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Obesity is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. In mice and humans with obesity, the adipose organ undergoes remarkable morpho-functional alterations. The comprehension of the adipose organ function and organization is of paramount importance to understand its pathology and formulate future therapeutic strategies. In the present study, we performed anatomical dissections, magnetic resonance imaging, computed axial tomography and histological and immunohistochemical assessments of humans and mouse adipose tissues. We demonstrate that most of the two types of adipose tissues (white, WAT and brown, BAT) form a large unitary structure fulfilling all the requirements necessary to be considered as a true organ in both species. A detailed analysis of the gross anatomy of mouse adipose organs in different pathophysiological conditions (normal, cold, pregnancy, obesity) shows that the organ consists of a unitary structure composed of different tissues: WAT, BAT, and glands (pregnancy). Data from autoptic dissection of 8 cadavers, 2 females and 6 males (Age: 37.5 ± 9.7, BMI: 23 ± 2.7 kg/m2) and from detailed digital dissection of 4 digitalized cadavers, 2 females and 2 males (Age: 39 ± 14.2 years, BMI: 22.8 ± 4.3 kg/m2) confirmed the mixed (WAT and BAT) composition and the unitary structure of the adipose organ also in humans. Considering the remarkable endocrine roles of WAT and BAT, the definition of the endocrine adipose organ would be even more appropriate in mice and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to review the most recent literature available on the treatment of bunionette (also named tailor's bunion) with percutaneous and mini-invasive techniques. A topical review of the PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases was conducted in December 2015 utilising the keywords percutaneous (OR mini invasive OR minimally invasive) AND bunionette (OR tailor's bunion) AND treatment (OR surgery). Studies that reported the outcomes of the surgical treatment of bunionette were included in our review. The search yielded a total of 111 publications from PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE and Google Scholar. After abstract and full-text review, 9 articles were included in this review. Treatment methods were placed into two broad surgical treatment categories: with or without fixation of the osteotomy. The most common treatment strategy employed was with fixation. The pooled rates of success for the techniques with fixation and without fixation were respectively 93.5 and 97.8. The current evidence on the treatment of bunionette deformity is limited to retrospective case series. Future high-level studies are required to distinguish the most appropriate treatment for this type of deformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]