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Introduction. The study aimed to determine the influence of exercises in a closed kinematic chain, exercises in the eccentric mode in combination with proprioceptive muscle facilitation on the level of elbow injuries and technical skills of amateur climbers. Methods. The participants were 84 male amateur rock climbers aged 18-19 years; 40 athletes were in the intervention group and 44 were in the control group. in the intervention group, a developed injury prevention program was used. The program included the application of neuromuscular training. Exercises for proprioceptive muscle facilitation were also performed. We determined the elbow injury incidence rate and confidence intervals and the reliability of the influence of the technique mastery level on the number of injuries by the Cochran and Mantel-Haenszel methods. Results. The use of our program reduced the incidence rate ratio in climbers for mild, moderate, and severe elbow injuries; a significant decrease was found for moderate and severe injuries. There was also a significant improvement in the results of biomechanical analysis of the climbing technique in athletes in the intervention group (p < 0.001). A high reliability was determined of the influence of the technique mastery level on the number of injuries (p < 0.001). Conclusions. The use of exercises in a closed kinematic chain, exercises in the eccentric mode in combination with proprioceptive muscle facilitation reduces the incidence rate ratio of elbow injuries and increases technical skills among amateur climbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this work to determine the influence of a program containing exercises in a closed kinematic chain, eccentric and strength exercises on injuries of students - rock climbers. Methods: Participants in this study were 84 male amateur climbing students, aged 18-19, 40 athletes were in the intervention group and 44 in the control group. In the intervention group, the program for the injuries prevention has been stalled. The program included exercises that are performed in a closed kinematic chain in combination with exercises that are performed in eccentric mode and strength exercises. We determined the Incidence rate ratio and confidence intervals. The Incidence rate ratio was determined by the by Fisher exact test. Results: The significant influence of the developed program on the reduction of injuries among the athletes of the intervention group was revealed. Injury rate per 1000 AEs recorded of all shoulder injuries in the control group was 3.182, in the intervention group was 0.5, P < 0.001. The incidence rate ratio for mild shoulder injuries was 0.861 (0.737; 1.007). The incidence rate ratio for moderate shoulder injuries was 0.862 (0.751; 0.990; P = 0.039). The incidence rate ratio for severe shoulder injuries was 0.864 (0.768; 0.971; P = 0.017). Conclusions: The use of exercises in a closed kinematic chain and exercises in an eccentric mode reduces the Incidence rate ratio of shoulders among students - amateur climbers. The incidence rate ratio decreases in the intervention group for mild, moderate, and severe shoulder injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The purpose of the research was to provide a comparative characteristic of the dynamics of psychophysiological functions and indicators of physical and technical readiness of young footballers aged 12-13 and 15-16 years during 3 months of training. Methods. The study involved 24 football players; 12 were 12-13 years old, 12 were 15-16 years old. Parameters characteristic of determining the psychophysiological status, indicators of the nervous system work capacity, and attention indicators were analysed with the help of computer programs for psychophysiological testing. Also, the level of physical preparedness (60-m running, 1000-m running, shuttle running, pull-ups, standing long jump), and of technical preparedness (juggling, running throw) were established. Testing was carried out at the beginning of the preparatory period and at the beginning of the competition period of an annual training process cycle. The gap between the tests was 3 months. Results. Changes of psychophysiological indicators and indicators of physical and technical fitness that occurred in the observed period were more expressed among the 12-13 years old football players than in those aged 15-16 years. Conclusions. At the age of 12-13 years, emphasis should be put on the development of psychophysiological functions since at an older age the level of these functions is more difficult to influence, which can be decisive for the perfection of the athlete in football. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The aim of the work was to determine the features of the influence of psychophysiological indices on the result in running for short distances of an elite sportswoman with visual impairments. Methods. The study involved a high-qualified athlete specializing in short-distance running and long jump. Psychophysiological testing of the athlete took place with appropriate optical lenses. Individual characteristics of the psychophysiological state and results in running at 60 m, 80 m, 100 m, 120 m, 150 m, and 200 m during 5 months of 2015 were analysed. Parameters characteristic for determining the psychophysiological state, typological characteristics of the nervous system, indicators of the nervous system working capacity, and attention indicators were analysed with the help of computer programs for psychophysiological testing. On the basis of the results in running and psychophysiological indicators, a factor analysis was carried out with the main components method with Varimax rotation, and multiple regression analysis by the linear model type in a step-by-step method. Results. Four factors were identified in the individual structure of psychophysiological functions and effectiveness in running for short distances. Compensatory mechanisms of visual deficiency were identified maintaining high speed in short-distance running as psychophysiological functions, expressed as indicators characteristic of sprinters and specific indicators (efficiency, strength of the nervous system). Conclusions. On the basis of mathematical models, the strengths of the athlete were highlighted, which tend to develop and also compensate for the inadequacy of the visual analyser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical education and sports may be the only school subject where most children should willingly participate due to its content and the formative attitudes and effects that it has on a long term. For all these motivations and expectations of the children, the teacher should find optimum, diverse, creative, organizatory, material and methodical solutions. These will reflect upon the optional physical education classes and upon outside school activities, ensuring them a greater attractiveness. The means specific to cheerleaders teams offer the possibility of enriching their knowledge, skills and aptitudes, of improving the body biometric development indexes. Also, the attractiveness and density of physical education classes can increase by involving all the students, implicitly those who are spared of physical effort or who have minor complaints. The cheerleaders teams can accompany the teams to different competitions, thus acting also on the team work capacities development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical training is a decisive structural aspect of sports training and important content that makes the tactical and technical performance ability. Specificity increasingly pronounced biomechanical structures promoted by close of proof, means of influence, but also by the size appropriate physical and mental stress, looking decisive to the development of specific motor ability. Anaerobic metabolism and Visco-elastic properties of the component muscle in situations of "stiffness" (high tone and fast-acting capacity) and all modes of expression of force in relation to speed and storage capacity and re-elastic component of muscle are factors determinants in most sports. (S. Zanoni, 1984) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical training is a decisive structural aspect of sports training and important content that makes the tactical and technical performance ability. Specificity increasingly pronounced biomechanical structures promoted by close of proof, means of influence, but also by the size appropriate physical and mental stress, looking decisive to the development of specific motor ability. Anaerobic metabolism and Visco-elastic properties of the component muscle in situations of "stiffness" (high tone and fast-acting capacity) and all modes of expression of force in relation to speed and storage capacity and re-elastic component of muscle are factors determinants in most sports. (S. Zanoni, 1984) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]