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Background: The management of patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) presents substantial challenges in clinical practice. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach, but the lack of standardized regulatory parameters for DBS in DOC hinders definitive conclusions. Objective: This comprehensive review aims to provide a detailed summary of the current issues concerning patient selection, target setting, and modulation parameters in clinical studies investigating the application of DBS for DOC patients. Methods: A meticulous systematic analysis of the literatures was conducted, encompassing articles published from 1968 to April 2023, retrieved from reputable databases (PubMed, Embase, Medline, and Web of Science). Results: The systematic analysis of 21 eligible articles, involving 146 patients with DOC resulting from acquired brain injury or other disorders, revealed significant insights. The most frequently targeted regions were the Centromedian‐parafascicular complex (CM‐pf) nuclei and central thalamus (CT), both recognized for their role in regulating consciousness. However, other targets have also been explored in different studies. The stimulation frequency was predominantly set at 25 or 100 Hz, with pulse width of 120 μs, and voltages ranged from 0 to 4 V. These parameters were customized based on individual patient responses and evaluations. The overall clinical efficacy rate in all included studies was 39.7%, indicating a positive effect of DBS in a subset of DOC patients. Nonetheless, the assessment methods, follow‐up durations, and outcome measures varied across studies, potentially contributing to the variability in reported efficacy rates. Conclusion: Despite the challenges arising from the lack of standardized parameters, DBS shows promising potential as a therapeutic option for patients with DOC. However, there still remains the need for standardized protocols and assessment methods, which are crucial to deepen the understanding and optimizing the therapeutic potential of DBS in this specific patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurological and psychiatric diseases can lead to motor, language, emotional disorder, and cognitive, hearing or visual impairment By decoding the intention of the brain in real time, the Brain–computer interface (BCI) can first assist in the diagnosis of diseases, and can also compensate for its damaged function by directly interacting with the environment; In addition, provide output signals in various forms, such as actual motion, tactile or visual feedback, to assist in rehabilitation training; Further intervention in brain disorders is achieved by close‐looped neural modulation. In this article, we envision the future BCI digital prescription system for patients with different functional disorders and discuss the key contents in the prescription the brain signals, coding and decoding protocols and interaction paradigms, and assistive technology. Then, we discuss the details that need to be specially included in the digital prescription for different intervention technologies. The third part summarizes previous examples of intervention, focusing on how to select appropriate interaction paradigms for patients with different functional impairments. For the last part, we discussed the indicators and influencing factors in evaluating the therapeutic effect of BCI as intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to give the basic principles of hyperbolic function theory. First, we discuss the Green identity for H k ¯ H k . Second, we also deal with the integral representations for hyperbolic harmonic function in the Clifford algebra C l n + 1 , 0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disulfiram (DSF) is a well-known drug for alcohol abuse. In recent decades, DSF has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-tumor activity; DSF chelated with copper shows enhanced anti-tumor effect. Our goal was to explore the effect of DSF/Cu complex on the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer (GC) in vitro and in vivo. DSF/Cu complex suppressed the proliferation, migration of MKN-45 and BGC-823 GC cells. Furthermore, DSF/Cu treatment reduced the tumor volume in GC mouse models with a tumor suppression rate of 48.24%. Additionally, DSF/Cu induced apoptosis in vitro in MKN-45 and BGC-823 GC cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner as well as in vivo in the xenograft tumor mouse model. Furthermore, DSF/Cu induced autophagy and autophagic flux in MKN-45 and BGC-823 cells, increased the expression of autophagy-related Beclin-1 and LC3 proteins in vivo. Additionally, DSF/Cu suppressed aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation by reducing oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate, respectively, in MKN-45 and BGC-823 cells. Treatment with DSF/Cu induced oxidative stress and DNA damage response by elevating the reactive oxygen species levels; increasing the expression of P53, P21, and γ-H2AX proteins; and inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling in vitro and in vivo. Thus, DSF/Cu suppressed the growth and metastasis of GC cells via modulating the stress response and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Hence, DSF may be used as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In steady state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interfaces, prolonged repeated flicker stimulation would reduce the system performance. To reduce the visual discomfort and fatigue, while ensuring recognition accuracy, and information transmission rate (ITR), a novel motion paradigm based on the steady-state motion visual evoked potentials (SSMVEPs) is proposed. Methods: The novel SSMVEP paradigm of the radial zoom motion was realized using the sinusoidal form to modulate the size of the stimuli. The radial zoom motion-based SSMVEP paradigm was compared with the flicker-based SSVEP paradigm and the SSMVEP paradigm based on Newton's ring motion. The canonical correlation analysis was used to identify the frequency of the eight targets, the recognition accuracy of different paradigms with different stimulation frequencies, and the ITR under different stimulation durations were calculated. The subjective comfort scores and fatigue scores, and decrease in the accuracy due to fatigue was evaluated. Results: The average recognition accuracy of the novel radial zoom motion-based SSMVEP paradigm was 93.4%, and its ITR reached 42.5 bit/min, which was greater than the average recognition accuracy of the SSMVEP paradigm based on Newton's ring motion. The comfort score of the novel paradigm was greater than both the flicker-based SSVEP paradigm and SSMVEP paradigm based on Newton's ring motion. The decrease in the recognition accuracy due to fatigue was less than that of the SSSMVEP paradigm based on Newton's ring motion. Conclusion: The SSMVEP paradigm based on radial zoom motion has high recognition accuracy and ITR with low visual discomfort and fatigue scores. The method has potential advantages in overcoming the performance decline caused by fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation of the interaction between cardiovascular variables and respiration provides a quantitative and noninvasive approach to assess the autonomic control of cardiovascular function. The aim of this paper is to investigate the changes of cardiopulmonary coupling (CPC), blood pressure (BP) and pulse transit time (PTT) during a stepwise-paced breathing (SPB) procedure (spontaneous breathing followed by paced breathing at 14, 12.5, 11, 9.5, 8 and 7 breaths per minute, 3 min each) and gain insights into the characteristics of slow breathing exercises. RR interval, respiration, BP and PTT are collected during the SPB procedure (48 healthy subjects, 27 ± 6 years). CPC is assessed through investigating both the phase and amplitude dynamics between the respiration-induced components from RR interval and respiration by the approach of ensemble empirical mode decomposition. It was found that even though the phase synchronization and amplitude oscillation of CPC were both enhanced by the SPB procedure, phase coupling does not increase monotonically along with the amplitude oscillation during the whole procedure. Meanwhile, BP was reduced significantly by the SPB procedure (SBP: from 122.0 ± 13.4 to 114.2 ± 14.9 mmHg, p < 0.001, DBP: from 82.2 ± 8.6 to 77.0 ± 9.8 mmHg, p < 0.001, PTT: from 172.8 ± 20.1 to 176.8 ± 19.2 ms, p < 0.001). Our results demonstrate that the SPB procedure can reduce BP and lengthen PTT significantly. Compared with amplitude dynamics, phase dynamics is a different marker for CPC analysis in reflecting cardiorespiratory coherence during slow breathing exercise. Our study provides a methodology to practice slow breathing exercise, including the setting of target breathing rate, change of CPC and the importance of regular breathing. The applications and usability of the study results have also been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]