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The thermal optical properties of a holographic material were measured using total internal reflection heterodyne interferometry. The effective thermal expansion coefficients (ETECs) of the holographic material were determined at various exposure times. Our results showed that the holographic material exhibited a smaller thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) with a longer exposure time than those materials with short exposure times. Thus the diffraction power increased as the exposure time of the holographic material increased. Furthermore, the proposed method provides a highly accurate means of measurement for determination of the TEC. The theoretical ETEC error of the proposed method is better than 1.1 x 10-7 and the practical ETEC error under the precision measurement conditions can reach to 2.3 x 10-6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advantage of a nonlinear bidirectional selector is its high access ratio with multiple transport mechanisms in a wide bias range. The multilayer structure of TiN/Al2O3/TiO2/Al2O3/TiN with a nonlinear varistor characteristic is proposed. The features of the structure include its low-temperature process (∼250 °C) for stackable applications, non-requirement of rare materials such as Pt, and its high access ratio (∼3200). The varistor characteristic of the nonlinear selector is discussed and attributed to carrier tunneling and thermionic emission for small biases (OFF state) and large biases (ON state), respectively. The selector shows scaling feasibility owing to its property of inertness to SiO2 encapsulation and is compatible with the current IC and memory industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]