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Introduction: Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is susceptible to long-term waterlogging stress; however, genomic information of cotton response mechanisms toward long days of waterlogging is quite elusive. Methods: Here, we combined the transcriptome and metabolome expression level changes in cotton roots after 10 and 20 days of waterlogging stress treatment pertaining to potential resistance mechanisms in two cotton genotypes. Results and discussion: Numerous adventitious roots and hypertrophic lenticels were induced in CJ1831056 and CJ1831072. Transcriptome analysis revealed 101,599 differentially expressed genes in cotton roots with higher gene expression after 20 days of stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating genes, antioxidant enzyme genes, and transcription factor genes (AP2, MYB, WRKY, and bZIP) were highly responsive to waterlogging stress among the two genotypes. Metabolomics results showed higher expressions of stress-resistant metabolites sinapyl alcohol, L-glutamic acid, galactaric acid, glucose 1-phosphate, L-valine, L-asparagine, and melibiose in CJ1831056 than CJ1831072. Differentially expressed metabolites (adenosine, galactaric acid, sinapyl alcohol, L-valine, L-asparagine, and melibiose) significantly correlated with the differentially expressed PRX52, PER1, PER64, and BGLU11 transcripts. This investigation reveals genes for targeted genetic engineering to improve waterlogging stress resistance to enhance abiotic stress regulatory mechanisms in cotton at the transcript and metabolic levels of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1980s, Shandong Province took the lead in establishing breakthrough industrialized seedling raising and breeding technologies for Apostichopus japonicus and successfully led the 'fifth wave of mariculture' in China. In 2008, the experiment of 'raising sea cucumber from north to south' proved successful, and sea cucumber culture gradually radiated and extended to Fujian, Jiangsu, Guangdong, and Zhejiang Provinces in southern China. The total output of sea cucumber culture in Shandong Province accounts for more than 70% of the market in China, and the sea cucumber industry is now a pillar of the fishery economy in Shandong Province. This paper systematically introduces the development status of the sea cucumber breeding industry in Shandong Province in recent ten years, summarizes the current problems and challenges, and puts forwards development suggestions; this guidance has significance for the healthy and sustainable development of the sea cucumber breeding industry in both Shandong Province and the whole country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA methylation and demethylation play a critical role in the regulation of the molecular pathogenesis of gliomas. Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1) catalyses the sequential oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, (5hmC) leading to eventual DNA demethylation. It has been reported that TET1 is a tumour suppressor in several cancers. However, whether TET1 plays a role in glioma development is largely unclear. Different glioma specimens and corresponding normal controls were collected to analyse the expression of TET1. At the same time, TET1 of glioma U251 cells was knocked down or overexpressed to observe its effect on glioma cell proliferation and invasion as well as autophagy level. Here, we reported that the expression of TET1 in glioma tissue was significantly lower than the corresponding non-tumour normal tissues, and the concentration of TET1 is negatively correlated with the glioma WHO classification. When TET1 gene in glioma U251 cells was knocked down by CRISPR/Caspase-9 system, the proliferation and invasive ability of U251 increased remarkably. But when TET1 was overexpressed in U251 cells, the proliferation and invasion were impaired. Following the down-expression of TET1, the level of autophagy in U251 cells decreased accordingly. However, when TET1 was overexpressed in U251 cells, the level of autophagy incraesed. Furthermore, bafilomycin A1 (Baf-A1) but not 3-methyladenine (3-MA) could decrease the autophagy level of TET1-/- U251 cells as the wild-type controls. It suggests that the tumour suppressor effect of TET1 seems to be mediated by regulating the level of autophagy, and the regulation of TET1 on autophagy is at an early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibronectin (FN) is a primary component of the mammary mesenchymal compartment and undergoes dramatic changes during breast cancer development. Increased FN expression is associated with an invasive and metastatic breast cancer phenotype. The present study demonstrated that FN causes an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like morphological change in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. FN stimulation caused the downregulation of epithelial markers E-cadherin and tight junction protein ZO-1, and the upregulation of mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin. Additionally, FN promoted cell migration and invasion in MCF-7 cells, with increased expression of calpain-2 and proteolysis of focal adhesion kinase 1 (FAK), indicating calpain activation. Notably, the FN induced changes in morphology and EMT markers were reversed with the treatment of calpain-specific inhibitors, calpain inhibitor I (N-acetyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-norleucinal), calpeptin and calpain inhibitor IV. Meanwhile, the effects of FN on cell migration and invasion, as well as FAK proteolysis were markedly suppressed by calpain inhibitors. Taken together, the results of the present study indicate that calpain plays an essential role in FN-induced EMT response, and that targeting calpain signaling may be a potential strategy to reduce breast cancer metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have potent immunomodulatory effects on multiple immune cells and have great potential in treating immune disorders. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) serve as an unlimited and noninvasive source of MSCs, and iPSC-MSCs have been reported to have more advantages and exhibit immunomodulation on T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. However, the effects of iPSC-MSCs on dendritic cells (DCs) are unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of iPSC-MSCs on the differentiation, maturation, and function of DCs. Methods: Human monocyte-derived DCs were induced and cultured in the presence or absence of iPSC-MSCs. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the phenotype and functions of DCs, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to study cytokine production. Results: In this study, we successfully induced MSCs from different clones of human iPSCs. iPSC-MSCs exhibited a higher proliferation rate with less cell senescence than BM-MSCs. iPSC-MSCs inhibited the differentiation of human monocyte-derived DCs by both producing interleukin (IL)-10 and direct cell contact. Furthermore, iPSC-MSCs did not affect immature DCs to become mature DCs, but modulated their functional properties by increasing their phagocytic ability and inhibiting their ability to stimulate proliferation of lymphocytes. More importantly, iPSC-MSCs induced the generation of IL-10-producing regulatory DCs in the process of maturation, which was mostly mediated by a cell-cell contact mechanism. Conclusions: Our results indicate an important role for iPSC-MSCs in the modulation of DC differentiation and function, supporting the clinical application of iPSC-MSCs in DC-mediated immune diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We have previously reported that induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) alleviated asthma inflammation in mice. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were recently reported as being involved in the immune responses. However, whether lncRNAs are associated with iPSC-MSC immunomodulation in allergic inflammation is still unclear. Methods: Mice were induced into an asthmatic state and received treatment consisting of iPSC-MSCs. Memory T cells isolated from sensitized mice were challenged and co-cultured with iPSC-MSCs in vitro. Total RNA from the lungs and separated T cells were processed with an lncRNA/mRNA microarray. A series of bioinformatics technologies were used to screen the target lncRNAs. Results: iPSC-MSCs significantly prevented asthma inflammation and decreased the Th2 cytokine levels. Over 1300 lncRNAs were differentially expressed after the induction of asthma, and 846 or 4176 lncRNAs were differentially expressed with iPSC-MSC treatment in mice or in vitro, respectively. After overlapping the differentially expressed lncRNAs produced in a similar manner in mice and in vitro, 23 lncRNAs and 96 mRNAs were selected, in which 58 protein-coding genes were predicted to be potential targets of the 23 lncRNAs. Furthermore, using a series of bioinformatics technologies, 9 lncRNAs co-expressed with the most differentially expressed mRNAs, which were enriched in terms of the immune response, were screened out via Pearson's correlation coefficient with mRNAs that were involved with inflammatory cytokines and receptors. lncRNAs MM9LINCRNAEXON12105+ and AK089315 were finally emphasized via quantitative real-time PCR validation. Conclusions: Our results suggested that aberrant lncRNA profiles were present after asthma induction and iPSCMSC treatment, suggesting potential targets of allergic inflammation and iPSC-MSC-mediated immunomodulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensitive and reliable method by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the simultaneous determination of carbadox, mequindox, olaquindox and quinocetone in swine feed. The analytes were extracted from swine feed with acetonitrile/water (60:40, v/v), and then further purified by solid-phase extraction using Oasis HLB cartridges. The mean recovery values ranged from 83–108%, and intra-day and inter-day variation were <10.8 and 9.6%, respectively. The limits of quantification for the four compounds were <20 μg kg−1. This procedure is applicable for detecting the four quinoxaline-1,4-dioxides in swine feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel superabsorbent composite from potato leaves (PL, a kind of agricultural waste materials), organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT), acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM), PL-g-P(AA-AM)/OMMT, was synthesised by microwave irradiation, using potassium persulfate (KPS) as the initiator and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as the crosslinker. The polymerisation conditions were investigated by orthogonal tests, and the optimal conditions were determined. The superabsorbent composites were characterised by FTIR, XRD, and TGA, the results show that AA and AM successfully grafted onto the PL chain, the layers of OMMT were exfoliated and dispersed in the composite after copolymerisation. The introduction of PL in the composite slightly increased the water absorbency. And the thermal stability, water absorbency, water retention and swelling rate of the superabsorbent composite were also improved by the introduction of 5% OMMM into the PL-g-P (AA-AM) network. The use of a microwave irradiation method not only greatly enhanced the reaction rate, but also increased the water absorbance over the conventional method. All of the results indicated that this new approach showed promise in utilising such waste in the production of useful products, which are economical and environment-friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in the arterial ketone body ratio during oral glucose loading were observed preoperatively in 134 patients with liver disease, and these data were correlated with the pathology findings of liver tissue and the postoperative clinical course. It was found that the redox tolerance index (RTI) could serve as a quantitive indicator of the severity of the underlying chronic hepatic disease in patients with liver disease, and as a reliable indicator of preoperative hepatic functional reserve. When the RTI was 0.70 or more, the underlying hepatic disease was slight and there was good hepatic functional reserve; these patients could tolerate any type of hepatic resection. When the RTI was less than 0.70 and more than 0.5, the underlying hepatic disease was moderate and hepatic functional reserve was poor; if the RTI was less than 0.50, major hepatic resection could not be tolerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]