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In this article, we present an oral history of the founding of community-based water advocacy group in Wellington County, Ontario, to illustrate and share insights about the origins stage of community organisations and their campaigns. In 2007, a group of friends and acquaintances gathered around a kitchen table in Guelph, Ontario, to make plans for opposing for-profit water bottling in their area. Fifteen years later, the "Water Watchers" and its campaigns continue to grow from these foundations. We share a fine-grained history of the founding of this organisation and based on this story, we highlight the importance of direct inter-personal relationships, a familiarity with the local political context, and accessible, low-risk opportunities for participation to establishing momentum and an enduring collective identity around a fledgling organisation and campaign. This article will be of interest to anyone interested in the theoretical or practical dimensions of the start-up of community-based social action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides results from interviews and a focus group conducted at two different points in time in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, which explored impacts of the pandemic and adaptation among water advocacy organizations in southern Ontario, Canada. Our findings show that despite the destabilizing and sometimes devastating impact of COVID-19 on grassroots organizations and their programs, by disrupting business as usual the pandemic also created the conditions for experimentation, innovation, the establishment of new capacities and strategic foci. In this paper, we share descriptive narratives from water activists in our geographic area about how they adapted and innovated their work despite the challenges of the pandemic. Our findings illustrate and add nuance to themes emerging in the literature about the impacts of the pandemic on environmental advocacy groups and other nonprofit organizations, and generate new themes for further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcoidosis is characterised by the formation of noncaseating granulomas classically affecting lungs, lymph nodes and skin. Osteoarticular involvement affects up to 15% of patients; however, acro-osteolysis, destruction involving distal phalanges of fingers and toes, associated with sarcoidosis, is extremely rare. A 44-year- old woman with a history of biopsy-proven sarcoidosis managed with prednisone and methotrexate presented with swelling and pain in the distal fingers of her right hand without skin manifestations. Radiographic imaging showed erosion of distal phalanges on second, third and fifth fingers and bone resorption in bilateral toes. A biopsy of the finger lesions showed noncaseating granulomas consistent with sarcoidosis. She was diagnosed with sarcoid acro-osteolysis and started on adalimumab with clinical and radiographic improvement. While most cases of osteoarticular sarcoidosis are asymptomatic and respond to standard immunosuppression, we present a case with progressive and refractory clinical course. This is the first reported case of sarcoid acro-osteolysis affecting the toes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We sought to determine the effect of active versus passive voiding trials on time to hospital discharge and rates of urinary tract infection (UTI) and urinary retention (UR). Methods: We performed a prospective, randomized trial comparing active (AVT) versus passive (PVT) void trials of inpatients requiring urethral catheter removal. Of 329 eligible patients, 274 were randomized to AVT (bladder filled with saline before catheter removal) or PVT (spontaneous bladder filling after catheter removal). Primary outcome was time to hospital discharge. Secondary outcomes were UTI (NSQIP criteria) and UR (requiring repeat catheterization) within 2 weeks of void trial. Results: The median time to void was 18 (5–115) versus 236 (136–360) min in the AVT and PVT groups, respectively (p < 0.0001). However, no difference was seen in comparison of the median time to hospital discharge between AVT [28.4 (13.6–69.3) h] and PVT [30.0 (10.4–75.6) h] cohorts, respectively (p = 0.93). Six (4.8%) and 13 (12.9%) patients developed UTI in the AVT and PVT groups, respectively (p = 0.03). Eleven (8.8%) and 12 (11.9%) patients developed UR in the AVT and PVT groups, respectively (p = 0.36). Conclusion: Our study comparing AVT versus PVT demonstrated no difference in time to discharge despite a 3.6 h reduction in time to void associated with AVT. AVT was associated with a 63% reduction in UTI, with no difference seen in UR rates across cohorts. Given the reduction in UTI and technical advantages, our data suggest that AVT should be considered as a recommended technique for void trial protocol. Trial registration: NCT02886143 (clinicaltrials.gov). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 39-year-old woman with a history of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery and alcohol use presented with a confluent erythematous rash involving the perineum spreading outward to the abdomen, thighs and lower back. She had angular cheilitis and glossitis. The rash was painful and blistering in scattered areas. She was hypotensive and appeared to be in septic or hypovolemic shock at presentation. Serum levels of zinc and vitamin B6 were critically low and biopsy of her rash returned suggestive of a nutritional deficiency as its source. The rash slowly improved over the following 2 weeks with oral zinc and vitamin B6 replacement. The body rash resembled that of infants born with inherited defects in zinc transporters, referred to as acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE). This case may represent an acquired case of AE in the setting of prior RYGB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unique two-beam laser ultrasonic inspection (LUI) probes were developed for the inspection of the quality of all types of chip packages. Microelectronic assembly houses demand reliable quality inspection tools that can identify all interconnect defects across the wide range of chip packages in order to allow for cost-effective rework (when applicable) and to prevent field failures. LUI is a noncontact, nondestructive, and cost-effective technique that can be used as both an online and offline tool for evaluating the quality of solder ball interconnections. In this paper, the authors present the development and validation of unique two-beam LUI probes. The developed probes were validated by using them to evaluate the quality of large flip-chip ball grid array (FCBGA) packages. These two-beam laser probes produce high-amplitude signal in multilayer packages. The high-amplitude signal, in turn, improves the signal-to-noise ratio, which facilitates the detection of very small defects as well as large defects. FCBGA packages that underwent four-point bending tests were successfully evaluated for defects such as laminate separations, pad cratering, and cracks. Finally, the packages were cross-sectioned for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging to validate the LUI results. Finite-element (FE) simulation of the package with four-point bending loading conditions was also carried out to further validate the LUI results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 83-year- old man with a history of chronic myelogenous leukaemia in remission maintained with bosutinib presented with new-onset fevers. He denied pain and had no other focal symptoms. Ultrasound imaging revealed mild gallbladder wall thickening. Non-contrasted CT revealed right upper quadrant inflammation of indeterminate source. The diagnosis of acalculous cholecystitis was made on the third day when a CT with oral contrast demonstrated a remarkably inflamed biliary tree. The gallbladder was surgically removed and found to be necrotic. The case highlights an unusual presentation for a well-known condition. Both ultrasound and CT have limited diagnostic sensitivity for acalculous cystitis. This case adds to existing literature to support development of acalculous cholecystitis in non-critically ill patients. Clinicians should maintain awareness of this condition among patients presenting to the hospital or clinic with abdominal pain. Careful discussion with radiology and surgery is indicated to guide diagnostic testing when initial imaging results are indeterminate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we share results from a comparative study exploring the dynamics of community engagement surrounding local water advocacy organizations in two Canadian communities. Although emergent local issues and the perception of crisis triggered some short-term community engagement, social factors such as collective identity, a sense of community, and sense of efficacy appear to be more important for sustaining and deepening engagement. Drawing on the results, we show how the pyramid of engagement, by depicting activist engagement as a multilevel, developmental process, can serve as a useful tool for community engagement scholars and practitioners alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity is a highly contested concept. The dominant narratives of water scarcity in policy debates have been criticised for prioritising purely quantitative metrics and eliding questions of inequality and power. While much scholarship on water scarcity examines contexts in the global South where potable water infrastructures do not reach most residents, this article examines conflict over commercial water extraction in a Northern setting where access to potable tap water is nearly universal, yet local water supplies are increasingly constrained. It addresses three main questions: (1) How are narratives or discourses of water scarcity mobilised by a range of actors in local conflicts over groundwater extraction for water bottling?; (2) To what extent do these discourses invoke biophysical versus socially produced scarcity, current versus future scarcity, and local versus regional or global scales of scarcity?; and (3) What are the implications of the findings for efforts by environmental advocates and communities to protect local water supplies? We explore these questions by analysing a local case study of conflict over groundwater extraction by the leading bottled water firm, Nestlé Waters, in southwestern Ontario, Canada. We find that the scarcity narratives deployed by local residents, activists, public officials, and bottling industry representatives illustrate the use of several forms of figurative conflation involving geographic and temporal scales of water scarcity, and economic and volumetric forms of scarcity. We argue that this conflation illuminates deeper issues of economic and social justice at the heart of the conflict, which transcend reductionist hydrological assessments of scarcity or abundance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Summary Only recently has social work begun to grapple with its place in relation to environmental issues. While considerable progress has been made in bringing environmental considerations into the centre of our profession's scholarship and practice, this project is far from complete. Drawing on environmental literature and based on findings of a qualitative case study of water activism in one Canadian city, this paper argues that the concept of “community resilience” provides both a practical and a conceptual framework for advancing social work's engagement with issues of the natural environment and environmental justice through community praxis. Findings In Guelph, Ontario, Canada, water issues are the focal point of considerable community activism. The case study research reveals, however, that while water is the focus, much of this activism is driven by three broad social priorities that reflect ideas of community resilience and which suggest entry points for social work participation in community-based environmental initiatives: self-reliance and sustainability, localization and direct citizen participation, and community. Applications “Community resilience” is increasingly popular in environmental and community development fields as a conceptual framework for assessing and building the capacity of communities to support wellbeing in the face of environmental change, adversity and risk. While the concept of “resilience” is well established in social work, “community resilience” remains under-examined in social work literature. In this paper, the author draws attention to this arena of resilience thinking, highlighting its potential for the integration of considerations of the natural environment into social work scholarship, education, and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this article, the author presents an oral history of community-based water activism in Elmira, Ontario, Canada, and draws insights from it for theory and praxis in community organization. In 1989, a group of citizens calling themselves “APT Environment” came together over a concern about chemical pollution in their community that eventually triggered the closure of municipal drinking water wells. Organizing themselves and building capacity within the group, these grassroots citizens pushed for action against considerable backlash, and emerged as a significant player in the ongoing struggle to mitigate further contamination, to have the contamination remediated, and to see environmental justice served. The story of APT Environment is one of shifting activist identities that evolve with a shifting political context. Drawing on this oral history, the author offers implications for social movement theory and for community organizing in other contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1987, the term "academic clustering" was coined to explain the grouping or "clustering" of a disproportionate number of college athletes into academic majors when compared to the general student population (Case, Greer, Brown, 1987). In recent years, academic clustering of college athletes has received renewed attention as evidenced by research activities (Calhoun, 2012; Fountain & Finley, 2009; Liebengood, 2008; McCormick, 2010) and media attention (Kane, 2014). Although previous studies attempted to confirm the existence of academic clustering in college athletic programs, limited attention has been directed at explaining the practice of clustering and reasons for its existence. The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature and scope of academic clustering in college athletic programs, in general, and to analyze the causes and possible solutions to academic clustering specifically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic capillary leak syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by dysfunctional inflammatory response, endothelial dysfunction, and extravasation of fluid from the vascular space to the interstitial space leading to shock, hemoconcentration, hypoalbuminemia, and subsequent organ failure. The condition may be idiopathic or secondary to an underlying cause, which can include viral infections. Here we describe a patient with acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection who presented with hemoconcentration, shock, and hypoalbuminemia. The patient subsequently developed rhabdomyolysis and compartment syndrome of all four extremities, requiring fasciotomies. This is the first reported case of systemic capillary leak syndrome associated with COVID-19 infection. This case adds to the evolving spectrum of inflammatory effects associated with this viral infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined differences between direct spending reported through in person surveys administered during a sporting event and online surveys administered after the event's conclusion. The same direct spending and demographic information questions were used for both surveys. Subjects for the study were participants in a half-marathon that was held in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States during 2012. Unlike previous studies that collected data from different subjects for the in person during event and online post event data collection periods -- this study collected responses from the same subjects for both data collection periods. Overall, direct spending estimates were significantly higher for the online post-event direct spending survey respondents than the in person during event survey respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through this study the authors examine the differences between direct spending reported through in person surveys administered during a sporting event and post event online surveys. The event was a participant oriented individual running event. The overall purpose of the study was to identify and examine potential differences between the “during event” data collection methods and “post event” data collection methods. Subjects for the study were participants in a mid-sized 14-kilometer running event held in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Results showed that direct spending figures were significantly higher for the “during event” in person survey respondents when compared to direct spending figures for the “post event” online survey respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine direct-spending patterns while competing in participant-oriented sporting events at three competitive levels. XTERRA off-road triathlon participants were the subjects of this study. Regional, national, and world championship XTERRA events were studied through the use of an online direct-spending survey. Results revealed that the participants, on average, were in their upper 30s, with the majority of respondents being well-educated Caucasian males with middle to upper-middle income levels. Lodging, food and beverage, and transportation were the direct-spending categories at each competitive level that realized the highest levels of direct spending. Significant differences were found to exist between direct-spending patterns at each of the three competitive levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine differences between the results of an in person or face-to-face direct spending survey and a post-event online direct spending survey. Participants in a large annual marathon held in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States were used as subjects for the study. The research methodology selected for this study included an in person survey instrument administered to out-of-town marathon participants prior to the start of the event during the race number and race timing chip pick-up period. The same survey instrument was administered online four days after the conclusion of the marathon to the same group of out-of-town marathon participants who did not previously respond to the in person survey. Analysis of data and results revealed that average direct spending for the online respondents was consistently and significantly higher than spending for the in person respondents on direct spending questions. Spending on lodging for both groups showed no significant differences. It was recommended that the use of online survey methods be considered when conducting direct spending studies for participant oriented sporting events when adequate e-mail addresses are available and the potential respondents have a certain level of computer literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For new social movement theorists, changes in Western capitalist societies brought about by the transition from an industrial to a post-industrial era are fundamental to understanding the formation, structure, and operation of new social movements. Using observational and interview data from a 2008 World Water Day rally, this article draws on and examines theoretical contributions of New Social Movement theorists Alain Touraine, Alberto Melucci, and Claus Offe to inform an exploration and analysis of growing collective action on water issues in Guelph, Ontario. The authors argue that growing citizen engagement in water issues in Guelph and area, operating primarily through loosely organized informal social networks, represents growing collective action that constitutes a vibrant New Social Movement. So conceptualized, the authors discuss implications for theoretical understandings of citizen mobilization in general and for the strengthening of collective action on water itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disparities in curricular offerings between poor; inner-city schools and their more affluent counterparts leave urban students at a disadvantage in terms of preparation for higher education and future job opportunities. Introducing more rigorous academic course work into traditionally low-performing schools is one way to close this gap; however; the addition of advanced classes is only part of moving a school to a higher level of academic performance. Using a framework developed by Oakes, we investigate the technical, normative, and political dimensions of the turnaround of an inner-city high school through a case study of the introduction of advanced placement calculus. The authors find that the calculus course is not an isolated effort but part of a package of increased academic expectations of students and staff and an influx of financial and personnel resources stemming from the school's position of political priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods Two hundred seventy-one patients with a recent acute coronary event underwent pain tolerance testing using the tourniquet test. Baseline ambulatory and exercise electrocardiography, and stress thallium scintigraphy were performed, and patients were followed prospectively for a mean of 33 ± 8 months for the occurrence of unstable angina, nonfatal myocardial infarction (Ml), or cardiac death. Results Patients with lower tolerance to somatic pain were significantly older (P = 0.001), had more clinical angina (P = 0.04), and on multivariate analysis had poorer exercise tolerance (P = 0.002) than those with higher pain tolerance. Low and high pain tolerance patients demonstrated similar degrees of myocardial ischemia on noninvasive testing and had similar cardiac event rates (death, nonfatal Ml, or unstable angina) during the follow-up period. Conclusions Despite demonstrating a similar frequency of myocardial ischemia and similar prognosis as patients with high pain tolerance, individuals with low pain tolerance were more likely to experience clinical symptoms and functional impairment, providing evidence that individual differences in somatic pain tolerance influence the symptomatic expression of coronary disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Myocardial lactate metabolism was monitored before, during, and after a period of atrial pacing with a continuous automated sampling technic. The electrocardiogram was recorded, and left ventricular function was evaluated by relating left ventricular end-diastolic pressure to left ventricular stroke work. Seventeen of 21 patients with coronary artery disease experienced angina during pacing, and 13 of these showed lactate production by the myocardium during angina. The abnormalities in lactate metabolism developed early in the pacing period, along with S-T segment depression and impairment of left ventricular function, all of which usually occurred before the onset of pain. In the patients with angina, the mean lactate extraction was 14.1% during the control period and -15.1% during the pacing period. Abnormalities in myocardial lactate metabolism have been demonstrated with greater regularity during pacing-induced angina than during angina precipitated by exercise or isoproterenol. This investigation has demonstrated the sequences of changes in lactate metabolism during and after a period of angina and their relation to electrocardiographic and hemodynamic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of stable patients with resting ST segment depression on the resting electrocardiogram (ECG) following an acute ischemic event (i.e., infarction or unstable angina) to better understand its association with subsequent cardiac death and nonfatal infarction. The recent Multicenter Study of Myocardial Ischemia (MSMI) demonstrated that the resting ST segment depression had an independent prognostic value. Methods: We studied clinical features, noninvasive test results and coronary arteriography findings in 99 patients with ST depression on the resting ECG and 837 patients without ST segment depression with respect to endpoints of cardiac death and hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina. Results: Our results showed that patients with resting ECG ST depression were significantly older with a higher incidence of hypertension, angina, claudication, and tobacco use. ST depression on the resting ECG correlated closely with ST segment depression on the 24-hour ambulatory ECG and the exercise ECG but not with redistribution on the thallium perfusion scan. Left ventricular diastolic pressure was higher and exercise duration less in patients with ST depression. Although not achieving statistical significance, patients with ST depression did show more extensive coronary disease and a lower ejection fraction. Conclusions: ECG ST depression was associated with cardiac death and nonfatal reinfarction over the follow-up period only in patients originally admitted with an acute infarction but not in patients hospitalized for unstable angina. The reason for this appears to be an association of ST depression with increased age, the presence of hypertension, the presence of more severe coronary disease, and more extensive myocardial damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of spectator violence at sporting events appears to be increasing at an alarming rate in present-day society. Research specifically dealing with crowd violence has also increased concomitantly. This article selectively reviews spectator violence research in an effort to articulate past and present trends. Traditionally, sport psychologists have attempted to study spectator violence by focusing on the aggression levels of individual fans. In turn, sport sociologists have used collective behavior theories in their attempts to identify possible determinants of crowd violence. It seems incumbent upon the researchers of future studies in this area to look to hypothetical questions that encompass both schools of thought.The need for an understanding of spectator violence in sport environments is real. During the past few years, several tragedies related to sport spectator violence have been reported. If similar incidents are to be avoided, the phenomenon of spectator violence must be carefully studied from both psychological and sociological perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The ability of coronary sinus pO2 to remain constant in the face of a shift in the O2 dissociation curve was tested in a series of anaesthetized dogs during respiratory-induced alterations in blood pH, resulting from either hyperventilation or CO2 inhalation. Coronary sinus pO2 was not constant, but varied from 8.2 to 96 mm Hg (1.09 to 12.8 kPa) as coronary sinus pH was altered from 6.97 to 7.71 and coronary sinus pCO2 was varied from 16 to 96 mm Hg (2.13 to 12.8 kPa). The coronary sinus pO2 was logarithmically related to coronary sinus pCOa. Myocardial O2 extraction varied from 13 to 87%. The low coronary sinus pO2 reached during hypocapnia suggests that O2 delivery to the myocardium is impaired at this time. The hypothesis is presented that myocardial pCO2 is a primary agent controlling coronary flow. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]