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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary levels of soluble and insoluble fibre on the performance and digestive development of slow-growing broilers during the starter period. A total of 400 one-day-old Isa LabelTM male chicks were used that were distributed in a completely randomized factorial design 2 × 2 + 1 (inclusion of 2% or 4% of corncobs as a source of insoluble fibre IF and citrus pulp as a source of soluble fibre (SF); and a control treatment) with eight replicates of 10 birds each. The addition of IF to diets improved the weight gain and feed conversion of broilers at 7 and 21 days of age. Both fibre sources added to diets resulted in higher relative weights of proventriculus + gizzard, liver, small and large intestine. The diets containing an SF source presented positive effects on the duodenal mucosa. In addition, positive effects on the caecal villus to crypt ratio were observed in broilers fed diets containing different types of fibre. It is concluded that dietary inclusion of IF up to 4% maintains the performance, nutrient metabolism and improves the development of the proventriculus + gizzard in slow-growing broilers. However, for improving the morphological and histomorphological parameters of slowgrowing broilers in the starter phase the addition of SF sources is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, agricultural by‐products have generated increasing interest as ruminant feed. In a completely randomized design with five experimental treatments, this in vitro study investigated the nutritional value of citrus pulp and onion peel as alternative feed for ruminants and their effects on rumen fermentation, digestibility, and gas production. The first group was the control (50% grass hay/50% concentrate mixture). The other four treatments represented citrus pulp and onion peel at inclusion levels of 10 and 20%, replacing the expensive, high‐quality feed ingredients such as the concentrate mixture. The chemical composition showed that citrus pulp is an energy‐rich material that could be included up to 20% to replace part of the concentrate in a mixed diet without any adverse impacts on rumen fermentation parameters. The onion peels were rich in fiber and minerals. Their inclusion in the diet of over 10% had detrimental effects on rumen fermentation. The inclusion of either citrus pulp or onion peel in the diet did not have the potential to reduce enteric methane production. In conclusion, citrus pulp showed promising results as a new feed for ruminants. It was effective when included in up to 20% of a ruminant diet, replacing the concentrate mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is concerned with the examination of the sorptive ability of a new carbonaceous (CPC) sorbent prepared under optimized conditions with H3PO4 activation from the citrus industrial processing pulp (CP) in removing Reactive Blue 19 dye (RB19) from an aqueous solution. Optimum removal conditions were determined based on the maximum effects of some variable process parameters. The kinetic data showed agreement with the pseudo-second-order model. The isotherm data fit the Langmuir isotherm model best, and the maximum amount of sorbed RB19 was determined as 437.89 mg/g. The calculated thermodynamic parameters showed that the process is spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Desorption studies were performed with various desorbents for the recovery of RB19 and/or recyclability of CPC. The results show that CPC is a highly effective and reusable sorbent for cleaning water containing RB19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global food industry and especially fruit juice production generates millions of tons of organic waste annually. Citrus waste, also known as citrus pulp оr citrus pomace, is a residue obtained during various citrus juices production. This by-product has the potential to become an excellent source of essential nutrients in animal feeding. In the current study, the chemical and mineral composition were determined in the citrus waste by Orange (Citrus sinensis), Lemon (Citrus limon), Red grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), Mandarin (Citrus reticulata), Lime (Citrus aurantifolia), Pomelo (Citrus maxima). Waste products are derived from the production factory of freshly squeezed fruit and vegetable juices located in the village of Musachevo, Western Bulgaria. For all citrus waste, the following indicators were determined: dry matter (DM), moisture (RH), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), crude ash (CA), ether extract (EE), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K). The mineral content was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Their chemical and mineral composition analyses showed differences in the distribution of nutrients and minerals. The data obtained from the conducted analyses showed that citrus pulp could successfully replace some of the main raw materials in the animal’s ration, as it is a source of essential nutrients for it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Energy supplementation with highly fermentable carbohydrates can be a strategy to maximise the efficiency of nitrogen use (ENU) from high-nutritional value forages. Aims: The study aimed to investigate the independent or associated effects of two diurnal feeding times (0900 or 1700 hours) with two sources of energy supplementation (corn or citrus pulp) in the growing of F1 Angus × Nellore young bulls on palisade grass pastures, and their implications on the forage chemical composition, nutrient intake and digestibility, ENU, microbial protein synthesis, animal performance, and gain per area. Methods: There were 36 bulls used as experimental animals, with initial bodyweight (BW) of 290 ± 5 kg, and 32 similar bulls were used in a put-and-take system to maintain sward characteristics. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomised design with four treatments and three replications (paddocks). The treatments consisted of energy supplementation at 0.3% BW with corn or citrus pulp fed at 0900 or 1700 hours for four periods of 28 days. For evaluation of ruminal and blood parameters, ENU, intake, and nutrient digestibility, eight ruminal cannulated 1/2 Aberdeen Angus × 1/2 Nellore young bulls were used, with 280 ± 7 kg of initial BW, distributed in a 4 × 4 double Latin square design, consisting of four periods and four treatments. Key results: Supplementation at 0.3% of BW with corn or citrus pulp at 0900 or 1700 hours can reach up to 1.06 kg/day of young bulls reared on palisade grass pastures fertilised with 180 kg nitrogen/ha/year and managed at 25 cm of height compared with corn-based supplements. There were no effects on microbial protein synthesis or its efficiency. Conclusions: Citrus pulp can be used as an alternative energy source to corn, because it has the same potential for animal performance, ENU and microbial protein synthesis in tropical pastures with a high proportion of soluble protein, and structural and non-fibrous carbohydrates with high dry matter digestibility. Implications: Supplementing grazing beef cattle at 0.3% BW with corn or citrus pulp in the morning or afternoon is an efficient nutritional strategy to improve animal performance. Different responses of energy supplementation to grazing beef cattle may occur due to the type of energy substrate and the supplementation time. Citrus pulp supplied in the afternoon can improve beef cattle performance. Citrus pulp can replace corn as an energy supplement and it is a non-human edible food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the effects of regionally available residues, wastes, and purpose‐grown energy crops on anaerobic microbes and corresponding digestion performance is important for designing and implementing suitable anaerobic digestion systems to manage them appropriately and to use them for bioenergy generation. This study analyzed and compared dynamic changes in anaerobic microbes and digestion performance using mixtures of six different materials (citrus pulp, olive pomace, cattle manure, poultry litter, whey, and corn silage) generated from Mediterranean agro‐industry. The results indicate that the feedstock mixture (FM3) with low citrus pulp (26% dry matter) and high olive pomace (18% dry matter) reached stable methane production of 210 mL methane/g volatile solids (VS) loading within 30 days after the start up. In contrast, the feedstock mixture (FM1) with high citrus pulp (44% dry matter) and low olive pomace (0% dry matter) required a longer time of at least 70 days to achieve a good methane production of 209 mL methane/g VS loading. The microbial community analysis and corresponding non‐metric dimensionless scaling (NMDS) analysis revealed dynamic relationships between microbial community, feedstock mixture, and digestion time. The feedstock mixtures with low citrus pulp content (FM2 and FM3) facilitated the accumulation of Archaea (i.e., Methanosarcinaceae), which led their digestion to reach stable methane production quicker than the digestion of FM1. This study provided useful information to valorize agricultural residues and wastes for bioenergy production in the Mediterranean region. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm heart processing generates a large amount of residues like leaves, sheath and stems that have potential for ruminant feeding. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of in natura peach palm heart (Bactris gasipaes Khunt.) residues on performance, dry matter (DM) digestibility and intake of ruminants. External sheath was the most suitable residue for sheep, cattle and buffaloes feeding, although sheep presented rejection of 43.5 g kg-1. Thereby, assays of apparent and in vitro dry matter digestibility were done under four feeding treatments, which were the exclusive peach palm sheath, and that one mixed with residues of banana and rice, besides citrus pulp. The experiment was carried out under randomized complete design, with five replications. Greater DM intake (p < 0.05) were observed in animals fed with peach palm sheath mixed with rice (1.12 kg day-1) and mixed with citrus pulp (0.91 kg day-1), however there were no difference among treatments regarding the sheep final weight (p > 0.05). Cattle and buffaloes accept different types of peach palm residues, unlike sheep that present a low rejecting for them. Citrus pulp and rice residue raise the roughage quality. Peach palm residues can be an alternative roughage source to feed ruminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias is the property of Universidad de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The generation of co-products continues at an accelerating pace, driven by population growth. Many of these co-products can be included in ruminant feed, which has the ability to transform them into good quality animal protein, and also help to reduce the disposal of undesirable residues to the environment. One of the co-products with potential use in animal feed, the citrus pulp, represents residues of the crushing of the fruit to remove the juice. In this review, these co-products are studied for their nutritional value, nutrient digestibility, and their influence on animal performance, in addition to ruminal characteristics. Due to its chemical composition, citrus pulp is widely used as an energetic component in the diet, replacing mainly maize, since these two have a similar energy value. In addition to increasing energy intake in the diet, citrus pulp has a greater capacity to assist in the maintenance of adequate ruminal performance compared to starchy cereals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Ensiling is a simple and effective method for long-term preservation; however, less information exists about the ensilability characteristics of garlic stalk (GS). Therefore, the objectives were to examine the ensiling feasibility of GS. Methods: The GS was ensiled alone or inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum KU5 in the presence or absence of 5% molasses and ensiled for 7, 14, and 28 d. As an alternative storage method, GS was co-ensiled with wet citrus pulp (CP) at different proportions (GS:CP: 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, and 40:60). Analysis was made on physicochemical, fermentative, and nutritional parameters. Results: The GS was found to be a biomass which is difficult to ensile. A combination of microbial inoculant and molasses was successful in the improvement of the silage fermentation quality of GS. Co-ensiling of GS with wet CP at the mixing ratio of 50:50 provided the most desirable silage fermentation parameters, including the substantial lactic acid formation, low final pH, minor effluent loss, and the more favorable organoleptic properties. Conclusion: Co-ensiling GS with CP appears to be a simple and viable method of conservation, enabling the more efficient utilization of these by-product resources over a prolonged period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment investigated whether the effect of enzyme supplementation on performance and nutrient digestibility is dependent on type of the ingredient(s) used, by incorporating wheat bran (WB), sunflower meal (SFM) and citrus pulp (CP) to a reference diet (REF). Those ingredients are known to be rich in different types of non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP). Diets were supplemented with and without (control) an enzyme mix (phytase 1,000 FTU/kg and xylanase U/kg) according to a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. In total, 24 tanks (3 replicates/treatment) were used with 30 fish each (Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus; mean initial body weight 41 g). Fish were restrictively fed the experimental diets for 43 days (80% of expected satiation). Enzyme supplementation affected the absolute growth (g/day) and FCR (p < 0.05), improving the growth of fish fed the WB and SFM diets, while fish fed the REF and CP diets did not benefit. NSP, energy, ash, phosphorous and calcium digestibility improved with enzyme supplementation (p < 0.05). There was an interaction effect on all growth parameters, as well as the digestibility of energy and phosphorus (p < 0.05). This indicates that the effectiveness of the enzymes was dependent on the NSP‐rich ingredient used and thus the composition of the NSP fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Studying the effect of citrus pulp silage in the growth performance, amino acid retention of sharpsnout sea bream juveniles. Methods: Citrus pulp is an energy and protein source that has been used to replace wheat meal in Diplodus puntazzo fingerlings; 96 fish of 21.5 ± 0.67 g were nourished with two experimental diets for 105 days. The control diet (CON) contained 421.6 g/kg of protein and 22.6 MJ/kg of energy. The citrus pulp diet (CPD) included 442.7 g/kg of protein and 22.02 MJ/kg of energy. Results: At the end of this trial, the CPD did not affect the growth parameters, but the feed efficiency values exhibited statistically significant differences, with those fish fed the CPD having higher values, possibly due to the presence of limonene in the diet. The CPD also resulted in a reduction in amino acid (AA) content due to the protein being bound to fibre; this consequence did not affect the final fish AA profile. For AA retention, only arginine displayed significant differences, although the rest of the AAs also showed effects of AA reduction from the CPD. Conclusion: Citrus pulp silage can be used in D. puntazzo feeding, without adverse in the growth performance and the amino acid profile, although it did cause a reduction in feed efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus pulp is a major by-product of the citrus processing industry. A total of 192 post-weaning, 35-day-old Hyla rabbits were randomly divided into four groups. Each group contained four replicates and each replicate comprised 12 rabbits. The four groups were given 0 (control group), 7%, 14% and 21% citrus pulp in the feed. Results indicated no significant difference in the performance of rabbits (P >.118). Rabbits fed with increasing citrus pulp demonstrated an increase in hot carcass weight (linear, P =.041) and liver weight (linear, P =.015). An upward trend (linear, P =.087) was found in thymus with increasing citrus pulp. The experimental groups all displayed an increase of at least 8.28%, 11.7% and 5.07% in serum albumin (ALB), ALB:GLO ratio and calcium (Ca) levels, respectively, compared with the control group (P <.05), and the experimental groups also presented high serum P (linear, P =.023). Hepatic total antioxidant capacity activities in the experimental groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P <.05), but no difference was found in glutathione peroxidase activities (P >.05). In summary, inclusion of increased citrus pulp did not impair growth performance, could improve immunization, serum Ca and hepatic antioxidant status of growing rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, bacterial cellulose (BC) was produced by Gluconacetobacter hansenii and Gluconacetobacter xylinum using citrus pulp water (CPW) and coconut water (CW). The productivity and the characteristics of the BCs produced by different strains and media were investigated. The results showed that BC production could reach more than 8.0 g DW L−1 by both G. hansenii and G. xylinum (8.42 ± 0.54 and 8.77 ± 0.64 g L−1) using CPW medium, which was close to the industrial level (9.91 ± 0.42 g L−1) by G. xylinum in CW medium. Therefore, CPW medium had strong universal utilization ability for BC production by both G. hansenii and G. xylinum. On the other hand, BC produced by G. hansenii in CPW medium had low hardness and high water holding capacity, and the preferred orientation of microfiber crystallites in BCs obtained by G. hansenii and G. xylinum using CPW was different. This difference enabled the production of BC products with different physicochemical features based on the requirements. In addition, the economics of BC production using CPW and CW as the raw fermentation materials was analyzed and compared, and the result indicated that the former was more economical and would be a promising candidate for producing BC. Finally, producing BC using CPW to replace the traditional CW medium would expand the raw material collection regions, reduce transportation cost, and realize BC products diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There is a high correlation between sward height and pasture sward structure. Therefore, in tropical grasslands, taking sward height into account has been a much better strategy in rotational stocking management than considering pre‐defined days of growth. Similarly, sward height could be used to determine the moment when tropical grasses present the best ensilability parameters. This study aimed to identify the sward height at which Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça (Guinea grass) provides the highest fermentability coefficient (FC) and to define the combination of additives that best improves the chemical composition of silage. Two trials were carried out in Selvíria, MS, Brazil, from 2015 to 2016. The first year was used to identify the highest FC, and the second year was used to identify the best combination of eight additives (citrus pulp [CIP], homofermentative and heterofermentative LAB, their combinations and control). Statistical analyses were performed using SAS (p < .05), and one contrast was defined as silage with CIP vs. silage without CIP. The height of 130 cm resulted in the highest FC (31.01). Silages inoculated with CIP had better quality than silages without CIP, due to the high crude protein (8.3 vs. 7.3% DM), DM recovery (98.6 vs. 93.3% DM), low pH (3.92 vs. 4.91) and NH3‐N values (2.49 vs. 14.73% total N). Sward height is a consistent parameter for determining the time of ensiling Guinea grass, and the inclusion of CIP is necessary to raise the silage quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of enzyme supplementation on the nutrient, amino acid, and energy utilization efficiency of citrus pulp and hawthorn pulp as unusual feedstuffs in Linwu ducks. Forty ducks were assigned to each treatment group and fed diets with or without complex enzyme supplementation. All birds received the same quantity of raw material (60 g) via the force-feeding procedure. With the exception of leucine and phenylalanine, amino acid concentrations in hawthorn pulp were twice those in citrus pulp. Enzyme supplementation significantly increased apparent dry matter digestibility (ADM) of citrus pulp (P < 0.05), but had no significant effects (P > 0.05) on the apparent and true utilization rates of other nutrients, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), or true metabolizable energy (TME), from citrus pulp and hawthorn pulp by Linwu ducks. However, enzyme supplementation significantly increased (P < 0.05) apparent gross energy, true gross energy, AME, and TME of hawthorn pulp for Linwu ducks. There were no differences in the apparent and true utilization rates of amino acids from citrus pulp (P > 0.56) between the groups, with the exception of arginine (P < 0.05). There was an increasing trend in the apparent and true utilization rates of alanine (P = 0.06) and tyrosine (P = 0.074) from citrus pulp with enzyme supplementation. The apparent and true utilization rates of threonine in hawthorn pulp were increased significantly (P < 0.05) following enzyme supplementation. The addition of exogenous enzymes improved the forage quality of citrus pulp and hawthorn pulp, which represent potential feed resources for husbandry production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meat from lambs finished with high-starch diets often contains low concentration of vaccenic (t11-18:1) and rumenic (c9,t11-18:2) acids and high concentration of t10-18:1. We hypothesized that replacing cereals by dehydrated citrus pulp (DCP) and the inclusion of tanniferous feed sources in oil supplemented diets might reduce the accumulation of t10-18:1 and increase the t11-18:1 and c9,t11-18:2 in lamb meat, without affecting the productive performance. In total, 32 lambs were assigned to four diets which combine two factors: basal diet (BD) (cereals v. DCP) and Cistus ladanifer (CL) (0 v. 150 g/kg dry matter). Feed intake, average daily weight gain and carcass traits were not affected by treatments, except for dressing percentage that was reduced with DCP (P=0.046). Both DCP and C. ladanifer reduced tenderness and juiciness of meat, and C. ladanifer also reduced (P<0.001) meat overall acceptability. Intramuscular fat and the concentration of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) were not affected (P>0.05) by diets. However, DCP increased the proportions of odd-chain FA (P=0.005) and several minor biohydrogenation (BH) intermediates in meat lipids. C. ladanifer had few effects on meat FA profile. The proportions of t11-18:1 and c9,t11-18:2 were high in all diets (5.4% and 1.5% of total FA, respectively) and were not influenced by the treatments. Basal diet and CL showed some significant interactions concerning FA composition of intramuscular fat. In diets without C. ladanifer, replacement of cereals by DCP increased the 18:0 (P<0.05) and decreased t10,c12-18:2 (P<0.05), t10-18:1 (P<0.10) and t10-/t11-18:1 ratio (P<0.10) with a large reduction of the individual variation for t10-18:1 and of t10-/t11-18:1 ratio. Combined with cereals, C. ladanifer increased 18:0 and reduced the BH intermediates in meat. Replacement of cereals by DCP seems to promote a more predictable FA profile in lamb meat, reducing the risk of t10-shifted BH pathways in the rumen. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The study aimed to investigate the effects of two feeding times and two sources of energy supplementation on pH, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and in vitro gas production (IVGP) of beef cattle reared in Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pastures. We used eight rumen-cannulated ½ Aberdeen Angus x ½ Nellore young bulls (280±7 kg) distributed in a double 4x4 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of supplementation at 0.3% of body weight with corn or citrus pulp, supplied at 0900 or 1700. Ruminal fluid pH was measured with a digital pH analyzer and SCFA was analyzed on a Shimadzu HPLC. The IVGP was determined using a transducer and a data logger for 48 h after incubation of samples combining forage and supplement in real intake proportion (88% forage, 12% supplement). Considering the rapid fermentation of sugars, animals supplemented with pectin maintained higher pH (P = 0.021) due to changes in bacterial populations to digest the pectic substances (Table 1). Lactate production after starch digestion caused lower pH. Despite the differences in evaluated energy substrates, there was no effect on the primary SCFA concentration (P > 0.05). Citrus pulp provided greater formic (P = 0.005) and valeric (P = 0.042) acids concentrations compared with corn, but there was no influence of formic acid in lactic acid production (Table 1). The greater IVGP by citrus pulp (P = 0.0140; Figure 1) may be related to its greater carbohydrate fraction A, soluble with a rapid rate of rumen degradation, and also because its ruminal fermentation results in greater acetic acid production, which provides more ruminal H2 and CO2, favoring the CH4 production. The citrus pulp can be used as an alternative source to corn because it might prevent acidosis, does not affect the main SCFA production, and is a non-human edible feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulps from different citrus fruits are relevant agro-industrial co-products in the Mediterranean area in terms of amounts produced and availability. Moreover, part of the product is dehydrated, which increases its interest in monogastric species such as rabbits. Seventy eight samples from various Spanish producers using several types of fresh fruits (orange, tangerine, lemon and pomelo) and different processing methods of orange and tangerine samples (either fresh or dried after adding Ca(OH)2) were analysed for their chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Average dry matter (DM) contents of ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin (ADL), soluble fibre, crude protein (CP), insoluble neutral and acid detergent CP, ether extract and gross energy were 49.0, 226, 139, 12.1, 213, 71.2, 13.1, 4.2, 30.5 g and 17.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Mean DM and CP in vitro digestibility were 86.7 and 95.6%, respectively. Digestible energy was estimated to be 15.1 MJ/kg DM. A high variability (coefficient of variation from 17% for CP to 60% for ADL) was observed among the samples for most of the traits studied, which was partially explained by the effects of type of fruit and processing. Lemon pulps had on average higher ash and fibre but lower sugar contents than the other pulps. Dehydration processes increased ash content (almost double than for fresh pulp) due to lime addition. As regards the current results, citrus pulp has potential for use in rabbit diets as a source of energy and soluble fibre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary whole dried citrus pulp (DCP) on the antioxidant status of lamb tissues. In total, 17 lambs were divided into two groups and fed for 56 days: a barley-based concentrate diet (CON – eight animals), or a concentrate-based diet including 35% DCP to partially replace barley (CIT – nine animals). The CIT diet contained a double concentration of phenolic compounds than the CON diet (7.9 v. 4.0 g/kg dry matter (DM), respectively), but had no effect (P>0.05) on the overall antioxidant capacity of the hydrophilic fraction of blood plasma, liver and muscle. The CIT diet contained clearly more α-tocopherol than the CON diet (45.7 v. 10.3 mg/kg DM), which could explain the higher concentration of α-tocopherol in liver, plasma and muscle (P<0.05). The dietary treatment had no effect on the extent of lipid peroxidation, measured as thiobarbituric acid and reactive substances assay (TBARS values) in the faeces, small intestine, liver, plasma and muscle. Nevertheless, when muscle homogenates were incubated in the presence of Fe3+/ascorbate to induce lipid peroxidation, the muscle from lambs fed DCP displayed lower TBARS values (P<0.01), which negatively correlated with the concentration of α-tocopherol in muscle. These results showed that feeding whole DCP to ruminants increases the antioxidant status of muscle through an increase in the deposition of α-tocopherol. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Pectin-rich wastes, such as citrus pulp and sugar beet pulp, are produced in considerable amounts by the juice and sugar industry and could be used as raw materials for biorefineries. One possible process in such biorefineries is the hydrolysis of these wastes and the subsequent production of ethanol. However, the ethanol-producing organism of choice, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is not able to catabolize d-galacturonic acid, which represents a considerable amount of the sugars in the hydrolysate, namely, 18% (w/w) from citrus pulp and 16% (w/w) sugar beet pulp. Results: In the current work, we describe the construction of a strain of S. cerevisiae in which the five genes of the fungal reductive pathway for d-galacturonic acid catabolism were integrated into the yeast chromosomes: gaaA, gaaC and gaaD from Aspergillus niger and lgd1 from Trichoderma reesei, and the recently described d-galacturonic acid transporter protein, gat1, from Neurospora crassa. This strain metabolized d-galacturonic acid in a medium containing d-fructose as co-substrate. Conclusion: This work is the first demonstration of the expression of a functional heterologous pathway for d-galacturonic acid catabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is a preliminary step for engineering a yeast strain for the fermentation of pectin-rich substrates to ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Dehydrated citrus pulp is a fibrous by-product generated by the juice industry. • Increasing levels of dehydrated citrus pulp did not affect growth performance. • Dehydrated citrus pulp reduced loin depth, backfat gain and carcass weight. • Dehydrated citrus pulp increased methane per litre of slurry, but not per animal. • Dehydrated citrus pulp is a potential ingredient for future pig-sustainable diets. Using agricultural by-products such as dehydrated orange pulp (DOP) in animal feeds is of interest to increase pig sector sustainability. With this aim, an assay was carried out to assess the effects of increasing inclusion levels of DOP in pig diets regarding animal performance, carcass quality, and environmental impact. Four experimental diets were designed, a control diet (T1) and three more diets with increasing levels of DOP with 80, 160, and 240 g/kg of DOP for diets T2, T3, and T4, respectively. One hundred and sixty growing pigs were used in the experiment. Growth performance (average daily gain, ADG ; average daily feed intake, ADFI and feed conversion ratio, FCR) and in vivo backfat thickness (BF) and loin depth (LD) gain were recorded during the finishing phase (from 70 to 130 kg BW). Faecal samples were incubated for bacteria enumeration. At slaughter, carcass characteristics and meat quality traits were measured, and subcutaneous fat was sampled to analyse the fatty acid (FA) profile. Additionally, the slurry excreted by the animals was measured, characterised and subjected to a gaseous emission assay during its storage. The final BW and overall ADFI, ADG and FCR were similar among treatments. In vivo final LD and BF gain decreased (P ≤ 0.10) as the inclusion level of DOP increased. No differences were observed in carcass characteristics with the inclusion of DOP, except carcass weight that decreased linearly (P = 0.05) with DOP. Regarding the FA profile of the subcutaneous fat, the ratio of total monounsaturated to saturated FA increased with the inclusion level of DOP. Neither slurry excretion and characterisation nor bacterial counts from faeces showed any significant difference among treatments. The inclusion of DOP led to greater CH 4 emissions in mg per L of slurry and hour, whereas these differences disappeared when expressed in mg per animal and day. In all, it has been demonstrated that the inclusion of DOP up to 240 mg/kg in pig diets had minor effects on growth performance, carcass quality traits or gaseous emissions from slurry, favouring the circular economy strategy and pig sector sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum: Animal Sciences is the property of Universidade Estadual de Maringa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the present study, we have hypothesized that replacing barley with high proportions of dried citrus pulp in a concentrate-based diet for lambs could increase the intake of unsaturated fatty acids and could reduce the rate of the ruminal biohydrogenation of PUFA, with a consequent improvement of the intramuscular fatty acid composition. To test this hypothesis, 26 Comisana lambs were divided into 3 groups and for 56 d were fed a barley-based concentrate diet (CON; 8 lambs) or 2 diets in which barley was replaced with 24% (CIT24; 9 lambs) or 35% (CIT35; 9 lambs) dried citrus pulp. An overall improvement of the fatty acid composition of LM from lambs fed citrus pulp-containing diets was found. The PUFA/SFA ratio was lower (P < 0.05) in the LM from lambs in the CON group compared with both the CIT24 and CIT35 groups. The thrombogenic index was lower (P < 0.05) in meat from lambs fed the CIT35 diet compared with those fed the CON diet. The CIT35 diet increased the proportion of C20:5 n-3 in the LM (P < 0.05), whereas the CIT24 diet enhanced that of C22:6 n-3 (P < 0.05) compared with the CON diet. Some of these results might be explained considering that feeding the CIT24 and CIT35 diets increased the intake of total fatty acids (P < 0.05) and of C18:3 n-3 (P < 0.01) compared with feeding the CON treatment. On the other hand, phenolic compounds present in citrus pulp could have inhibited the ruminal biohydrogenation of PUFA. This is supported by the fact that regardless of the level of inclusion in the diet, citrus pulp increased the proportion of rumenic acid (P < 0.001) in LM compared with the CON diet. The plasma from lambs fed both CIT24 and CIT35 diets had a greater percentage of vaccenic acid (VA; P < 0.001) compared with that from lambs fed the CON diet, and the CIT35 diet increased the proportion of rumenic acid in plasma compared with the CON treatment (P < 0.05). In the ruminal fluid, stearic acid (SA) tended to decrease, and the sum of CLA tended to increase (P = 0.09) with increasing level of citrus pulp in the diets. Furthermore, the SA/(SA + VA) ratio tended to be lower (P = 0.10) in the ruminal fluid from lambs fed the CIT35 diet compared with that of the CON group. In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis that replacing barley with citrus pulp in the diet of growing lambs improves intramuscular fatty acid composition and underline the need for specific studies to clarify the mechanisms by which feeding citrus pulp affects the fatty acid metabolism in ruminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of starch levels in diets with the replacement of citrus pulp for corn on milk yield, milk composition, and energy balance of lactating dairy cows. Twenty-eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in seven 4 × 4 Latin squares conducted concurrently, and each experimental period consisted of 20 days (16 days for adaptation and 4 days for sampling). The experimental treatments comprised four starch levels: 15, 20, 25, and 30 % in the diet. The dry matter intake increased linearly with increasing starch levels. The milk yield and 3.5 % fat-corrected milk yield showed quadratic response to increasing starch levels. The milk protein content and milk total solids content responded linearly to increasing starch levels. The feed efficiency, milk lactose content, milk urea nitrogen, plasma urea nitrogen, and plasma glucose concentration were not affected by starch levels. The estimated net energy for lactation (NE) intake increased linearly as the starch level was raised. Although the milk NE output per kilogram of milk was not affected by starch, the milk NE output daily responded quadratically to starch levels. In addition, the NE in body weight gain also responded quadratically to increasing starch levels. The efficiency of energy use for milk yield and the NE efficiency for production also responded quadratically to increasing starch levels. Diets for mid-lactating dairy cows producing around 30 kg/day of milk should be formulated to provide around 25 % starch to optimize performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With aim to provide information on chemical contaminants in byproducts in animal feed, the data from an official control by the Danish Plant Directorate during 1998–2009, were reviewed and several samples of citrus pulp and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) were additionally collected for analysis and risk assessment. The levels of contaminants in the samples from the official control were below maximum limits from EU regulations with only a few exceptions in the following groups; dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) in fish-containing byproducts and dioxins in vegetable and animal fat, hydrogen cyanide in linseed, and cadmium in sunflowers. The levels of pesticides and mycotoxins in the additionally collected samples were below maximum limits. Enniatin B (ENN B) was present in all DDGS samples. The hypothetical cases of carry-over of contamination from these byproducts were designed assuming total absorption and accumulation of the ingested contaminant in meat and milk and high exposure (a byproduct formed 15–20% of the feed ration depending on the species). The risk assessment was refined based on literature data on metabolism in relevant animal species. Risk assessment of contaminants in byproducts is generally based on a worst-case approach, as data on carry-over of a contaminant are sparse. This may lead to erroneous estimation of health hazards. The presence of ENN B in all samples of DDGS indicates that potential impact of this emerging mycotoxin on feed and food safety deserves attention. A challenge for the future is to fill up gaps in toxicological databases and improve models for carry-over of contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pectinase is an important enzyme that finds application in many food processing industries and solid state fermentation (SSF) is an attractive technology for enzyme production. In this work, design of experimental (DOE) methodology using Taguchi orthogonal array (OA) was applied to evaluate the influence of five factors (different levels of citrus pulp, initial pH of the medium, C/N ratio, type of solid substrate and citrus pulp) on the pectinase production by Aspergillus niger under solid-state fermentation. The results showed that citrus pulp concentration, type of solid substrate and citrus pulp were found to be the most effective factor for promoting enzyme production and the supplementation of the medium with citrus pulp caused a 23% increase in the pectinase production when compared with the basal medium. The study shows that the Taguchi's method is suitable to optimize the experiments for the production of pectinase (R² = 0.946). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermentation kinetics, digestibility, faecal characteristics and bacterial populations (aerobes, anaerobes, lactobacilli, lactic acid bacteria, enterococci, coliforms and clostridia) of dog food mixed with citrus pulp and apple pomace were evaluated. Thein vitrogas production of a pre-digested dog food mixed with 0, 30, 50 and 70 g/kg dry matter (DM) of citrus pulp or apple pomace was measured, and also an experiment with dogs fed the same dog food with or without the addition of 70 g/kg of either fresh citrus pulp or apple pomace was conducted. Gas production increased linearly (p < 0.001) and quadratically (p < 0.001) as fibre levels augmented. The inclusion of fibre sources in the diets resulted in higher faecal output (p = 0.005) and defecation frequency (p < 0.001), and lower faecal pH (p < 0.001) and digestibility values (p < 0.01). Faecal consistencies and microbial populations did not differ among treatments. The addition of fresh citrus and apple was effective to stimulate the hindgut fermentation, but slightly depressed the digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Ciência Animal Brasileira is the property of Universidade Federal de Goias, Escola de Veterinaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Brazil is known for its great potential for production of renewable resources such as agro-industrial residues. These residues can be used as alternative sources of new products. Meanwhile, solid-state fermentation, with its advantages of energy conservation and pollution reduction, has been identified as a process of great potential for the production of bioactive compounds, especially enzymes. In the present work, a 23 factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of pH, temperature and moisture on the production of phytase and xylanase by Lichtheimia blakesleeana URM 5604 through the fermentation of citrus pulp. Statistical analyses of the results showed that the only the pH influenced the production of these enzymes, with the best phytase production (264.68 U/g) ocurring at pH 6.0, 34 °C, initial moisture 50%, after 48 hours of culture. The best conditions for xylanase production (397.82 U/g) were fermentation for 120 hours at pH 4.0, 26 °C and initial moisture of 70%. The best parameters for the simultaneous production of phytase (226.92 U/g) and xylanase (215.59 U/g) were determined to be initial moisture of 50%, pH 6.0, 26 °C, and 48 hours of fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our objectives were to compare the effects of sources of supplemental N on ruminal fermentation of dried citrus pulp (DCP) and performance of growing steers fed DCP and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) hay. In Exp. 1, fermentation of DCP alone was compared with that of isonitrogenous mixtures of DCP and solvent soybean meal (SBM), expeller soybean meal (SoyPLUS; SP), or urea (UR). Ground (1 mm) substrates were incubated in buffered rumen fluid for 24 h, and IVDMD and fermentation gas production kinetics and products were measured. Nitrogen supplementation increased (P < 0.10) ruminally fermentable fractions, IVDMD, pH, and concentrations of NH3 and total VFA, but reduced the rate of gas production (P < 0.10) and the lag phase (P < 0.01). Supplementation with UR vs. the soy-based supplements increased ruminally fermentable fractions (P < 0.05) and concentrations of total VFA (P < 0.10) and NH3 (P < 0.01), but these measures were similar (P > 0.10) between SBM and SP. In Exp. 2, 4 steers (254 kg) were fed bahiagrass hay plus DCP, or hay plus DCP supplemented with CP predominantly from UR, SBM, or SP in a 4 × 4 Latin square design, with four 21-d periods, each with 7 d for DMI and fecal output measurement. Nitrogen-supplemented diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (11.9% CP), and all diets were formulated to be isocaloric (66% TDN). Intake and digestibility of DM, N, and ADF were improved (P < 0.05) by N supplementation. Compared with UR, the soy-based supplements led to greater (P < 0.05) DM and N intakes and apparent N and ADF digestibilities. Plasma glucose and urea concentrations increased (P < 0.10) with N supplementation and were greater (P < 0.01) for the soy-based supplements than for UR. Intake, digestibility, and plasma metabolite concentrations were similar (P > 0.1) for SBM and SP. In Exp. 3, 24 steers (261 kg) were individually fed bahiagrass hay plus DCP (control), or hay plus DCP supplemented with CP predominantly from UR or SBM. Over 56 d, DMI and ADG were greatest (P < 0.05) in steers fed SBM. Nitrogen supplementation increased (P < 0.05) DMI, ADG, and G:F. However, SBM supplementation produced greater (P < 0.05) DMI and ADG and similar (P > 0.05) G:F compared with UR supplementation. We conclude that supplemental N is important to optimize ruminal function and performance of growing steers fed forage diets supplemented with DCP. Diets with supplemental N mainly from SBM improved diet digestibility and animal performance beyond that achieved by UR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-eight lactating ewes (mean 48 (s.e. 0.37) kg live weight) were used from days 12 to 52 after lambing to evaluate the effects on digestibility and production performance of replacing barley grain with citrus pulp in diets based on ammonia-treated barley straw. Concentrates included 0.82 to 0.83 of different barley to citrus pulp proportions : 100 : 0 (T1); 66 : 33 (T2); 33 : 66 (T3) and 0 :100 (T4), 0.115 of soya-bean meal, and urea to make diets isonitrogenous. Ewes were adapted to a common diet for 11 days after lambing, and then were given 850 g/day of each experimental concentrate together with 8508/day of chopped barley straw for 14 days and milk production and lamb growth were recorded. During the following 14 days ewes received the same amount of concentrate but the straw was offered ad libitum and straw intake was recorded as well as milk production and lamb growth. After completing both periods, four ewes per treatment were used for total collections of faeces and urine. Apparent digestibility of organic matter and neutral-detergent fibre increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of citrus pulp although no differences were found in the digestible organic matter content of dry matter of diets because of differences in ash content. Urinary excretion of allantoin and purine derivatives per unit of digestible organic matter intake tended to decrease with increasing inclusion of citrus pulp (proportionately by 0.15), suggesting a decrease in microbial protein synthesis, though this effect was not significant (P > 0.05). Faecal excretion of purine bases also decreased (P < 0.05) as citrus pulp inclusion increased. No treatment effect (P > 0.05) on ewe live weight, milk composition or serum glucose and 3-OH butyrate was observed when a 1:1 straw to concentrate ratio was given, but milk production and lamb daily gain decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increased proportions of citrus pulp in the concentrate. Similar responses were... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The use of crop, fruit, and vegetable processing co-products for animal feeding has been of increasing interest worldwide to minimize feed waste. Additionally, it has a positive impact from an environmental standpoint being a more efficient use of feed resources. However, the use of many co-products has limitations related to poor palatability for animals and the logistical aspects of product delivery. Citrus pulp is a by-product of the citrus industry presenting a nutritional composition that makes it attractive for use as an ingredient in animal feeding. Previous research has shown that it is feasible to utilize citrus pulp in beef cattle rations. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of fresh citrus pulp in the diet of feedlot steers on animal performance and carcass and meat nutritional properties and quality. The findings of the study showed that fresh citrus pulp may be used as an energy source in rations for feedlot steers as it does not affect animal performance or carcass and meat quality, but, rather, has a positive effect on dry matter intake and a better feed to gain ratio. The use of fruit by-products such as citrus pulp represents a feeding ingredient that deserves to be evaluated as an energy source in animal rations. Thirty-six British breed steers were allotted to one of the three feeding treatments (12 steers/treatment): 0%, 15% and 30% of fresh citrus pulp inclusion in the ration in a randomized complete block design to evaluate animal performance and carcass and meat quality traits. In the present study, the inclusion of fresh citrus pulp up to 30% of the diet did not affect the animal average daily gain (p > 0.05) but steers that were fed the pulp consumed less feed (p < 0.05) and presented a lower feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) than their counterparts without citrus pulp in their diet. No effect of fresh citrus pulp was observed on carcass and meat quality (p > 0.05). A greater lipophilic antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05) in meat was observed when fresh citrus pulp was offered at 15% of the diet. Fresh citrus pulp used up to 30% as a feed ingredient in feedlot rations does not negatively affect animal performance or meat quality but, rather, has a positive effect on dry matter intake and a better feed conversion ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: During the intensive production of weaned piglets, frequent digestive disorders need to be avoided, as it is a critical phase; however, there are limitations to using antibiotics and ZnO at high levels. In this study, we investigate the inclusion of a probiotic (Clostridium butyricum) in combination with sources of fiber that might have a potential prebiotic effect, generating an optimal digestive status for weaned piglets. A trial is carried out using 30 post-weaning piglets for 27 days using five dietary treatments: a negative control, a positive control with high levels of ZnO, and three dietary treatments supplemented with Clostridium butyricum (alone or in combination with carob meal or citrus pulp). Supplementation with this probiotic could improve the piglets' intestinal wellness status by increasing butyric acid, without being altered by the inclusion of carob meal or citrus pulp at 5%, obtaining digestibility values comparable with those realized by the incorporation of high levels of ZnO in the diet. In addition, carob meal could decrease the concentration of serum interleukin-8 (a type of pro-inflammatory cytokine). However, a growth performance trial of piglets in commercial conditions needs to be developed to confirm these effects. This work studied the effects of the inclusion of Clostridium butyricum on feed, alone or with carob meal or citrus pulp, on the digestive and metabolic status of weaned piglets. A total of 30 male piglets (weaned at 21 days) is used. There are five dietary treatments: negative without ZnO at high doses (C−), a positive control supplemented with ZnO at 2500 ppm of Zn (C+), supplemented with Clostridium butyricum as a probiotic (PRO), and supplemented with probiotic and 5% carob meal (PROC) or 5% citrus pulp (PROP). During the experiment (27 days), the piglets were periodically weighed and sampled for a serum biochemical, fecal microbiological, intestine histological, and digestive status analysis. The body weight, apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), and fecal microbiology were not affected by the treatments (p ≥ 0.05). However, the apparent fecal digestibility of DM was lower for the C− treatment than for C+ (p < 0.05), and the total concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in feces with C+ was lower than that for the PROC treatment (p < 0.05). The treatments with the probiotic had a higher molar proportion of butyric acid in feces than C+, and it was found that C− reached an intermediate value (p < 0.01). No general effects of diet were found on the histological measures performed on the jejunum and ileum, and in the serum biochemical analysis (p ≥ 0.05), only the concentration of interleukin-8 was lower for the PROC treatment compared to the C−, C+, and PRO treatments (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the intestinal wellness of piglets could be improved with the supplementation of Clostridium butyricum by increasing butyric acid, and this effect was not altered with the inclusion of carob meal or citrus pulp. More studies under commercial conditions are needed, as the effects might be different in more challenging environmental circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which discusses effect of source of supplemental nitrogen on the utilization of citrus pulp-based diets by sheep. It mentions that two trials were conducted to examine influence of N enrichment of dried citrus pulp (DCP) through ammoniation versus urea supplementation on digestion and feeding value. It reveals that digestibility of CP-A was lower than that of the other diets supplemented with nonprotein N (NPN).

Simple Summary: A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of single cell protein (SCP) supplement as a protein source on nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and in situ digestion kinetics in four Nili Ravi buffalo bulls. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous concentrates containing 3, 6, 9 and 12% of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-fermented citrus pulp were formulated and provided for 12 weeks. Chemical composition of fermented citrus pulp appeared as an excellent source of protein as no significant difference was observed on dry matter intake, digestibility of nutrients, SCP, ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen. It is concluded that SCP could be used in the concentrate diet of ruminant up to 12%. Furthermore, the SCP has the potential of an alternative protein source in animal diet formulation. A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of single cell protein (SCP) supplement as a protein source on nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and in situ digestion kinetics in four Nili Ravi buffalo bulls. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous concentrates containing 3, 6, 9 and 12% of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-fermented citrus pulp were formulated. All animals were fed a ration with a concentrate/forage ratio of 50:50. Diets were provided ad libitum twice a day as a total mixed ration in a 4 × 4 Latin Square Design. Each experimental period lasted 3 weeks while the overall study 12 weeks. The first 2 weeks of each experimental period were used as adaptation period while the third week as collection period. Chemical composition of fermented citrus pulp appeared as an excellent source of protein. No significant difference was observed on dry matter intake, digestibility of nutrients and SCP among all the treatments. Moreover, no significant effect was observed on ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen at different times. Rate of disappearance and lag time of in situ dry matter digestion kinetics remained nonsignificant regardless of SCP percentage. Based on results of similar nutrients intake, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal parameters it is concluded that SCP could be used in the concentrate diet of ruminant up to 12%. Furthermore, the SCP has the potential of an alternative protein source in animal diet formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cattle that are fed high levels of concentrates may develop short-term rumen acidity that may occur frequently leading to necrosis of the rumen wall and reduced nutrient absorption, thereby decreasing animal productivity. This condition is known as subacute acidosis. Here, we evaluated an experimental model to induce such a condition in Nelore cattle, a Zebu breed widely used in Brazil, and assessed several clinical and feeding behavioral patterns of affected animals to better understand the disease pathogenesis and clinical outcomes. Subacute acidosis led to a reduction in food consumption and rumination time, and an increase was observed in the time spent in decubitus. Additionally, subacute acidosis caused different degrees of depression that was more pronounced with higher ruminal lactic acid concentrations. We evaluated the clinical aspects and feeding behavior of cattle with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) caused by short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Ten healthy Nelore heifers were subjected to an adjusted SARA induction protocol using citrus pulp (CP). Clinical examinations were performed at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 h intervals after induction, with ruminal fluid, blood, and feces sampling. The animals' feeding behavior was evaluated on, before, and for 3 days after SARA by observing the animals every 5 min for 24 h. The dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily. The ruminal pH during SARA was always lower than baseline, with an acidotic duration of 547 ± 215 min, a minimum pH of 5.38 ± 0.16, and an average pH of 5.62 ± 0.1. SARA was mainly caused by SCFAs (maximum 118.4 ± 9.3 mmol/L), with the production of l-lactic acids (7.17 mmol/L) and d-lactic acids (0.56 mmol/L) 6 h after the experiment began. The DMI was reduced by 66% and 48% on days 1 and 2, respectively, and returned to normal levels on day 3. SARA caused a reduction in feed intake and rumination time, as well as an increase in the time spent in decubitus on days 1 and 2. These results were influenced by the ruminal pH, ruminal movement, and osmolarity. Furthermore, SARA caused different degrees of depression, which became more pronounced with higher ruminal lactic acid concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Consumers demand safe and healthy animal products produced with minimal environmental impact. The use of agro-industrial by-products in animal feeding can alleviate pollution caused by their accumulation, but investigations into their effects on animal-product quality are required. We analyzed the influence of replacing 44% of conventional feeds in a high-cereal concentrate (CON) with agro-industrial by-products (BYP concentrate; distillers dried grains with solubles, dried citrus pulp, and exhausted olive cake) on meat quality of fattening light lambs. Two groups of lambs were fed each of the concentrates and barley straw ad libitum from 13.8 to about 26.0 kg of body weight. The pH, chemical composition, color, and texture parameters of the meat were not affected by the type of concentrate. Feeding the BYP concentrate significantly reduced lipid oxidation of meat after 6 days of refrigerated storage, which might be related to the greater content of polyphenols in this concentrate. Compared with CON-fed lambs, the meat from BYP-fed lambs had lower saturated and greater polyunsaturated fatty acid content. In summary, feeding the tested by-products did not change the composition of the meat but increased its shelf-life and improved its fatty acid profile. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of replacing 44% of conventional feeds in a high-cereal concentrate (CON) with by-products (BYP concentrate; 18% corn distillers dried grains with solubles, 18% dried citrus pulp, and 8% exhausted olive cake) on the meat characteristics and fatty acid (FA) profile of fattening light lambs. Two groups of 12 Lacaune lambs were fed concentrate and barley straw ad libitum from 13.8 to 26.0 kg of body weight. There were no differences (p ≥ 0.130) between groups in the pH, chemical composition, color, and texture parameters and in the estimated proportions of pigments in the longissimus dorsi. Feeding the BYP concentrate reduced the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the meat after 6 days of refrigerated storage (unmodified atmosphere), probably due to the greater polyphenol content in this concentrate. Compared with CON-fed lambs, the meat and the subcutaneous fat from BYP-fed lambs had lower saturated and greater polyunsaturated FA content as well as greater n-6/n-3 FA. In summary, feeding a blend of corn distiller dried grains with solubles, dried citrus pulp, and exhausted olive cake did not change the composition of the meat but improved its antioxidant status and FA profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Citrus pulp is the main by-product obtained from citrus processing. The high-moisture content of this by-product makes it rapidly perishable, its accumulation can cause environmental problems, and it causes high disposal costs for citrus processing factories. Therefore, alternative uses for citrus pulp are necessary, its use in ruminant feeding being one of the most feasible ones. In this study, we assessed the effects of replacing extruded maize in a diet for dairy sheep (20% of diet) by dried citrus pulp using an in vitro technique (Rusitec fermenters). Results showed some positive effects of citrus pulp on diet degradability and in vitro fermentation parameters. The growth of ruminal microbes and bacterial diversity were essentially unaffected. Our results indicate that maize in dairy sheep diets can be totally replaced by dried citrus pulp without negatively affecting ruminal fermentation. The use of citrus pulp would reduce the amount of human-edible ingredients used in the diet of dairy sheep. Citrus pulp is a highly abundant by-product of the citrus industry. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of replacing extruded maize (EM; 20% of total diet) by dried citrus pulp (DCP; 20%) in a mixed diet on rumen fermentation and microbial populations in Rusitec fermenters. The two diets contained 50% alfalfa hay and 50% concentrate, and the same protein level. Four Rusitec fermenters were used in a cross-over design with two 13-d incubation runs. After 7-d of diet adaptation, diet disappearance, fermentation parameters, microbial growth, and microbial populations were assessed. Fermenters receiving the DCP showed greater pH values and fiber disappearance (p < 0.001) and lower methane production (p = 0.03) than those fed EM. Replacing EM by DCP caused an increase in the proportions of propionate and butyrate (p < 0.001) and a decrease in acetate (p = 0.04). Microbial growth, bacterial diversity, and the quantity of bacteria and protozoa DNA were not affected by the diet, but the relative abundances of fungi and archaea were greater (p < 0.03) in solid and liquid phases of DCP fermenters, respectively. Results indicate that DCP can substitute EM, promoting a more efficient ruminal fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Feeding agroindustrial byproducts to ruminants can have multiple benefits, such as lowering feeding costs, reducing competition with human food, decreasing environmental impact associated with byproducts disposal, and improving the quality of animal products. In order to use these byproducts in practical feeding, their effects on animal performance and health should be assessed. In this study, we evaluated the effect of replacing 44% of conventional feeds in a high-cereal concentrate for light lambs with three byproducts: Corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (18%), dried citrus pulp (18%), and exhausted olive cake (8%), all of which are highly produced in the Mediterranean area. We observed that the inclusion of these byproducts did not affect feed intake, growth performance, ruminal fermentation (with exception of NH3-N concentrations), or plasma metabolites in growing lambs. Compared with the high-cereal concentrate, feeding the concentrate including the byproducts resulted in a reduction of potentially human-edible ingredients from 64.4% to 38.7%. In conclusion, 44% of cereal grains and protein feeds in the concentrate for light lambs can be replaced with a mixture of corn distiller's dried grains with solubles, dried citrus pulp, and exhausted olive cake without negatively affecting growing performance and animal health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing cereals and protein concentrates in a high-cereal concentrate (control) for light lambs with corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS; 18%), dried citrus pulp (DCP; 18%), and exhausted olive cake (EOC; 8%) in a byproduct (BYP) concentrate on growth performance, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and plasma metabolites. Two homogeneous groups of Lacaune lambs (13.8 kg ± 0.25 kg) were fed one of each concentrates and barley straw ad libitum until reaching about 26 kg body weight. There were no differences between groups on feed intake, average daily gain, or feed conversion ratio, but the control diet had greater (p < 0.001) dry matter digestibility. Diet had no effect on post-mortem ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations and profile, but NH3-N concentrations were lower (p = 0.003) for the BYP-fed group compared with the control one. However, plasma concentrations of amino acids, total proteins, urea, and hepatic enzymes were not affected by the diet. In conclusion, 44% of feed ingredients in the concentrate for light lambs can be replaced with a mixture of corn DDGS, DCP, and EOC without negatively affecting growing performance and animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic digestion of organic waste is a promising alternative to landfilling and is being encouraged by current policies in India. However, nutritional imbalance of single waste as a substrate in anaerobic digestion is limiting the effective degradation in biogas production. Co‐digestion of multiple organic wastes where the digestion of two or more substrates is carried out in a single digester is a promising method to enhance the nutritional balance. The present study investigated the possibilities of improving biogas production with co‐digestion of citrus pulp (CP), lawn grass (LG), and chicken manure (CM) based on the total solid loading (TS %). The design of experiments and analysis of the co‐digestion effect were carried out with central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM), respectively. Biogas production was found to vary more with respect to total solid loading (TS %) than C/N ratio of the co‐digestion mix. The low influence of C/N ratio may be due to prevalence of optimal C/N ratio of 16–33 in all co‐digestion mixes. The adopted central composite design–response surface methodology (CCD–RSM) led to maximum biogas production of 688 mL at CP of 0.28 (TS %), LG of 9.4 (TS %), and CM of 4 (TS %). The CCD–RSM is a suitable approach to maximize the biogas production in multi‐substrate anaerobic co‐digestion. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13146, 2019 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity to investigate suitable alternatives to conventional fossil fuels has increased interest in several renewable energy resources, especially in biomasses that are widely available and make it possible to reach environmental and socio-economic improvements. Among solutions for bioenergy production, anaerobic digestion technology allows biogas production by reusing agricultural residues and agro-industrial by-products. By considering the basic concepts of the Biogasdoneright® method, the objective of this study was to estimate the theoretical potential net electricity and heat production from anaerobic digestion of citrus pulp and olive pomace highly available worldwide. A model was developed and applied in a study area of the Mediterranean basin, where the biogas sector is still very limited despite the importance of both agricultural and agro-industrial activities, especially with regard to citrus and olive cultivation processing. Firstly, the application of a geographical information system (GIS) software tool allowed the estimation of the biogas potentially produced from citrus pulp and olive pomace re-use. Then, the development of a technical assessment demonstrated that 15.9 GWh electricity and 88,000 GJ heat per year could be generated from these by-products, satisfying approximate 17% of the electricity demand of the agricultural sector of the study area (90.2 GWh y−1). The achieved results could be relevant with regard to the intervention priorities established by the European Union related to the planning activities supported by the European Structural and Investment Funds within the Smart Specialisation Strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of feedstuffs of varying carbohydrate composition are available to rectify deficiencies in nutrient supply for growing cattle fed grass silage-based diets. The objective was to examine the effects of replacing rolled barley (starch) with citrus pulp (digestible fiber) in a supplement on intake and performance of young growing cattle offered grass silage ad libitum for 135 days. Weaned, late-maturing breed, steers (n = 34, initial live weight 446 kg, SD 38.0) were blocked by sire breed and weight and from within block randomly assigned to one of three concentrate treatments. The control concentrate, based on rolled barley (starch), comprised of 865 g rolled barley, 60 g soya bean meal, 50 g molasses, and 25 g minerals and vitamins/kg (BAR). In the other two concentrates, barley was replaced with 400 (CIT40) or 800 (CIT80) g/kg (digestible fibre) plus 10 and 20 g soya bean meal, citrus pulp respectively. Concentrates were formulated to have similar concentrations of PDIE (true protein digestible in the small intestine when energy limits microbial protein synthesis) per kg DM (106 g). Steers were individually offered 4.0 kg DM of the respective concentrates, in two feeds daily. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA with terms for treatment and block in the model. Supplement type did not affect (P > 0.05) daily grass silage intake (5.05 kg DM). Live weight gain (kg/day) was lower (0.88) and G:F (kg/day) was poorer (10.4) for CIT 80 (P < 0.01) compared to BAR (1.03 and 9.2, respectively) and CIT 40 (1.05 and 8.6, respectively), which did not differ (P > 0.05). Ultrasonically assessed body fat depth or gain did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments, but muscle depth gain was higher (P < 0.01) for BAR compared to CIT80, with CIT40 being intermediate (P > 0.05). Carcass weight, carcass conformation and fat score, carcass fat depth, kill-out proportion, ultimate pH and temperature of M. longissimus muscle, and drip loss did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. Subcutaneous fat lightness ('L' value) was higher (P < 0.01) for CIT80 than BAR, with CIT 40 being intermediate, whereas redness ('a' value) and yellowness ('b' value) did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. In conclusion, citrus pulp can replace barley at inclusion rates up to 400g/kg when offered as a supplement to grass silage without negatively affecting performance or selected meat quality traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annually, million tons of agro-industrial wastes are generated in Brazil. A environmentally friendly and economically viable destination for agro-industrial by-products is their use in animal feed, reducing feed costs of the farm. Some products can replace conventional foods such as corn, soybeans and wheat, without incurring losses in animal performance. So the competition by using the same raw materials used in food and feed decreases and higher amount of grain will be used for human consumption. The by-products rich in pectins have high digestible energy content for its high rate of cecal degradation and are used as substitutes for grains rich in starch which traditionally make up the diet of horses. The objective of this review was to describe on the inclusion of by-products rich in pectins in the horses’ diet, emphasizing their benefits to the animal’s health. For the inclusion of pectin-rich by-products such as beet pulp, citrus pulp and soybean hulls in horse’s diet will be observed the nutritional composition, presence of anti-nutritional factors, palatability, feeding behavior and digestibility of nutrients. More research will be realized to evaluate the effects of the use of pectin-rich byproducts in horse’s diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, biogas from biomasses has increasingly been considered a feasible alternative to energy from fossil fuel. The utilization of biomasses obtained from citrus processing for juice extraction is being investigated for energy purposes, as a biofuel or organic matrix for bioethanol or biogas extraction, besides for the extraction of high added-value by-products and animal feed. In citrus producing areas, uncertainty often exists as to the amount of processed product and, therefore, correct planning of the use of 'citrus pulp' for energy purposes has not yet been carried out. The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of the citrus fruit production area and the amount of processed citrus in order to quantify the citrus pulp available for biogas production. It could contribute to build an information base suitable for multi-criteria analysis aimed at finding optimal locations for biogas plants and increasing their number in a territory. The GIS-based methodology, which was applied to the case study of citrus pulp production in Sicily, included official statistics data and information derived from specific surveys and the computation of indicators regarding citrus-producing areas, citrus production, processed production, and the amount of citrus pulp obtained. The results showed that the index that describes the level of availability of citrus pulp for biogas production is suitable to provide information on the potential production of citrus pulp in the different areas of the whole territory analyzed. Furthermore, the total amount of available citrus pulp corresponded theoretically to 15,204,775.8 Nm3 biogas. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a computer model for simulating the population dynamicsof the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker). The model incorporates previously published life history data for the almond moth developingon stored peanuts, Arachis hypogaea L., including stage-specific immature developmental time and survival and adult longevity and fecundity. The model was modified so that it also could be used to simulate almond moth population dynamics on stored, dried citrus pulp and stored corn (Zea mays L. ). We tested the validity of the model by using 4 previously published data sets. The model was useful for interpreting population dynamics observed in the previously published studies and will be useful for optimizing management strategies for the almondmoth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]