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The problems of the relationship between the cultures of the Volga-Kama region in general and the formation of the Udmurt ethnos involve scientists of various specializations. The main task of this work is to make a comprehensive description of the burial from the Tolyonsky burial ground located on the territory of the Debessky district of Udmurtia on the right bank of the Cheptsy River. Excavations were carried out by V.A. Semenov in the 1980s. Archaeological and anthropological material is stored in the Ivanova Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve Idnakar of the Udmurt Republic. The absolute radiocarbon dating of the sample was obtained: 1440 ± 69 years. An anthropological study of the remains revealed a predominant body type as thoracic or pectorally muscular; the living body length was 166 cm. The studied individual was distinguished by brachycephaly, large latitudinal dimensions of the face, and a protruding nose shape. A scientific restoration of the appearance by the method of M.M. Gerasimov was carried out; contour and graphic portraits (full face and profile) were presented. Taking into account the results of genetic analysis, a watercolor artistic portrait was made. For the first time, comprehensive paleogenetic studies have been carried out on a representative of the Polomskaya archaeological culture. The Y-chromosomal haplogroup N1a1a1a2b (B181) and the mitochondrial haplogroup U4 have been established with high reliability. The identified haplogroups in individual no. 93 from the Tolyonsky burial ground along the male and female lines are geographically confined to the Central Volga-Ural region, which is consistent with the results of anthropological and archaeological research. With a probability of more than 97%, the color of the iris of the eyes is predicted to be blue in this individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to preliminarily analyse the Polish anthropological terminology included in the most important 19th-century Kraków Słownik terminologii lekarskiej polskiej [Dictionary of Polish Medical Terminology] by S. Janikowski, J. Oettinger and A. Kremer, which was created during the period when anthropology was emerging as a new science. Anthropological terms had appeared in Kraków's medical dictionaries before (over 40%), but it was in S 1881 that they were first distinguished from medical terminology and marked with the qualifier antr. The anthropological terminology for S 1881 was prepared by prominent anthropologists who were also physicians: I. Kopernicki and J. Majer. Out of 195 Polish terms, over 70% apply to craniology and craniometry, reflecting the main direction of the development in Polish anthropology. The Polish terms are definitely indigenous. More than 80% are one- (55.4%) and two-element terms (26.2%). Synonymy is present in the analysed terminology (40.4%), although there is a visible tendency to limit the number of Polish terms in synonymic series to two (73.7%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction Skeletal Class III is one of a complex sagittal interjaw relationship. It is the result of malrelation in sagittal position of one or both jaw bones or disproportionate ratio of their length. Objective This study was carried out to assess the effective mandibular and maxillary bases length in developing Class III malocclusion with high and low mandibular plane angles. Materials and methods Cross-sectional study was carried out on a selected sample of 75 lateral cephalometric radiographs of orthodontic patients of both sexes with age ranged from 6 to 12 years old. They were divided into three equal groups. Group 1: normal ANB and mandibular plane angles as a control group, group 2: skeletal Class III with low mandibular plane angles, and group 3: skeletal Class III with high mandibular plane angles. The sample was collected from patient record files at the clinic of the Orthodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Egypt. Results A statistically significant difference was found in the effective maxillary length between group 1 and group 2 and 3. While effective mandibular length showed no statistically significant differences between the three groups. Conclusion Short maxillary base length is the main etiological factor for skeletal Class III malocclusion. While prominent mandibular base length has minimal effect in development of skeletal Class III malocclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Craniology – the practice of inferring intelligence differences from the measurement of human skulls – survived the dismissal of phrenology and remained a widely popular research program until the end of the nineteenth century. From the 1970s, historians and sociologists of science extensively focused on the explicit and implicit socio-cultural biases invalidating the evidence and claims that craniology produced. Building on this literature, I reassess the history of craniological practice from a different but complementary perspective that relies on recent developments in the epistemology of measurement. More precisely, I identify two aspects of the measurement culture of nineteenth-century craniologists that are crucial to understand the lack of validity of craniological inference: their neglect of the problem of coordination for their presupposed quantification of intelligence and their narrow view of calibration. Based on my analysis, I claim that these methodological shortcomings amplified the impact of the socio-cultural biases of craniologists, which had a pervasive role in their evidential use of measurement. Finally, my argument shows how the epistemology of measurement perspective can offer useful tools in debates concerning the use of biological evidence to foster social discourse and for analyzing the relationship between theory, evidence, and measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess whether cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) may be used for clinically reliable alveolar bone quality assessment in comparison to its clinical alternatives, multislice computed tomography and the gold standard (micro-CT). Materials and methods: Six dentate mandibular bone samples were scanned with seven CBCT devices (ProMax 3D Max, NewTom GiANO, Cranex 3D, 3D Accuitomo 170, Carestream 9300, Scanora 3D, I-CAT Next generation), one micro-CT scanner (SkyScan 1174) and one MSCT machine (Somatom Definition Flash) using two protocols (standard and high-resolution). MSCT and CBCT images were automatically spatially aligned on the micro-CT scan of the corresponding sample. A volume of interest was manually delineated on the micro-CT image and overlaid on the other scanning devices. Alveolar bone structures were automatically extracted using the adaptive thresholding algorithm. Based on the resulting binary images, an automatic 3D morphometric quantification was performed in a CT-Analyser (Bruker, Kontich, Belgium). The reliability and measurement errors were calculated for each modality compared to the gold standard micro-CT. Results: Both MSCT and CBCT were associated with a clinically and statistically (P <0.05) significant measurement error. Bone quantity-related morphometric indices (bone volume fraction 8.41% min to 17.90% max, bone surface density -0.47 mm-1 min to 0.16 mm-1 max and trabecular thickness 0.15 mm min to 0.31 mm max) were significantly (P <0.05) overestimated, resulting in significantly (P <0.05) closer trabecular pores (total porosity percentage -8.41% min to -17.90% max and fractal dimension 0.08 min to 0.17 max) in all scanners compared to micro-CT. However, the structural pattern of the alveolar bone remained similar compared to that of the micro-CT for the Pro Max 3D Max, NewTom GiANO, Cranex 3D, 3D Accuitomo 170 and Carestream 9300. On the other hand, the Scanora 3D, i-CAT Next Generation, standard and high-resolution MSCT displayed an overrated bone quantity and aberrant structural pattern compared to other scanning devices. The calculation of morphometric indices had an overall high reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] 0.62 min to 0.99 max), except for the i-CAT Next Generation CBCT (ICC 0.26 min to 0.86 max) and standard resolution MSCT (ICC 0.10 min to 0.62 max). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that most CBCT machines may be able to quantitatively assess alveolar bone quality, with a level of accuracy and reliability that approaches micro-CT. One may therefore propose to extrapolate this to clinical CBCT imaging, certainly when there is a need for implant rehabilitation in dentate jaw bones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of History / Habaršy Tarihi Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Proceedings in Archeology & History of Ancient & Medieval Black Sea Region is the property of Cimmeria Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: With the increasing possibilities of surgical treatment addressing the complex spectrum of defects in Crouzon syndrome (CS), it is of utmost importance to obtain accurate assessment of the malformation. Evaluating the volume of the posterior fossa is of great importance since many authors, considering that its volume is always decreased, favor posterior fossa enlargement as a first step in the treatment of CS. Material and methods: We studied CT scans of children with CS, which were vestibular-oriented (VO) in order to conform with physiological landmarks, and we measured intracranial volume by manual segmentation; these abnormal CT scans were superposed with VO 3D-CT scanners of age-matched controls. We studied the volume index of the posterior fossa for each CS patient defined as the ratio of its volume in CS patients with the normal for age calculated from normal controls. Results: We studied the imaging of 41 children with CS and 70 control. Among CS patients, the volume of the posterior fossa was increased in 10, compared with control. We found closure of the sphenoidal synchondrosis was correlated with age and with the width of the posterior fossa, but not with its length nor with the posterior fossa volume index. Conclusion: Segmentation on VO-CT scanner and superposition with CT scanners of normal controls is a powerful tool for the study of the impact of CS or other synostoses on volume and shape. We found that CS is more heterogeneous than previously thought, and surgical strategies should be adapted accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Here, we examine (1) if the sex‐related differences in iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) isotope ratios, represented as δ56Fe and δ65Cu values, respectively observed in humans exist in bulk occipital bone and incisors of male and female non‐human primates, and (2) if the variation of Fe and Cu isotope ratios, known to vary in human blood as a factor of age are similar in non‐human primate bone. Materials and Methods: Isotope ratios were measured from the skeletal elements of 20 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with known life history traits. The metals were purified by column chromatography and their isotope ratios measured by MC‐ICP‐MS. Data were analyzed using generalized additive models (GAM). Results: When accounting for age and sex independently, we found a significant relationship between δ65Cu values and occipital bone, but not in incisors. There were no significant relationships observed between δ56Fe values, occipital bone, or incisors. Similarly, there were no significant relationships observed between δ56Fe values, δ65Cu values, and age. Discussion We suggest that Cu and Fe isotope ratios have the potential to be useful supplementary tools in future research in biological anthropology, but additional studies are needed to further verify the relationship between sex, age, δ65Cu, and δ56Fe values in primates. Boxplots depicting the variation of δ65Cu values between male and female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). On the y‐axis are the δ65Cu values in per mil units (‰). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the relation between commercial activity and knowledge-making, looking at hatmakers in order to open up a more general question about the overlap between the knowledge practices of 19th-century science and those of everyday commercial culture of the time. Phrenology also claims attention here, since it can be said to have occupied an intermediate position between science and commerce. From time to time during the first half of the century, phrenologists attended to hatmakers in the hope of gleaning knowledge from their commercial experience, but after about 1860, scientific craniometers took a very different view. Physical anthropologists like Paul Broca believed that the skull was the key source of data on which to build a scientific anthropology of race or ethnicity. Observers drew the attention of Broca and his colleagues to the existence of a commercial device called the conformateur des chapeliers, used by hatters to determine head shape. But Broca was far less inclined to welcome hatmakers into the domain of craniology than the phrenologists had been. Whereas phrenologists had found validation in common sense, any widely available understanding of racial types was considered by Broca to be a distraction from the work of science and a potential distortion of its data. Far from the welcoming curiosity shown by London-based phrenologists, the anthropological enterprise led by Broca defined itself as scientific in part by the strictness with which it considered and dismissed such approximate and informal ways of knowing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. (1809–1894) was a Boston physician, a professor of medicine at the Harvard Medical School, and a writer of prose and poetry for general audiences. He was also one of the most famous American wits of the nineteenth century and a celebrity not bashful about exposing costly, absurd, and potentially harmful medical fads. One of his targets was phrenology, and the current article examines how he learned about phrenology during the 1830s as a medical student in Boston and Paris, and his head-reading with Lorenzo Fowler in 1858. It then turns to what he told readers of the Atlantic Monthly (in 1859) and Harvard medical students (in 1861) about phrenology being a pseudoscience and how phrenologists were duping clients. By looking at what Holmes was stating about cranioscopy and practitioners of phrenology in both humorous and more serious ways, historians can more fully appreciate the "bumpy" trajectory of one of the most significant medical and scientific fads of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The craniological analysis of Cobitis derzhavini from the Mingechaur Reservoir system and C. saniae from the Malyi Kyzylagach Bay drainage and the Alvady River in Azerbaijan did not reveal any fundamental differences in the general morphology of the neurocranium and cranial bones between these species, as well as from the previously studied C. taenia, C. melanoleuca and C. taurica. However, C. derzhavini showed high level of diversity from other Cobitis species in the proportions of some bones, at first, operculum. The results confirm that C. derzhavini is a separate species characterized by a predominance of opercular bone with weakly excised posterior margin, in contrast to opercular bone with deeply excised posterior margin observed in other craniologically studied species of Cobitis and Sabanejewia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Just a few weeks before his death in 1828, Franz Joseph Gall, the father of what others would later call phrenology, wrote a letter to an unknown person, presumably a fellow physician. The manuscript describes the case of girl, 19 months of age. The girl's skull showed marked deformations consistent with what would be called craniosynostosis or Crouzon('s) syndrome by physicians today. Gall related some clinical features of her case and suggested some treatment options. This case report is particularly interesting because it is almost 200 years old, predates Crouzon's description of the syndrome by 84 years, and shows that Gall was still involved with treating patients, even in his final year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Angular impulse generation is dependent on the position of the total body center of mass (CoM) relative to the ground reaction force (GRF) vector during contact with the environment. The purpose of this study was to determine how backward angular impulse was regulated during two forward translating tasks. Control of the relative angle between the CoM and the GRF was hypothesized to be mediated by altering trunk--leg coordination. Eight highly skilled athletes performed a series of standing reverse somersaults and reverse timers. Sagittal plane kinematics, GRF, and electromyograms of lower extremity muscles were acquired during the take-off phase of both tasks. The magnitude of the backward angular impulse generated during the push interval of both tasks was mediated by redirecting the GRF relative to the CoM. During the reverse timer, backward angular impulse generated during the early part of the take-off phase was negated by limiting backward trunk rotation and redirecting the GRF during the push interval. Biarticular muscles crossing the knee and hip coordinated the control of GRF direction and CoM trajectory via modulation of trunk--leg coordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article deals with the anthropological features of the mail skulls of Brigades (9th - 12th Cent.) from the burial grounds in the villages Shestovytsia, Hushchyn and Orgoshch (Tabaivka), Chernihiv district of Chernihiv region. The author explored 25 male skulls from the excavations of 1872, 1956, 1983 and 2018 according to craniometrical data. The author compares general male group from the Brigade burial grounds of Middle Desna region to the synchronous selections from Eastern Europe and argues that the belongs to mesodolichocranic craniological type with the moderately wide face, similar to «polians» from Chernihiv, Pereiaslav and Kyiv, according to T. Aleksieieva. The investigated male series is similar to materials from the entombments from Halych, Liubech and Iaroslavl. It is possible to reaffirm the conclusions by P. Pokas about the non-homogeneity and mixed compound of male skulls from the Brigade necropolises as well as about their morphological resemblance to the townspeople from Halych, Iaroslavl, Zhelni and Liubech (various regions of Southern Rus and Rostov-Suzdal principality). The noticeable difference between the groups from Caucasus (8th - 12th Cent.) and the Slavonic series (9th-13th Cent.) and their resemblance to general selection from the Brigade necropolises of Chernihiv Desna region was not found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Franz Joseph Gall's (1758–1828) proposal for a new theory about how to represent the mental faculties is well known. He replaced the traditional perception-judgement-memory triad of abstract faculties with a set of 27 highly specific faculties, many of which humans share with animals. In addition, he argued that these faculties are dependent on specific cortical areas, these being his organs of mind. After several years of presenting his new views in Vienna, he was banned from lecturing for what he considered absurd reasons. The edict enticed him to make a scientific journey through the German states, both to present his ideas to targeted audiences and to collect more cases. This trip, started in 1805, was extended to include stops in Denmark, Holland, and Switzerland before finally ending in Paris in 1807. For the most part, Gall was received with great enthusiasm in what is now Germany, but there were some individuals who strongly opposed his anatomical discoveries and skull-based doctrine. In this article, we examine the concerns and arguments raised by Johann Gotlieb Walter in Berlin, Henrik Steffens in Halle, Jakob Fidelis Ackermann in Heidelberg, and Samuel Thomas Soemmerring in Munich, as well as how Gall responded to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a brief period in1826, George Cruickshank (1798–1878), already an established artist in political satire and book illustration, turned to phrenology. He produced one initial print (Bumpology), followed by a collection of six plates of 33 engravings, linked by an explanatory preface, under the title, Phrenological Illustrations or an Artist's View of the Craniological System of Doctors Gall and Spurzheim. It was published during what is regarded as "the phrenological craze" in Britain. The illustrations were also produced at the height of Cruickshank's staggering creative productivity. In 1873, as phrenology was making its exit from scientific credibility into history, Cruickshank's phrenological illustrations were reissued by popular demand. Yet in contrast to his other works, these illustrations have received little attention in modern scholarship. The ways and the extent to which his caricatures constitute a contribution to the history of phrenology deserve to be studied. Here they are analyzed together with his descriptions in the prefaces to both the 1826 and 1873 editions. They reveal a surprising knowledge of phrenology in relation to Spurzheim and Gall. Furthermore, their uniquely innovative features will be identified in the context of other contemporary caricatures, and the fundamental significance of Cruickshank's achievement and its impact will be evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835–1910), the American humorist and author better known as Mark Twain, was skeptical about clairvoyance, supernatural entities, palm reading, and certain medical fads, including phrenology. During the early 1870s, he set forth to test phrenology—and, more specifically, its reliance on craniology—by undergoing two head examinations with Lorenzo Fowler, an American phrenologist with an institute in London. Twain hid his identity during his first visit, but not when he returned as a new customer three months later, only to receive a very different report about his humor, courage, and so on. He described his experiences in a short letter written in 1906 to a correspondent in London, in humorous detail in a chapter that appeared in a posthumous edition of his autobiography, and in The Secret History of Eddypus, the World Empire, a work of fiction involving time travel, which he began to write around 1901 but never completed. All three versions of Twain's phrenological ploy are presented here with commentary to put his descriptions in perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain; 1835–1910), American humorist and writer, followed scientific and medical developments, and relished exposing questionable practices and ideas. In his youth, he pondered how phrenologists were assessing character, and in 1855 he copied sections of a phrenology book and a skull diagram into a notebook. Later, in London, he had two phrenological examinations by Lorenzo Fowler—one without and the other after identifying himself. Following his "test," which produced contrasting results, he began to ridicule phrenologists and phrenology in Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn, and other works. He underwent at least two more head readings in the United States, and in Eddypus, an unfinished work from 1901 to 1902, he maintained that phrenologists base their insights primarily on how people dress and answer questions. Although now lampooning the craniological tenets of phrenology, Twain never seemed to reject the idea of distinct faculties of mind associated with specialized brain organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a study on the position of the occlusal plane with respect to the facial cranium. In the study, cephalometry was used for the measurement of the position of the occlusal plane in the facial cranium of a total of 710 patients over age 7 years. There were total 710 subjects in the study, of which 629 were Japanese and others were 81. In the study it was found that the point at the base of the nose intersects with the median sagittal plane. The root of the nose corresponds to the frontal nasal bone suture.

The article discusses the variance of the pantomographic structure of the jaws and the different film findings which include Panorex, Orthopantomograph and Panelipse. It notes that radiologists face problems due to the different types of machine available for pantomography because each machine produces an area of dimension that varies from the other film findings. It also notes that the jaws' overall size distortion was considered to be in greater size in the horizontal direction compared in the vertical direction.

The variability of the closest speaking space (CSS) was compared to that of interocclusal distance (IOD) in the anteroposterior and mediolateral planes. Data were obtained from 30 dentulous subjects during two recording sessions using a mandibular kinesiograph set to display the frontal and sagittal planes. The two variables were measured in random order 20 times each. Mean variances were compared using a paired t test. The difference between the mean variances was statistically significant (P < 0.05), with a greater value for CSS, only on the mediolateral projection. The small numerical value of this difference, however, makes any inference of clinical significance questionable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1990 and 1995, 214 implants were placed in 29 maxillae and mandibles of 22 patients following extraction of all residual teeth as a consequence of severe periodontal disease. All patients were discharged wearing immediate dentures. The implants were analyzed with regard to the number per arch, location, length, and diameter. The 5-year cumulative survival rate was 98.5%. The mean number of implants per arch was 7.5 for the maxilla and 7.2 for the mandible. The preferred implant locations were canines, central incisors, lateral incisors, and second premolars in the maxilla; and lateral incisors, first molars, and canines in the mandible. The mean implant length was 14.7 mm in the mandible and 14.5 mm in the maxilla. The mean implant diameter was 3.8 mm in the maxilla and 3.8 mm in the mandible. The results of the present study indicate that immediate implantation for fixed full-arch reconstruction can be considered a viable treatment alternative in patients with severe periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to analyze the results of local augmentations of alveolar ridge defects using bone grafting and implants (n = 55) in 16 partially edentulous patients. The mean period of functional loading was 27 months (range 2 to 80). Two implants were lost during initial healing because of wound dehiscence over the graft with subsequent infection and loosening of the implants. Two implants were left unexposed during abutment connection, so that 51 out of 55 implants placed were in function at the time of follow-up. Peri-implant parameters, such as plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, pocket depth, and implant mobility, compared well to the results found previously with implants without bone grafts in partially edentulous jaws. Plaque accumulation was registered for 18.9% of all tested abutment surfaces, while signs of gingival inflammation were present in only 3.6%. All implants were immobile, exhibiting Periotest values between - 5 and 5. A significant change in marginal bone height around the implants (0.3 mm) was found during the period of functional loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed tomography can assist the surgeon in planning the exact three-dimensional positioning of endosseous implants in the jaw bone. This study examined the reliability of three CT techniques: direct imaging (normal coronal and sagittal slices), standard reconstruction (based on axial slices), and multiplanar reconstruction and display (also based on axial slices). The three imaging techniques were used to estimate the bone height, bone width, and maximal implant length in six dissected human jaw bones. These jaws were then sawed perpendicular to their axis to enable measurement of real values for comparison. The sagittal and coronal slices frequently were overestimated, especially in the canine and premolar regions. The mean absolute deviation was 1.4 mm. Standard reconstruction offered the most reliable cross-sectional images, with a mean absolute deviation of 0.5 mm. The multiplanar reconstruction and display technique frequently demonstrated underestimations (mean absolute deviation was 2.3 mm). The standard reconstruction technique seems to be the method of choice in preoperative radiographic examination of patients before implant placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Orofacial Pain is the property of Quintessence Publishing Company Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Orofacial Pain is the property of Quintessence Publishing Company Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Orofacial Pain is the property of Quintessence Publishing Company Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Orofacial Pain is the property of Quintessence Publishing Company Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cranial sutures are fibrous connective tissue articulations found between intramembranous bones of the vertebrate cranium. Growth and remodeling of these tissues is partially regulated by biomechanical loading patterns that include stresses related to chewing. Advances in oral processing structure and function of the cranium that enabled mammalian‐style chewing is commonly tied to the origins and evolution of this group. To what degree masticatory overuse or underuse shapes the complexity and ossification around these articulations can be predicted based on prior experimental and comparative work. Here, we report on a mouse model system that has been used to experimentally manipulate dietary material properties in order to investigate cranial suture morphology. Experimental groups were fed diets of contrasting material properties. A masticatory overuse group was fed pelleted rodent chow, nuts with shells, and given access to cotton bedding squares. An underuse group was deprived of cotton bedding as well as diverse textured food, and instead received gelatinized food continuously. Animals were raised from weaning to adulthood on these diets, and sagittal, coronal and lambdoid suture morphology was compared between groups. Predicted intergroup variation was observed in mandibular corpus size and calvarial suture morphology, suggesting that masticatory overuse is associated with jaw and suture growth. The anterior region of the sagittal suture where it intersects with the coronal suture (bregma) showed no effect from the experiment. The posterior sagittal suture where it intersects with the lambdoid sutures (lambda) was more complex in the overuse group. In other words, the posterior calvarium was responsive to dietary material property demands while the anterior calvarium was not. This probably resulted from the different strain magnitudes and/or strain frequencies that occurred during overuse diets with diverse material properties as compared with underuse diets deprived of such enrichment. This work highlights the contrasting pattern of the sutural response to loading differences within the calvarium as a result of diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What was probably the first collection of human skulls for purposes of study was established by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in Göttingen at the end of the 18th century. In subsequent years, the number of such collections increased, but their importance for scientific research remained modest. A breakthrough took place only in the 1850s when studies on the so‐called cranial index by Karl Ernst von Baer and Anders Retzius gave skull collections a new lease on life, raising physical anthropology from a solely descriptive science to an empirically based "biological anthropology" which used quantitative methods. As a result, Baer was among the first to distinguish between linguistic and morphologic criteria when systematising human populations. This article discusses the development of Baer's ideas concerning the aims and methods of physical anthropology during his career. It pays special attention to the role of scientific collections in moulding Baer's theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Study Aims Spinopelvic sagittal balance is important in managing lumbar diseases. We evaluated the change in spinal sagittal alignment after microendoscopic laminotomy in patients with low-grade degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS). Material and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 87 patients who underwent microendoscopic laminotomy. We enrolled 35 patients with DS and 52 patients without DS. Spinopelvic parameters were evaluated, including the sagittal vertical axis (SVA), lumbar lordosis (LL), sacral slope, pelvic tilt, and pelvic incidence (PI). Primary outcome was a change in spinopelvic alignment between the baseline and latest follow-up values (DS group versus non-DS group). Secondary outcomes were the relationships between improved global sagittal alignment and preoperative spinopelvic parameters. Results Both groups showed significantly alleviated low back pain (LBP), leg pain, and leg numbness. Preoperative SVA and PI were significantly higher in the DS group than in the non-DS group (p < 0.05). SVA significantly decreased and LL significantly increased in the DS group (p < 0.05),whereas those parameters did not differ significantly frombefore versus after surgery in the non-DS group. In both groups, SVA improvement correlated significantly with preoperative SVA (DS: r = 0.702; non-DS: r = 0.397). There was also a significant intergroup difference in the correlation coefficient (z = 1.98; r = 0.048). Conclusions SVA and LL significantly improved after microscopic laminotomy in patients with low-grade DS and neurologic symptoms. SVA improvement in the DS group was correlated with preoperative spinopelvic sagittal imbalance. The strength of those correlations was greater in the DS group than in the non-DS group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: When faced with commingled remains, it might be assumed that a more “masculine” pelvis is associated with a more “masculine” cranium, but this relationship has not been specifically tested. This study uses geometric morphometric analyses of pelvic and cranial landmarks to assess whether there is an intra‐individual relationship between the degrees of sexual expression in these two skeletal regions. Principal component and discriminant function scores were used to assess sexual dimorphism in 113 U.S. Black individuals. Correlation values and partial least squares regression (PLS) were used to evaluate intra‐individual relationships. Results indicate that the os coxae is more sexually dimorphic than the cranium, with element shape being more sexually dimorphic than size. PLS and correlation results suggest no significant intra‐individual relationship between pelvic and cranial sexual size or shape expression. Thus, in commingled situations, associations between these skeletal elements cannot be inferred based on degree of “masculinity.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]