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In autoreactive germinal centers (GC) initiated by a single rogue B cell clone, wild-type B cells expand and give rise to clones that target other autoantigens, known as epitope spreading. The chronic, progressive nature of epitope spreading calls for early interventions to limit autoimmune pathologies, but the kinetics and molecular requirements for wild-type B cell invasion and participation in GC remain largely unknown. With parabiosis and adoptive transfer approaches in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus, we demonstrate that wild-type B cells join existing GCs rapidly, clonally expand, persist, and contribute to autoantibody production and diversification. The invasion of autoreactive GCs by wild-type B cells required TLR7, B cell receptor specificity, antigen presentation, and type I interferon signaling. The adoptive transfer model provides a tool for identifying early events in the breaking of B cell tolerance in autoimmunity. Editor's summary: Autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) initiate through a breakdown of self-tolerance resulting in germinal centers (GCs) that enable the emergence of new autoreactive B cell clones. Van den Broek et al. examined the early dynamics of this in murine SLE using parabiosis and adoptive transfer models to synchronize the entry of wild-type (WT) B cells into autoreactive GCs. WT B cells enter rapidly, clonally expand, and persist in autoreactive GCs and subsequently differentiate into autoantibody-producing B cells. Entry into autoreactive GCs by WT B cells was dependent on Toll-like receptor 7 and B cell receptor specificity as well as antigen presentation and type I IFN. —Christiana Fogg [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Telemedicine use dramatically increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the effects of telemedicine on pre-existing disparities in pediatric surgical access have not been well described. We describe our center's early experience with telemedicine and disparities in patients' access to outpatient surgical care. Methods:A retrospective study of outpatient visits within all surgical divisions from May to December 2020 was conducted. We assessed the rates of scheduled telemedicine visits during that period, as well as the rate of completing a visit after it has been scheduled. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were used to test for associations between these rates and patient characteristics. Results:Over the study period, 109,601 visits were scheduled. Telemedicine accounted for 6.1% of all visits with lower cancellation rates than in-person visits (26.9% vs. 34.7%). More scheduled telemedicine encounters were observed for older patients, White, English speakers, those with private insurance, and those living in rural areas. Lower odds of telemedicine visit completion were observed among patients with public insurance (odds ratio [OR] 0.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64–0.77), Spanish language preference (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.72–0.97), and those living in rural areas (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.64–0.84). In contrast, higher odds of telemedicine visit completion were associated with a higher Social Deprivation Index score (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.27–1.58). Telemedicine visit completion was also associated with increasing community-level income and distance from the hospital. Conclusions:Telemedicine use for outpatient surgical care was generally low during the peak of the pandemic, and certain populations were less likely to utilize it. These findings call for further action to bridge gaps in telemedicine use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effect of craft breweries on residential property values. Using a hedonic Difference‐in‐Differences (DID) approach and about 250 thousand housing transactions in Denver, Colorado from 1990 to 2016, we investigate the impact of proximity to a craft brewery on residential property values. We consider three types of residence (single‐family home, row house, and condominiums), three types of brewery (all craft breweries, microbreweries, and brewpubs/taprooms), and two measurements of distance (Euclidian and walk‐time). Our most robust results are found for single‐family homes, whose values enjoy a premium of up to 20.4% for being in proximity to a brewpub/taproom several years after, with the average annual maximum premium around 3%. As expected, premiums decline as distance from breweries increase. Beyond a distance of 0.5 km or a 10‐min walk‐time, the premium for a regional/microbrewery is greater than that for a brewpub/taproom. For single family homes within 4 km or 40‐min walk‐time, the annualized premium ranges between 0.41% and 3.01%. These findings support the narrative that craft breweries are a neighborhood asset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media use by student-athletes has become a topic of concern for interscholastic athletic directors. The recent Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L. Supreme Court case highlighted how student speech has evolved in the digital age. This study explored how Texas interscholastic athletic directors view social media policy implementation and the effect it has on student-athlete behavior. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 13 athletic directors across all six University Interscholastic League enrollment classifications. Analysis revealed that athletic directors do have legal concerns when restricting online off-campus speech but see a need for promoting positive social media use by their student-athletes. The results suggest high school athletic departments must update their policies frequently to ensure that the information relayed to student-athletes is current, relevant, and based on recent case law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T cell help is a crucial component of the normal humoral immune response, yet whether it promotes or restrains autoreactive B cell responses remains unclear. Here, we observe that autoreactive germinal centers require T cell help for their formation and persistence. Using retrogenic chimeras transduced with candidate TCRs, we demonstrate that a follicular T cell repertoire restricted to a single autoreactive TCR, but not a foreign antigen–specific TCR, is sufficient to initiate autoreactive germinal centers. Follicular T cell specificity influences the breadth of epitope spreading by regulating wild-type B cell entry into autoreactive germinal centers. These results demonstrate that TCR-dependent T cell help can promote loss of B cell tolerance and that epitope spreading is determined by TCR specificity. Editor's summary: T cell help to B cells is a critical component of adaptive immunity, which is, in part, facilitated by follicular T cells that signal to germinal center (GC) B cells and drive tolerogenic B cell responses. Loss of tolerance is associated with autoantibody generation, and Akama-Garren et al. now describe how follicular T cell specificity is a key element of B cell tolerance. They generated a panel of follicular T cells with different TCR clones that were evaluated in follicular T cell–deficient mice. Among these clones, autoreactive TCRs, but not a model TCR, were sufficient to promote spontaneous GC formation and permit entry of naïve B cells into autoreactive GCs, allowing for epitope spreading toward autoantigens. —Christiana Fogg [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Re-use of neglected and frequently landfilled wastes, including earthquake-generated rubble, can reduce the environmental impact of such waste materials, avoiding georesource exploitation, and potentially provide a source for new upcycling applications. Here, the fine fraction (<0.125 mm) of different wastes was selected according to chemical composition (mostly silicate/oxide-rich materials), including construction and demolition waste (CDW), commercial glass, ceramic industry waste and incinerator bottom and fly ashes. Mixtures of these materials were used for vitrification experiments conducted at atmospheric pressure, 1200 °C, 8 h duration, preparing ten mixes containing 30 to 70 wt% of different waste materials added to a CDW starting material. X-ray powder diffraction and SEM/electron microprobe analyses show that the amorphous content (glass) varies from a maximum of 100 wt.% in products made of CDW with 70 wt.% added ceramic materials (e.g., roof tile) to a minimum of ~53 wt.% amorphous material when CDW was mixed with 30 wt.% brick powder. Mixtures of other waste materials (commercial glass, bottom/fly ash, ceramic waste) produced variable amounts of amorphous component, interpreted in terms of thermal minima in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system. Lack crystallinity and characteristic microstructures of experimental products suggest that vitrification is a promising choice for rendering inert chemically complex waste materials like CDW for possible upcycling applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A relatively recent development in the field of work and employment is organisational provisions around employee fertility – notably policies and benefits related to assisted reproductive technologies, also known as fertility treatment. Work, employment and organisation scholars have only scratched the surface of this issue. This Debates and Controversies article takes an intersectional political economy approach to explore the opportunities, challenges and dilemmas at the interface between assisted reproductive technologies, society, employment and work. We consider how 'stratified reproduction' may be affected by employer interest in assisted reproductive technologies; what employers may gain, risk or lose by developing provisions; how assisted reproductive technologies-related 'reproductive work' intersects with paid employment; and the possible consequences, including occupational stratification due to assisted reproductive technologies-related career penalty. We call for further research, especially focusing on the most disadvantaged in society and employment, and approaches to workplace support led by compassion over cost-benefit calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic and the sociopolitical climate in the United States have imposed additional stress and anxiety for graduate students. We explored the stress level in graduate occupational therapy students, the role of exercise in reducing stress, and common coping mechanisms applied to manage academic and sociopolitical stress. Methods: A survey was created and distributed to graduate occupational therapy students in the U.S. Results: Most participants reported moderate to high levels of academic-related stress (n = 73, 97.33%), and more than half reported moderate levels of anger and frustration because of academic-related stress (n = 43, 57.33%). Half of the participants reported that they engage in physical exercise as a coping mechanism for academic stress (n = 38, 50.67%), and most participants thought that kickboxing would help reduce stress (n = 48, 64.00%) and reduce anger and frustration (n = 56, 74.67%). Conclusion: the well-being of graduate students over the past two years has increased after the COVID-19 pandemic and the sociopolitical tension in the U.S. Future research is needed to determine how this stress may affect graduation and employment outcomes and recommendations for burnout and suicide prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disorders of autonomic functions are typically characterized by disturbances in multiple organ systems. These disturbances are often comorbidities of common and rare diseases, such as epilepsy, sleep apnea, Rett syndrome, congenital heart disease or mitochondrial diseases. Characteristic of many autonomic disorders is the association with intermittent hypoxia and oxidative stress, which can cause or exaggerate a variety of other autonomic dysfunctions, making the treatment and management of these syndromes very complex. In this review we discuss the cellular mechanisms by which intermittent hypoxia can trigger a cascade of molecular, cellular and network events that result in the dysregulation of multiple organ systems. We also describe the importance of computational approaches, artificial intelligence and the analysis of big data to better characterize and recognize the interconnectedness of the various autonomic and non-autonomic symptoms. These techniques can lead to a better understanding of the progression of autonomic disorders, ultimately resulting in better care and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children and young adults with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) are at risk of cognitive deficits. They experience autonomic dysfunction and chemoreceptor insensitivity measured during ventilatory and orthostatic challenges, but relationships between these features are undefined. Can a biomarker be identified from physiologic responses to ventilatory and orthostatic challenges that is related to neurocognitive outcomes in CCHS? This retrospective study included 25 children and young adults with CCHS tested over an inpatient stay. Relationships between physiologic measurements during hypercarbic and hypoxic ventilatory challenges, hypoxic ventilatory challenges, and orthostatic challenges and neurocognitive outcomes (by Wechsler intelligence indexes) were examined. Independent variable inclusion was determined by significant associations in Pearson's analyses. Multivariate linear regressions were used to assess relationships between measured physiologic responses to challenges and neurocognitive scores. Significant relationships were identified between areas of fluid intelligence and measures of oxygen saturation (SpO 2) and heart rate (HR) during challenges. Specifically, perceptual reasoning was related to HR (adjusted regression [β] coefficient, –0.68; 95% CI, 1.24 to –0.12; P =.02) during orthostasis. Working memory was related to change in HR (β, –1.33; 95% CI, –2.61 to –0.05; P =.042) during the hypoxic ventilatory challenge. Processing speed was related to HR (β, –1.19; 95% CI, –1.93 to –0.46; P =.003) during orthostasis, to baseline SpO 2 (hypercarbic and hypoxic β, 8.57 [95% CI, 1.63-15.51]; hypoxic β, 8.37 [95% CI, 3.65-13.11]; P =.002 for both) during the ventilatory challenges, and to intrachallenge SpO 2 (β, 5.89; 95% CI, 0.71-11.07; P =.028) during the hypoxic ventilatory challenge. In children and young adults with CCHS, SpO 2 and HR—or change in HR—at rest and as a response to hypoxia and orthostasis are related to cognitive outcomes in domains of known risk, particularly fluid reasoning. These findings can guide additional research on the usefulness of these as biomarkers in understanding the impact of daily physical stressors on neurodevelopment in this high-risk group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many scholars have noted workplace inequalities generated by the presence of pregnancy and parenthood, this paper shifts the focus to explore the question: how do childless subjects negotiate between work identities and desired identities of parenthood? Drawing from empirical research interviews about navigating complex fertility journeys alongside work and employment, we show how themes of pregnancy and parenthood play out in the form of (non‐)potential rather than actual achievement, and where identity threats arise paradoxically from both too close and too distant an association with the maternal body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the seminal paper from Ostrom et al. ([6]), there is a large theoretical and empirical literature on polycentrism versus consolidation - sometimes called "the reform tradition" or "gargantua" - in economics, public administration, and regional science. These aspects of crises and community resilience make the topic an excellent fit for I Economics of Governance i , which motivates this special issue on Crises and Community Resilience. We thank the editors of I Economics of Governance i , Ami Glazer and Marko Kothenbuerger, for this opportunity to extend the governance literature to include research on governance in crises and community resilience, and to highlight the important connections between governance, crises, and community resilience. [Extracted from the article]

Since 2020, there has been a marked increase in active shooter incidents (ASIs), particularly within major cities and college towns across the United States. As such, it is important to understand how college campuses prepare for, and manage, the potential risks of an ASI. This qualitative study was grounded in vested interest theory (VIT) to investigate the perceptions of NCAA Division I athletic directors and campus police chiefs as it relates to ASI preparedness. The study demonstrated that participants had a high level of vested interest, but there were disparities in threat awareness and disagreements within certainty and immediacy of an active shooter incident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonates in the system Na2CO3-CaCO3 are nowadays suggested as having a wide stability field at conditions of the mantle transition zone. Our structural analysis of nyerereite, which has limited stability fields at ambient conditions, and its similarities with already known carbonates that are stable at high-pressure conditions, allowed us to propose that nyerereite likely undergoes phase transitions at both high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. This supports the hypothesis that nyerereite takes part in carbon transportation from the mantle/deep crust toward the surface, with important implications for the deep carbon cycle associated with carbonatites. K-free nyerereite [Na2Ca(CO3)2] was synthesized both at hydrothermal conditions and from the melt. The structure of nyerereite was refined as a three-component twinned structure in the centrosymmetric Pbca space group with ratios of the three twinning components 0.221(3):0.287(3):0.492(3). Twinning at micro- and nano-level can introduce some minor structural deformations that influence the likely occurrence of the inversion center as one of the symmetry elements in the nyerereite structure. Based on the automated topological algorithms, we show that nyerereite has a unique crystal structure, not having analogs among the known structures, except for the structure with a similar composition K2Ca(CO3)2 fairchildite. A comparison between the centrosymmetric Pbca nyerereite structure and that of aragonite (CaCO3, Pmcn space group) reveals two main scenarios for the high-pressure form of Na2Ca(CO3)2: (1) polysomatic relations as the interlayering of the high-pressure polymorph Na2CO3 and CaCO3-aragonite, and (2) high-pressure structure with ninefold-coordinated Na and Ca sites resembling that of aragonite. Our discussion heightens the interest in the high-pressure behavior of the nyerereite structure and strengthens the hypothesis about the possibility for nyerereite to be stable at high-pressure/high-temperature conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in non-invasive imaging methods have revitalized the field of comparative anatomy, and reproductive anatomy has been no exception. The reproductive systems of female amniotes present specific challenges, namely their often internal "hidden" anatomy. Quantifying female reproductive systems is crucial to recognizing reproductive pathologies, monitoring menstrual cycles, and understanding copulatory mechanics. Here, we conduct a review of the application of non-invasive imaging techniques to female amniote reproductive anatomy. We introduce the commonly used imaging modalities of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), highlighting their advantages and limitations when applied to female reproductive tissues, and make suggestions for future advances. We also include a case study of micro CT and MRI, along with their associated staining protocols, applied to cadavers of female adult stoats (Mustela erminea). In doing so, we will progress the discussion surrounding the imaging of female reproductive anatomy, whilst also impacting the fields of sexual selection research and comparative anatomy more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study aimed to highlight the contextual nuances of childhood protective strategies from the perspectives of adult daughters of abused women raised in rural areas (N = 35). Children exposed to domestic violence courageously find ways to survive and persevere against adverse and harsh familial conditions. Thematic analysis of qualitative data produced three overarching themes related to participants' childhood efforts to protect themselves and their mothers: (1) seeking safety and connection (i.e., friends, pets, nature, school and extracurricular activities), (2) hiding and invisibility (i.e., physically hiding, reading, mental escapes and planning for the future), and (3) intervening and protecting others (i.e., diverting, mediating and opposing violence). The study's findings underscore the tenuous balance for female children exposed to domestic violence between seeking refuge from violence exposure versus challenging rural cultural norms of male dominance and female subordination. Implications for helping professionals include acknowledging how the rural context influences girls' coping strategies while addressing safety planning for themselves and their mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The germinal center serves as a site of B cell selection and affinity maturation, critical processes for productive adaptive immunity. In autoimmune disease tolerance is broken in the germinal center reaction, leading to production of autoreactive B cells that may propagate disease. Follicular T cells are crucial regulators of this process, providing signals necessary for B cell survival in the germinal center. Here, we review the emerging roles of follicular T cells in the autoreactive germinal center. Recent advances in immunological techniques have allowed study of the gene expression profiles and repertoire of follicular T cells at unprecedented resolution. These studies provide insight into the potential role follicular T cells play in preventing or facilitating germinal center loss of tolerance. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of T cell help in autoreactive germinal centers provides novel therapeutic targets for diseases of germinal center dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiracial organizing since the 1980s has centered around the need to define and make visible the term multiracial (e.g., U.S. Census). In the contemporary era when multiple race populations are a growing and institutionally recognized demographic, how do multiracial organizations characterize and seek to combat collective experiences of racial marginalization? Here, we draw on in-depth interviews with officers from diverse multiracial organizations in the U.S. and Canada (N = 19) collected from 2017 through 2018 to examine this question. The findings revealed that multiracial individuals experience distinct forms of exclusion, which we call categorical invisibility, that target individuals who do not "fit" into established monoracial categories, and mixture as pathology, a less common frame but representing more overt forms of bias targeting those of mixed backgrounds. The lived impacts of these experiences prompt the expressed need for "safe" spaces from the psychosocial costs of categorical invisibility. Multiracial organizations, located mostly in the United States with one in Canada, engage in diverse community building and advocacy efforts to address these needs and, thus, represent critical sites of resistance to the trauma of racial (in)visibility. This work amplifies the need to center Critical Multiracial Theory to expose how monoracial paradigms as a central feature of White supremacy continue to shape the lives of multiracial people and expand our knowledge on how multiracial organizations shape the (re)negotiation of racial categories that challenge the racial status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racially mixed children are a rapidly expanding segment of American families, signaling the ongoing blurring of racial boundaries. Most of what is known about multiraciality is drawn from analyses of two-parent families even as marriage became decreasingly tied to childbearing. The current study tracked the prevalence and racial composition of multiracial families where parents are married and unmarried from 1980 until 2018 using data from the U.S. Census and American Community Survey. We find that multiracial families are increasingly common amongst married and unmarried parents with the greatest growth occurring among White unmarried mothers, nearly 15% of whom have multiracial children as of 2018. Additionally, we find that Asian-White and Hispanic-White children are more likely to live in married families while Black-White and dual minority children are disproportionately represented amongst single-parent families. Ultimately, capturing the complexity of racialized contexts where multiracial children are found, as well as how the prevalence of these contexts has changed over time, requires accounting for family structure differences. Highlights: Multiracial families with children are rapidly growing, but this is largely tracked solely among married households. Using 1980–2018 U.S. Census and American Community Survey data, we find growing married and unmarried multiracial families. Unmarried families are increasingly multiracial, most often composed of Black-White children with White mothers. Meanwhile, Hispanic-White and Asian-White children are more common among married families. The lives of multiracial children will be increasingly shaped by different racialized and gendered family contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is a rare autonomic disorder with altered regulation of breathing, heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP). Aberrant cerebral oxygenation in response to hypercapnia/hypoxia in CCHS raises the concern that altered cerebral autoregulation may contribute to CCHS-related, variably impaired neurodevelopment. Objectives: To evaluate cerebral autoregulation in response to orthostatic challenge in CCHS cases versus controls. Methods: CCHS and age- and sex-matched control subjects were studied with head-up tilt (HUT) testing to induce orthostatic stress. Fifty CCHS and 100 control HUT recordings were included. HR, BP, and cerebral oxygen saturation (regional oxygen saturation) were continuously monitored. The cerebral oximetry index (COx), a real-time measure of cerebral autoregulation based on these measures, was calculated. Measurements and Main Results: HUT resulted in a greater mean BP decrease from baseline in CCHS versus controls (11% vs. 6%; P < 0.05) and a diminished increase in HR in CCHS versus controls (11% vs. 18%; P < 0.01) in the 5 minutes after tilt-up. Despite a similar COx at baseline, orthostatic provocation within 5 minutes of tilt-up caused a 50% greater increase in COx (P < 0.01) and a 29% increase in minutes of impaired autoregulation (P < 0.02) in CCHS versus controls (4.0 vs. 3.1 min). Conclusions: Cerebral autoregulatory mechanisms appear to be intact in CCHS, but the greater hypotension observed in CCHS consequent to orthostatic provocation is associated with greater values of COx/impaired autoregulation when BP is below the lower limits of autoregulation. Effects of repeated orthostatic challenges in everyday living in CCHS necessitate further study to determine their influence on neurodevelopmental disease burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogenic autoantibodies contribute to tissue damage and clinical decline in autoimmune disease. Follicular T cells are central regulators of germinal centers, although their contribution to autoantibody-mediated disease remains unclear. Here we perform single cell RNA and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing of follicular T cells in a mouse model of autoantibody-mediated disease, allowing for analyses of paired transcriptomes and unbiased TCRαβ repertoires at single cell resolution. A minority of clonotypes are preferentially shared amongst autoimmune follicular T cells and clonotypic expansion is associated with differential gene signatures in autoimmune disease. Antigen prediction using algorithmic and machine learning approaches indicates convergence towards shared specificities between non-autoimmune and autoimmune follicular T cells. However, differential autoimmune transcriptional signatures are preserved even amongst follicular T cells with shared predicted specificities. These results demonstrate that follicular T cells are phenotypically distinct in B cell-driven autoimmune disease, providing potential therapeutic targets to modulate autoantibody development. Follicular T cells regulate germinal centre reactions, but their phenotypes in autoimmune disease are unclear. Using a mouse model of autoantibody disease, the authors show that autoimmune follicular T cells differ by TCR clonotype and transcriptional profile from non-autoimmune follicular T cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the North Atlantic Ocean, multidecadal variability in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over the past several centuries has largely been inferred through terrestrial proxies and decadally resolved marine proxies. Annually resolved proxy records from marine archives provide valuable insight into this variability, but are especially rare from high latitude environments, particularly for centennial timescales. We constructed continuous, absolutely dated records of shell growth (1449–2014 CE; 564 years) and oxygen isotope ratios (δ18Oshell; 1539–2014 CE; 476 years) from shells of the bivalve Arctica islandica from coastal northern Norway, a location sensitive to large‐scale North Atlantic Ocean dynamics. An annual (January–December) SST reconstruction derived from δ18Oshell for the past five centuries suggests an increase of at least 2°C from the mid‐18th century to 2014. The SST reconstruction correlates significantly with instrumental records and with other proxy reconstructions in the southern Barents Sea region. Spectral analysis of the shell growth and isotope records supports evidence for Atlantic multidecadal variability (65–80 year periodicity) extending into polar and subpolar latitudes for the past five centuries. These results provide additional evidence that multidecadal variability in SSTs are a persistent feature of the North Atlantic marine system. Plain Language Summary: Ocean temperatures in the North Atlantic over the past 150 years have alternated between relatively warm and cool periods that last around 65–80 years. Much of the evidence for these fluctuations in past centuries comes from natural archives on land (e.g., tree rings and lake sediments). In our study, we investigate these fluctuations in the marine environment in northern Norway using shells from the ocean quahog clam, Arctica islandica. Like trees, these clams produce yearly growth layers in their shells and they live for centuries. The growth rate and geochemistry data collected from the growth layers suggest the temperature fluctuations seen across the North Atlantic Ocean (∼65–80 years) are also present farther north in the southern Barents Sea to at least ∼1750 CE, and have likely persisted for at least five centuries. These results provide evidence that alternating warm and cool periods are a persistent feature of the North Atlantic marine system. Our reconstruction using the shell's chemistry indicates that temperatures in the southern Barents Sea have increased by at least 2°C since the mid‐18th century. Key Points: Continuous shell growth and geochemistry proxies from northern Norway (southern Barents Sea) reveal marine climate change for the past five centuriesMultidecadal periodicity in southern Barents Sea temperatures persists for at least the past five centuriesTemperature in the southern Barents Sea has increased by at least 2°C since the 18th century [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogeochemical cycling in the semi-enclosed Arctic Ocean is strongly influenced by land–ocean transport of carbon and other elements and is vulnerable to environmental and climate changes. Sediments of the Arctic Ocean are an important part of biogeochemical cycling in the Arctic and provide the opportunity to study present and historical input and the fate of organic matter (e.g., through permafrost thawing). Comprehensive sedimentary records are required to compare differences between the Arctic regions and to study Arctic biogeochemical budgets. To this end, the Circum-Arctic Sediment CArbon DatabasE (CASCADE) was established to curate data primarily on concentrations of organic carbon (OC) and OC isotopes (δ13 C, Δ14 C) yet also on total N (TN) as well as terrigenous biomarkers and other sediment geochemical and physical properties. This new database builds on the published literature and earlier unpublished records through an extensive international community collaboration. This paper describes the establishment, structure and current status of CASCADE. The first public version includes OC concentrations in surface sediments at 4244 oceanographic stations including 2317 with TN concentrations, 1555 with δ13 C-OC values and 268 with Δ14 C-OC values and 653 records with quantified terrigenous biomarkers (high-molecular-weight n -alkanes, n -alkanoic acids and lignin phenols). CASCADE also includes data from 326 sediment cores, retrieved by shallow box or multi-coring, deep gravity/piston coring, or sea-bottom drilling. The comprehensive dataset reveals large-scale features of both OC content and OC sources between the shelf sea recipients. This offers insight into release of pre-aged terrigenous OC to the East Siberian Arctic shelf and younger terrigenous OC to the Kara Sea. Circum-Arctic sediments thereby reveal patterns of terrestrial OC remobilization and provide clues about thawing of permafrost. CASCADE enables synoptic analysis of OC in Arctic Ocean sediments and facilitates a wide array of future empirical and modeling studies of the Arctic carbon cycle. The database is openly and freely available online (10.17043/cascade; Martens et al., 2021), is provided in various machine-readable data formats (data tables, GIS shapefile, GIS raster), and also provides ways for contributing data for future CASCADE versions. We will continuously update CASCADE with newly published and contributed data over the foreseeable future as part of the database management of the Bolin Centre for Climate Research at Stockholm University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The given document is an abstract from the Journal of Clinical & Translational Science. It discusses the use of machine learning to predict fluid responsiveness in hypotensive children. The study aims to develop a model that can accurately predict which children will have a sustained response to fluid bolus. The researchers will conduct a retrospective observational cohort study and use physiologic and clinical variables to construct predictive models. The anticipated results include a higher rate of complicated course in non-responders compared to responders, as well as potential differences in complicated course based on race/ethnicity. The study highlights the need for real-time prediction models to improve resuscitation for critically ill children. [Extracted from the article]