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Artificial intelligence (AI) was developed to distinguish cattle by their muzzle patterns and identify early cases of disease, including infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). It was tested on 870 cattle in four locations, with 170 developing IBK. The AI identified 169 of the 170 cases prior to their identification by veterinarians, and another 17 cases that remained free of IBK signs (sensitivity = 99.4%, specificity = 97.6%). These results indicate the AI can detect emerging IBK cases by muzzle images very early in the disease process and be used as an intervention tool in the prevention of IBK outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential benefits of significant livestock health diagnosis is enormous. Animal husbandry being the most important aspect of India's agricultural growth, farmers suffer on a regular basis as a result of their cattle's bad health and lack of qualified veterinary doctors in their region. At a breakneck pace of Big data and Machine Learning, data mining and analysis are implemented widely in the field of animal husbandry because of the fact that disease and bioterrorism constitute a danger to cattle produce and food supply's safety. In this review paper, we will be comparing the different data science techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lumpy skin disease (LSD), a disease of cattle and buffaloes, has recently become widely prevalent in Egypt. The aim of this study was to ascertain the potential role of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus ticks in the transmission of this disease. Samples collected from suspected lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infected cows that had previously been vaccinated with the Romanian sheep pox virus (SPPV) in various Egyptian governorates were obtained between May to November over two consecutive years, namely 2018 and 2019. Ticks were morphologically identified and the partial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) were sequenced, revealing that they were closely related to R. (Boophilus) annulatus. The G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) gene of the LSDV was used to test hard ticks. Results: Two positive samples from Kafr El-Sheikh province and one positive sample from Al-Behera province were reported. BLAST analysis revealed that the positive samples were closely related to the Kazakhstani Kubash/KAZ/16 strain (accession number MN642592). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the GPCR gene of the LSDV recently circulating in Egypt belongs to a global cluster of field LSDV with a nucleotide identity of 98–100%. LSDV isolation was successfully performed four days after inoculation using 9 to 11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs showing characteristic focal white pock lesions dispersed on the choriallantoic membrane after three blind passages. Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, cell rupture, vacuoles in cells, and virus particles ovoid in shape were demonstrated by electron microscopy. Conclusion: In this study the role of hard ticks in the transmission of the LSDV to susceptible animals in Egypt was revealed and confirmed by various methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants have been used since the earliest times to treat different disorders of humans and animals. The aim of this study was to identify the plant, mineral and animal remedies used in the treatment of cattle diseases traditionally raised, in the submontane area of the Curvature Carpathians. Relevant information has been collected from 237 interviewed subjects on the treatments used to control diarrhoea, mastitis, external mammary gland injuries, mammary papillomatosis, indigestion, acute meteorism and respiratory disorders, foot injuries/ infections, external and internal parasite infections. There have been identified 56 plants, 8 mineral substances and 6 substances of animal origin used in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders. According to the answers of the interviewees, the most frequently used plants belong to the Asteraceae family (32.35%), followed by Rosaceae (17.64%), Aliaceae, Betulacea and Fabaceae (8.82%), and the most frequently used species were Robinia pseudoacacia, Artemisia absinthium and Sempervivum tectorum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early decades of colonial rule (1900 to c.1930), Salaga, a town in the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast (present-day Ghana), experienced frequent outbreaks of anthrax, a zoonotic disease of cattle and humans. This article examines this unusual incidence of cattle diseases in a commercial town that was not even located in the Sudan savannah belt in the Northern Territories, ideal for livestock. The article argues that at the turn of the twentieth century, Salaga, a town that had prospered in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a major entrepot for slaves and kola nut, found itself without a major trade commodity. In response to a revolt of the people of eastern Gonja against Asante rule, Asante after 1874 moved its kola trade from Salaga south to Kintampo. The declaration of the Northern Territories as a British Protectorate in 1900 ended the trade in slaves. Salaga decided to rebuild its local economy on cattle trade, as the caravan trade that had brought slaves down from the Niger Bend and Hausaland also brought cattle. This pitted the merchants and residents of Salaga against the colonial administration, that had designated the Northern Territories a labor reserve for the south. This economic conflict, and the irregular cattle herding and slaughtering practices at Salaga gave entry to cattle diseases as a major public health hazard and turned colonial veterinary knowledge and policy into contested sites. Resolution came from 1930, as the colonial government showed new commitment to developing the Northern Territories as a zone for cattle export and gained local endorsement of colonial veterinary science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The livestock plays an important role in the economy of farmers. The mismanagement of sick and dying cattle leads to an increase in sanitation cost of municipalities, incidences of diseases by exposed carcasses, and hence more expenditure on avoidable health catastrophes. Objective: The objective is to study the fate of sick and failing cattle and their detailed management regarding disposal of dead cattle. Materials and Methods: The qualitative research approach was used. The dual strategies of purposive sampling and snowballing were employed to identify potential respondents. The study was conducted 15 in-depth interviews among smallholder dairy farmers, scientists, officials of National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), municipality officials, and veterinarians in peri-urban areas of Karnal, Haryana, located in North India. Data were analyzed based on the contents of these audio-recorded interviews. The recordings have transcribed and translated. After translation completion, a content analysis was performed manually to identify emerging themes and interconnections. Results: This article highlighted three core themes such as impact of low literacy and awareness levels, role of informal forms of disposal, and preference of informal channels over municipality. Conclusions: There is a gap in current practices and management of sick and dying cattle. Small-scale farmers prefer to dispose their cattle in an informal way. It needs to improve animal welfare by modeling guidelines for disposal of dead cattle and its consequences pertaining to zoonoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early history of inoculation against lungsickness of cattle in South Africa provides a case study of the intercontinental transfer and local adaptation of an innovative veterinary treatment during a period when the state did not yet command the resources to regulate medicinal exchanges and experimental knowledge production. After the accidental importation of lungsickness into the Cape in 1853, information about the Belgian method of tail inoculation was disseminated swiftly, but was initially so brief and imprecise that local cattle-owners' experiments modified the technique considerably. Their experiences were debated in colonial newspapers, but were commonly so unfavourable that many farmers remained hesitant, whereas the colonial medical profession almost unanimously opposed inoculation on theoretical grounds. Yet its advocates continuously publicised updated instructions, and with improving results, tail inoculation was increasingly widely used in the colony and later adopted by Africans. A different technique of oral immunisation that became generally utilised for calves was almost certainly a local invention, apparently by Khoekhoe cattle-owners, within three years of the disease's arrival, and was subsequently adopted by settler farmers. Lungsickness inoculation thus demonstrates the potential benefits of pharmaceutical experimentation in a diversity of therapeutic systems unrestricted by hegemonic scientific doctrine and state regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The recent rise in mobile phone use and increased signal coverage has created opportunities for growth of the mobile Health sector in many low resource settings. This pilot study explores the use of a smartphone-based application, VetAfrica-Ethiopia, in assisting diagnosis of cattle diseases. We used a modified Delphi protocol to select important diseases and Bayesian algorithms to estimate the related disease probabilities based on various clinical signs being present in Ethiopian cattle. Results: A total of 928 cases were diagnosed during the study period across three regions of Ethiopia, around 70% of which were covered by diseases included in VetAfrica-Ethiopia. Parasitic Gastroenteritis (26%), Blackleg (8.5%), Fasciolosis (8.4%), Pasteurellosis (7.4%), Colibacillosis (6.4%), Lumpy skin disease (5.5%) and CBPP (5.0%) were the most commonly occurring diseases. The highest (84%) and lowest (30%) levels of matching between diagnoses made by student practitioners and VetAfrica-Ethiopia were for Babesiosis and Pasteurellosis, respectively. Multiple-variable logistic regression analysis indicated that the putative disease indicated, the practitioner involved, and the level of confidence associated with the prediction made by VetAfrica-Ethiopia were major determinants of the likelihood that a diagnostic match would be obtained. Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrated that the use of such applications can be a valuable means of assisting less experienced animal health professionals in carrying out disease diagnosis which may lead to increased animal productivity through appropriate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia influenced the formation of ideas about disease transmission in Dublin between 1862 and 1882. Public health officials used their experience with pleuropneumonia to try to understand the media by which diseases might pass between bodies. The story of pleuropneumonia in Dublin shows how practical experience in meat inspection shaped medical ideas. The slaughterhouse served not only as an important arena of public health action but also as a site of knowledge formation. However, attempts to use ideas about pleuropneumonia to push for changes to public health practices fell short of expectations. A number of obstacles slowed change including special interest groups, poor finances, scientific confusion, and the division of duties between civic bodies and Poor Law Unions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis skin positivity and associated risk factors in cattle in western Uganda. Methods: Herds were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. The comparative cervical intradermal tuberculin test (CCT) was used to determine cattle tuberculosis status using US Department of Agriculture protocols. Risk factor data were collected from cattle owners through questionnaires collected by in-person interviews. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to measure the association between risk factors and herd CCT reactor prevalence. Results: A total of 525 cattle from 63 herds were screened for M. bovis infection. Of the 525 cattle tested, 2.1 % were CCT reactors and 15.43 % were CCT suspects. Of herds tested, 14.28 % had at least 1 CCT reactor. Using a private water source for cattle and not introducing new cattle into the farm were associated with lower prevalence of M. bovis skin positivity. The herd-level prevalence of M. bovis reactors in Kashaari County of Mbarara District was 14.5 %, and the individual cattle prevalence was low (2.1 %). Conclusions: Using communal sources of drinking water for cattle and introducing new cattle on the farm were farm management practices associated with increased risk of M. bovis exposure in cattle. Despite the low prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (TB), there is a need to educate the populace on the possibility of human infection with zoonotic TB and for educating farmers on practices to reduce the risk of acquiring M. bovis in the Mbarara District. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inaugural issue of Pathologia Veterinaria in 1964 contained the first detailed account of lesions in aborted fetuses following natural, experimental, and postvaccinal infection with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). The article, written by pathologists Kennedy and Richards, described diagnostic gross and histologic features in 13 bovine fetuses. The authors provided clinical and epidemiologic features of 1 postvaccination outbreak, including the absence of clinical signs in infected dams and the propensity for abortions to occur after 6 months’ gestation. Subsequent field and experimental studies corroborated and expanded these observations. As a result of this and later reports, veterinarians became alert to the association between infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and abortion, including the risks of exposing pregnant cattle to live vaccinal BoHV-1. Methods were developed to corroborate a morphologic diagnosis of herpetic abortion in cattle, including immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction methods. Outbreaks of postvaccinal BoHV-1 abortion in the United States began to be reported with apparently increased frequency in the early 2000s. This coincided with licensure in 2003 of modified live BoHV-1 vaccines intended for use in pregnant cattle, which are now sold by 3 manufacturers. Ten recent herd episodes of postvaccinal BoHV-1 abortion are reported. All 10 BoHV-1 isolates had single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) profiles previously identified in a group of BoHV-1 isolates that contains vaccine strains, based on a BoHV-1 SNP classification system. They lacked SNP features typical of those in characterized field-type strains of BoHV-1. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The emergence of resistant bacteria forced the medical and animal agriculture communities to rethink how antibiotics are used. In Arkansas, medicated feed is mostly used to treat or control Anaplasmosis in beef cattle herds. Bovine Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease caused by the rickettsial bacteria, Anaplasma marginale. This disease causes over $300 million in losses annually for the U.S. cattle industry. With beef cattle being the fifth largest agricultural commodity in Arkansas, it is important to know the prevalence of Anaplasmosis infection in the state. The project described is a collaborative effort between the University of Arkansas-Fayetteville campus, the University of Arkansas Extension, and the Kansas State University (KSU) College of Veterinary Medicine. Extension agents from 33 Arkansas counties were trained to recruit producers for the study and to coordinate sample collection. On the day of blood collection, Extension agents discussed the purpose of the project and appropriate disclosures with the producers. A total of 578 mature beef cattle were randomly selected from six geographical regions for sampling between the months of November 2019 and February 2020. Both whole blood and serum samples were collected from each animal. PCR testing was completed at the KSU College of Veterinary Medicine andcELISA testing was completed at the University of Arkansas Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Blood samples from 335 cattle (58.7%) were positive for Anaplasmosis on at least one test with the majority of animals testing positive (229; 68.4%) on both the cELISA and PCR tests. Rates of regional prevalence ranged from 36.7% to 93.8%. The overall results were discussed with Extension agents via Zoom prior to discussing results with individual producers. Data from this study were added to previous surveillance data collected by Kansas State University and will direct Extension education efforts pertaining to Anaplasmosis management in regional beef cattle herds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two cases of cutaneous Pythiosis insidiosi were diagnosed in cattle from the Pantanal region, Brazil. The lesions were observed in the limbs of two 8-month-old beef calves. Close examination showed local swelling and focal ulceration of the skin. Microscopically, there was multifocal granulomatous dermatitis with intralesional Pythium insidiosum hyphae. The diagnosis was based on the morphological aspects, immunohistochemical findings and culture of the etiologic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 10-year-old Aberdeen Angus cow with a history of weight loss for the past six months, watery diarrhea, tenesmus, and fever. This involved a liver biopsy processed for histopathology. The liver cytology showed low cellularity and contained hepatocytes arranged individually and in small cohesive clusters and the evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of biliary hyperplasia, fibrosis, and megalocytosis consistent with toxicosis.