-handlers' decisions about kidnap categorisations. We also observe interactional difficulties in establishing information about the incident, either through the caller's displayed lack of knowledge or certainty, difficulty in producing turns or sometimes resistance to providing further information. These features may render the call-handler's task of categorising incidents as 'kidnap' more challenging. Our identification of these communicative patterns has potential benefits for call-handlers' practices in the police control room, providing an evidence-base from real-life talk for training. The findings also have implications at an institutional level, as they shed light on the negotiations that underly 'categorisation' work in policing, where there may sometimes only be a tacit understanding of how crime categories are decided during initial reports from the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cityscapes undergo a profound transformation as night falls, revealing a vibrant tapestry of leisure and entertainment that becomes the heartbeat of urban life. This nighttime activity, however, often coexists with the complex issue of urban crime. In this bibliometric study, spanning over forty-one years of literature, we explore the nexus between nightlife activities—specifically leisure and entertainment—and their relationship with urban crime for the first time. Through the analysis of 313 documents, we employ performance analysis and science mapping to navigate the extensive information base and assess the evolving dynamics in this domain. This novel study reveals patterns, trends, and scholarly contributions, offering unprecedented insights unveiling the nexus between the nighttime economy and urban crime. It also explores the evolution of research themes and discerns the major research areas, examining the conceptual, social, and intellectual structures that underpin this field. Additionally, the study identifies trending topics, offering a comprehensive view of the current state and trajectory of research. This study offers a concise yet comprehensive resource for policymakers, practitioners, and urban planners, shedding light on the complex link between nightlife vibrancy and urban crime, which is essential for crafting targeted urban safety policies and crime prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latin America is the most violent region in the world. Recent research on the causes of crime have concluded that institutional effectiveness and corruption appear to be relevant variables explaining variations in crime trends. However, there is scarce research that focuses on understanding how these variables impact the criminal justice system and how they may affect crime. This paper aims to add to the literature by providing a theoretical framework on how effectiveness and corruption affects crime. Further, it reviews the current state of the criminal justice system in Latin America (i.e., the police, the judiciary, and the prison system) and offers a summary of how effective and corrupt these institutions are. Based on a high-level overview of primary research it is found that the criminal justice system is ineffective and suffers from high levels of corruption and, consequently, its capacity of capturing, judging and rehabilitating criminals is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to investigate the linkages between intergenerational income mobility and crime for 27 OECD countries, considering different types of crime, family ties, enforcement, in terms of punishment rate and perceived quality of the legal system, redistributive outcomes and government expenditure. Design/methodology/approach: Using the Global Database of Intergenerational Mobility (GDIM), the empirical analysis is conducted by coupling the principal components analysis with the hierarchical clustering. The variance tests verify the robustness of the clusters. Findings: Income mobility is higher in those countries where there is high public investment devoted to education and high perception of rule of law to buffer the adverse effects of crime on income mobility. The redistributive policies must be oriented to better the wealth distribution and not only income equality opportunity to decrease crime and to increase income mobility. A plausible existence of "hidden" income mobility emerges from the linkages between income mobility and frauds. Social implications: More redistributive policies for education, income and wealth equality should be applied in those countries with low income mobility and high violent crime rates; higher punishment rates should be applied to reduce the rates of thefts and frauds in high income mobility countries. Originality/value: The main contribution is the identification of what type of crime leads to downward income mobility, as well as the role of perceived quality of the legal system, government and family ties in the association between income mobility and crime, suggesting also the potential existence of "hidden" income mobility. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-07-2023-0520 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present text presents partial results of the research "Young people with disability due to gunshot wounds: an exploratory study from the Memorialistic Narratives", which aimed to problematize the effects of violence and criminality in the juvenile sphere by investigating, beyond the increase in mortality and incarceration rates, the transformation of these young people into people with disabilities, specifically, people in wheelchairs. To achieve this goal, we used as a method the Memorialistic Narratives and worked on the categories of exclusion, violence and a body marked by trauma. We will reflect on the case of Guilherme, a poor, marginalized young man with a disability and a wheelchair user due to a gunshot wound. The choice for his case relates to the different forms that violence can assume, influencing lives and leaving marks, besides, we believe that his life story can contribute to qualifying psychology's look at young people in contexts of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article purports to narrate the particular circumstances in which the Mexican National Survey on Victimization and Perception of Public Security (ENVIPE) came into being as a response to correct the lack of information about a social problem (crime) that was (and is) seriously affecting the country. It describes the events and the actions of the agencies and individuals involved that led to the design and eventually carrying out of an annual survey that has become a centerpiece of information on crime for Mexico and that, in turn, has contributed to the development of similar surveys in other Latin American countries. It presents its main features and some of the challenges it may face in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past 50 years, various changes and improvements to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) have occurred. During this time, the NCVS has provided important national data on personal and household victimization and has remained a key resource for understanding victims' experiences. As the survey continues to evolve over time to address emerging data needs, this article provides details on the most recent multiyear effort to redesign the NCVS instrument. This effort was focused on three main goals: modernize the organization and content of the NCVS instrument, increase the quality of information collected and efficiency of the instrument flow, and improve the measurement and classification of crime. As we look forward to the next 50 years of NCVS data collection, the new NCVS instrument will continue to be a rich data source for understanding criminal victimization and the resulting consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using restricted data from 2011 to 2014, this study examines whether neighborhood immigrant concentration and survey interview language are associated with participation in the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). The findings show that survey participation in the NCVS during the study period did not differ appreciably among households and persons sampled from neighborhoods with larger shares of immigrants. This suggests that the NCVS can contribute meaningfully to knowledge about the relationship between neighborhood immigrant concentration and levels of crime, providing an important complement to studies based on crime data collected by law enforcement agencies. Interview language had a minimal impact on nonresponse among Hispanic respondents in the NCVS, but the study revealed much higher rates of nonresponse across waves among Asian household respondents who completed the NCVS in a non-English language, especially among those from neighborhoods with relatively low immigrant concentration. This suggests that greater translation support for Asian respondents could increase NCVS response rates. Replicating and extending our research with more recent NCVS data, and incorporating the new item on citizenship status, would be valuable given the continued growth in the immigrant population, increased share of immigrants who routinely speak a language other than English at home, and social and political changes that have corresponded with observed reductions in nonresponse in government-administered surveys. We encourage the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) to facilitate such research by routinely making the restricted NCVS data available for researchers to use within the nation's Federal Statistical Research Data Centers and by adding interview language as a permanent fixture of the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the advantages of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is that it is a large-scale data collection that allows data to be analyzed on various subpopulations. Since the survey's inception, there have been changes to the population, law, and areas of public interest. In July of 2016, questions were added to the NCVS on citizenship, veteran status, sexual orientation, and gender identity. In addition, changes were made to existing questions on disability status and household income. This allowed for analysis of criminal victimization against more demographic groups. This article discusses these changes and provides estimates of violent victimization by these demographic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aims to investigate three-year follow-up among young adults who entered residential substance use disorder (SUD) treatment with regard to outcomes related to education, work and mortality. Methods: Participants who entered residential SUD treatment between 2011 and 2016 aged 16–29 years were included in the study. In this study, we used data from the electronic health records of the treatment facility of the participants and linked these with data from nationwide registries. The data included de-identified, person-level information on patient demographics, crime, treatment use and socioeconomic factors. The primary outcome was education and employment status, analyzed using logistic regression. Results: At the follow-up, two-fifths of the sample were in education or employment, half were receiving welfare benefits and the annual income level was low. 3.6% of the sample had died. Those who were in education or work were less likely to have post-treatment convictions and to use residential SUD treatment services than those who were not. Conclusion: Being in education or employment and not engaging in crime or severe substance use can create a life situation that helps to sustain recovery. There is a need to establish SUD treatment for young adults that includes education- and employment-focused interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We test whether there is a shared mechanism between many environmental risk factors and delinquency. Youth developing in harsh and unpredictable environments can adopt the belief that the world is chaotic, people are undependable, and they are unable to control their circumstances (i.e., an unpredictability schema). They may then opt to focus on the present (i.e., a short-term mindset), rather than invest in a future that is not stable or guaranteed. Methods: We test this idea by examining whether harsh and unpredictable environments are associated with delinquency—first through unpredictability schemas and then short-term mindsets—using structural equation models of two representative and geographically diverse longitudinal datasets. Results: Results show that many indicators of harsh and unpredictable environments predict unpredictability schemas and short-term mindsets. Their relationships with delinquency are mediated through short-term mindsets, especially sensation-seeking, but less so through unpredictability schemas. Conclusions: Similar findings across the datasets suggest short-term mindsets may be evoked as a response to harsh and unpredictable environments, namely unpredictable parenting and violence among peers. This illuminates the consequences of exposure to adverse environments and lends credence to the idea that short-term mindsets can help explain the link between many risk factors and crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research on juvenile court processing indicates that legal and extralegal factors impact outcomes at judicial disposition. Less is known, however, if the combined effects of certain characteristics influence decision-making. Applying the liberation hypothesis, this study investigates the interactive effects of a juvenile's age, race/ethnicity, and offense severity on dispositional outcomes. Using all adjudicated complaints from North Carolina between 2011 and 2018, results suggest that irrespective of a juvenile's age, youth of color had greater odds of receiving residential placement than community-based sanctions. Regardless of offense severity, Black youth were treated more punitively than Hispanics and Whites. Findings underscore the importance of acknowledging disparities in case outcomes and creating programming options within juvenile justice to meet the needs of youth of color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A person can report a crime anonymously. However, without sufficient motivation, individuals are reluctant to report the crime. To encourage individuals who can provide evidence of a crime, reporting a crime is closely associated with the rewarding mechanism. Anonymous crime reporting is not a challenging issue. We can use a conventional security mechanism to protect individuals' identities. However, it becomes a challenging issue when the objective is to ensure anonymous crime reporting and anonymous rewarding. With the help of a trusted third-party, such as a security agency, conventional mechanisms collect crime-related evidence and reward whistleblowers. However, a trusted third-party may disclose the whistleblower's identity and become an insider adversary. Therefore, to collect evidence related to a crime and reward anonymous whistleblowers for their services, we need a mechanism that eliminates the requirement of a trusted third-party. In this article, we propose a mechanism for anonymous reporting and anonymous rewarding (ARAR) using blockchain technology. We use the public blockchain to timestamp the collected evidence securely and reward the individuals who first submit the evidence. We evaluated the security strength of the proposed mechanism in the presence of active insider and outsider adversaries. The proposed mechanism is significantly reliable in identifying the order in which the evidence of a crime is reported by individuals and associating individuals with their reported information without revealing their identities. Finally, we analyze the efficiency of the proposed mechanism and provide a prototype implementation. Security and performance analysis shows that the proposed mechanism is secure, privacy-preserving, feasible, and efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When individuals are released from prison, they typically enter a period of post confinement community supervision. While under community supervision, their behaviors are subject to special conditions requiring them to report to supervisors and prohibiting certain behaviors such as drug and alcohol use. Many supervisees are returned to prison because they violate those special conditions, or because they commit minor crimes that would not result in prison were they not being supervised. But others are returned to prison for serious new crimes. We distinguish the two as nuisance behaviors (the former) and pernicious behaviors (the latter). Our research applies competing events survival analysis to distinguish a structural model that accounts for nuisance behaviors from a structural model that accounts for pernicious behaviors. We demonstrate that returning offenders to prison for technical violations and minor crimes may reduce the incidence of major crimes because the occurrence of nuisance behaviors and pernicious behaviors are highly correlated. Our findings support the theory that nuisance behaviors signal the likelihood of pernicious behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gümüshane University Journal of Social Sciences (GUSBID) / Gümüshane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (GUSBID) is the property of Gumushane University Electronic Journal of the Institute of Social Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The United Kingdom (UK), like many countries, vowed to the prevention and condemnation of mass atrocity crimes. Yet mass atrocity crimes seem to have flourished in the last decade, and little has been done to prevent and stop them. The article starts from the assumption that action on the international level looks bleak because important states increasingly silence mass atrocity crimes. Considering the UK's former prestige as a 'leading hawk' in the Kosovo crisis and regarding the responsibility to protect and humanitarian intervention, the country looks like a difficult case for our thesis. Theoretically, the emerging concept of 'silencing' will be employed to understand how foreign policy inaction is backed up in the domestic political discourse. We will examine three proven cases (committed against the Rohingya, the Uyghurs, and in Yemen) and show to what extent not only the government but also the entire political class has been silencing mass atrocity crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing share of mortgages display some financial assistance from sellers, or seller contributions, leading to an inflated transaction price thus distorting the loan-to-value ratio (LTV). Our study finds that such loans have sharply increased rates of delinquency, even after accounting for this LTV distortion effect. Further, when contributions are more likely to have been requested by the buyers, instead of the sellers bringing them to the bargaining table, the association with delinquency is clearest. These contributions signal buyers' potential liquidity constraints which may make them more vulnerable to financial shocks after origination, thus more likely to enter delinquency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This survey of a national Canadian sample examines the associations between individual- and community-level factors with arrest by police. Indigenous Peoples were more than twice as likely to have been arrested than White people. Indigenous Peoples living in Indigenous enclaves were nearly five times as likely to be arrested than White people in similar communities. And Indigenous females who lived in Indigenous enclaves were nearly 20 times more likely to be arrested than otherwise similar, White females. Indigenous males in these communities were also disadvantaged relative to their White counterparts. These findings strongly suggest that over-policing contributes to the overrepresentation of Indigenous Peoples across the Canadian criminal legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Derecho Penal y Criminologia is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departamento de Derecho Penal y Criminologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The complex relationship between crime and urban permeability is evident in the models of CPTED. Access restriction has been considered as a design strategy to reduce crime rates. The present study investigates the impact of impermeability on fear of crime in Kuruçeşme, a historic neighborhood in Bursa. Space Syntax is applied to evaluate the configurational relationship between the neighborhood and the city through correlation analysis of connectivity (local) and integration (global) measures. By choosing the least correlated segments in the scatter plot diagram, two incompatible areas are identified: areas with "excessive permeability" (locally permeable with low global accessibility) and areas with "severe impermeable" (globally accessible with low local permeability). These areas are assessed through semi-structured, in-depth interviews, allowing inhabitants to express their thoughts about and experiences of the fear of victimization. The findings reveal that physical cues perceived as signs of danger are different in public areas characterized with excessive permeability or severe impermeability. The former suffers from a lack of "natural surveillance" and physical disorders, while the latter engenders extreme "territoriality", resulting in social incivilities. The research underscores that urban impermeability heightens the fear of victimization by changing the configurational features of a neighborhood and manipulating mechanisms of crime prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reads Karl Marx's Capital (volume 1, 1867) as the Bildungsroman of a congenital criminal: its eponymous character, Capital. Following Friedrich Engels's The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845), Marx detects and dissects capitalism's crimes. Capital has been called Marx's 'Victorian novel' and compared to English realism's triple-deckers. Yet his indispensable informants include factory inspectors whose reports, according to Fredric Jameson, provide testimony beyond anything realism can represent. How, then, does Marx's apparently realist aesthetic convey Capital's criminal deeds and criminogenic drive? To address this matter, the article examines the Gothicism of Marx's realism. It highlights his development of Engels's Gothic realism, demonstrates how Capital begins in media res—its first sentence presenting an immense, monstrous collection of evidence of Capital's cannibalism—and links this opening crime scene to Marx's portrayal of the 1863 case of Mary Anne Walkley. Murdered in her workplace, Walkley inhabits an underworld overpopulated by fellow workers killed by wage-labour. The article argues that, because actuality under the rule of Capital is structurally and monstrously criminal, Marx's Gothic constitutes a realistic medium to represent criminal monsters and structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Geschichte für heute is the property of Wochenschau Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the role of the "wheelbarrow men" in the evolution of Pennsylvania's legal system. These men, sentenced under the 1786 "wheelbarrow law" to public labor, became living symbols of the law's failure as they publicly defied and mocked their punishment. Their acts of resistance spurred a societal and legislative shift, questioning the efficacy of public punishment and igniting debates on criminal reform. The article argues that the wheelbarrow men's challenges to authority were instrumental in the development of the Walnut Street Prison and later, the Eastern State Penitentiary. By centering the wheelbarrow men's actions, the article demonstrates how legal practices shifted not just through top-down legislative changes but also through the contentious interactions between law, society, and the individuals subjected to punishment. The article reshapes our understanding of early American criminal justice, highlighting the complex interplay between legal theory and the lived realities of punishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of intelligence-led policing in fighting crime, particularly robbery. The study also looks at the impediments to the implementation of intelligence-led policing in fighting robbery. Design/methodology/approach: This study adopted a mixed method design on a sample of 60 police officers in Mutare policing district, who were selected using stratified and purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected through a mainly closed-ended questionnaire and in-depth interviews. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to analyse quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. Findings: Findings revealed that the Zimbabwe Republic Police has embraced intelligence-led policing, with informer management, crime database management and physical surveillance as the main intelligence-led policing strategies. Findings also revealed that the intelligence-led policing strategy has largely been reactive rather than proactive. Notwithstanding some positives, such as intelligence-led arrests, the implementation of the initiative has been hampered by lack of resources, such as human resource, modern technology and motor vehicles. Originality/value: This study interrogates the effectiveness of one of the widely used crime fighting strategies across the globe. While most of the previous studies focused on developed countries, this study focused on a developing country that, however, is one of the first countries to embrace the intelligence-led policing strategy on the African continent. The study also highlights the impediments to the effective implementation of intelligence-led policing, as well as offering prescriptive measures to deal with these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]