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Background Many reports of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) were written in the ‘pre-Hepatitis C era’ and data on the natural history are still incomplete. Aim To evaluate the clinical presentation and the natural history of type I AIH. Methods Seventy-three consecutive patients with a regular follow-up of at least 2 years were prospectively included in the study. The mean follow-up was 91 ± 61 months. Results Patients with ‘acute’ onset at presentation were significantly older than patients with ‘chronic’ onset ( P < 0.05) and had significantly higher serum levels of transaminase, γ-glutamyltransferase and bilirubin; Prothrombin time was significantly lower in the said group compared with AIH patients with ‘chronic’ onset. In 4 of 63 (6.3%) female patients, AIH had the onset during pregnancy; in all of them the outcome of pregnancy was favourable. The major events during the follow-up included oesophageal varices ( n = 9) and ascites ( n = 4), and 60 patients remained in remission while receiving immunosuppression. None of the patients died during the follow-up, but seven patients were transplanted. The cumulative transplant-free probability of survival was 73.5% at 280 months. Conclusions Elderly patients have more frequently an acute onset at presentation. Survival in AIH is apparently good; with early diagnosis, and improved medical therapy, liver transplantation for AIH will become a rare event in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The aetiology of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is unknown, but more than 10 different MDR3 gene mutations have recently been identified. Aim To evaluate the genetic contribution of the MDR3 gene in the pathogenesis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in Italian subjects. Methods We performed a multicentre prospective case–control study, enrolling 80 women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy at the third trimester of pregnancy and 80 pregnant women without intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral venous blood leucocytes using standard procedures. The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify exon 14 of the MDR3 gene and the polymerase chain reaction products were sequenced using a Big Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing kit. Results Three novel non-synonymous heterozygous mutations in exon 14 were found (4%; E528D, R549H, G536R) among the 80 intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy patients, whereas the pregnant controls were all negative for exon 14 polymorphisms. The three patients involved had normal GGT and bilirubin, but high levels of both ALT and serum bile acids. One had cholesterol bile stones. The outcome of pregnancy was normal for two (with vaginal delivery), while foetal distress was recorded in the third. Conclusions These three novel mutations add further information on the involvement of the MDR3 gene in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. As in other studies, we found only heterozygous mutations that could cause an impaired transport protein function, not its absence (which is responsible for more severe liver disease). Different genetic backgrounds might justify the presence of novel MDR3 gene mutations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in inducing thyroid autoimmunity is still under discussion and to assess the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies and thyroid disease in the general population and to analyse the role of HCV in inducing thyroid autoimmunity. We studied 697 subjects residing in Arsita (a small town in central Italy). Thyroid autoantibodies and nonorgan-specific autoantibodies (NOSAs) were tested in each subject, who were also screened for anti-HCV antibodies; all subjects found positive to HCV–RNA were considered as being HCV-infected. Thyroid function tests were performed in all subjects positive for thyroid autoantibody. Seventy-one subjects were found HCV-positive; four of these (5.6%) were positive for at least one thyroid autoantibody, as opposed to 7 (4.9%) of the 142 sex- and age-matched controls of the same population ( P = n.s.). Thyroid dysfunction was found in 2/4 HCV-positive, and in 1/7 HCV-negative subjects with thyroid autoantibodies ( P = n.s.). NOSAs were significantly more common in HCV-positive than in HCV-negative subjects ( P < 0.0001). Hence HCV per se is not responsible for thyroid autoimmune dysfunction, whereas HCV does seem to induce NOSAs. It should be taken into account, however, that the phenotypic expression of autoimmune diseases is obviously influenced by a number of risk factors, including genetic predisposition, female sex and infectious agents, that could trigger the onset of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]