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Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) emitting pH-dependent blue photoluminescence (PL) in aqueous solutions were solvothermally prepared and modified with a new fluorophore molecule, N-chlorobenzyl dithiomaleimide dimethyl diacetate (NCBDTM), with pH-dependent yellow-green PL in aqueous solutions and irreversible PL emission quenching in alkaline aqueous solutions at basic pHs. In the π-complex system formed by donor CNPs and acceptor NCBDTM molecules, energy transfer occurs by the FRET mechanism. Due to the implementation of the FRET mechanism, a significant Stokes shift of 170 nm is observed, making this and similar systems promising for the visualization of pH-dependent processes in the green-yellow visible light region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and PEDOT-functionalized carbon nanoparticles (f-CNPs) were synthesized by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization and pyrolysis methods. f-CNP-PEDOT nanocomposites were prepared by varying the concentration of PEDOT from 1 to 20% by weight (i.e., 1, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 wt%). Several characterization techniques, such as field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) analyses, as well as cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), were applied to investigate the morphology, the crystalline structure, the N2 adsorption/desorption capability, as well as the electrochemical properties of these new synthesized nanocomposite materials. FESEM analysis showed that these nanocomposites have defined porous structures, and BET surface area analysis showed that the standalone f-CNP exhibited the largest surface area of 801.6 m2/g, whereas the f-CNP-PEDOT with 20 wt% exhibited the smallest surface area of 116 m2/g. The BJH method showed that the nanocomposites were predominantly mesoporous. CV, GCD, and EIS measurements showed that f-CNP functionalized with 5 wt% PEDOT had a higher capacitive performance compared to the individual f-CNPs and PEDOT constituents, exhibiting an extraordinary specific capacitance of 258.7 F/g, at a current density of 0.25 A/g, due to the combined advantage of enhanced electrochemical activity induced by PEDOT doping, and highly developed porosity of f-CNPs. Symmetric aqueous supercapacitor devices were fabricated using the optimized f-CNP-PEDOT doped with 5 wt% of PEDOT as active material, exhibiting a high capacitance of 96.7 F/g at 1.4 V, holding practically their full charge, after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles at 2 A/g, thus providing the highest electrical electrodes performance. Hereafter, this work paves the way for the potential use of f-CNP-PEDOT nanocomposites in the development of high-energy-density supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of nanomaterials in different plants exerts varying effects, both positive and negative. This study aimed to investigate the influence of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) on the growth and development of Ficus tikoua Bur. plant. The morphological characteristics, photosynthetic parameters, and chlorophyll content of F. tikoua Bur. plants were evaluated under four different concentrations of CNPs. Results indicated a decreasing trend in several agronomic traits, such as leaf area, branching number, and green leaf number and most photosynthetic parameters with increasing CNPs concentration. Total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b contents were also significantly reduced in CNPs-exposed plants compared to the control. Notably, variations in plant tolerance to CNPs were observed based on morphological and physiological parameters. A critical concentration of 50 g/kg was identified as potentially inducing plant toxicity, warranting further investigation into the effects of lower CNPs concentrations to determine optimal application levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The long‐term effect of intraoperative usage of carbon nanoparticles (CN) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) test strip using immune colloidal gold technique (ICGT) is unclear. This study aims to compare the effect of intraoperative usage of CN and ICGT test strips on PG function. Methods: This randomized clinical study involved adult patients who underwent total thyroidectomy. They were randomly allocated into three groups (control, CN, and ICGT group). Clinical data were analyzed. Results: Each group involved 98 patients. Serum calcium and PTH concentrations at 24 h postoperatively (PTH24h) were higher in CN group. The parathyroid function recovered quicker in CN group. Use of CN increased in situ PG preservation and PTH24h. Mediation analysis indicated that 23.05% of the total effect of CN on PTH24h was attributed to PGRIS. Conclusion: CN holds promise to improve in situ PG preservation and protect PG vasculature, thereby reducing the incidence of early hypoparathyroidism. The value of ICGT test strips for PG protection is dubious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study prepared carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) by precipitating a soluble carbon material (SCM) solution synthesized from phloroglucinol. To this end, an SCM was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and deionized water, which was used as a poor solvent. After tuning the initial concentration of the SCM-DMF solution (0.5–10 wt. %), the CNPs prepared from SCM (SCMCNPs) dispersions demonstrated changeable particle sizes (18–110 nm). Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed that the primary SCMCNPs had a spherical shape, and Raman analysis confirmed that the SCMCNPs had G and D bands, further confirming that they were carbon materials. Moreover, the SCMCNPs, whose zeta potential was − 42.1 mV at pH 7.16, was dispersed in a stable and uniform manner in water, and Tyndall effect was observed. The lubricating properties of the SCMCNP dispersions were evaluated. A smaller coefficient of friction was observed for larger particle sizes. Therefore, the largest SCMCNPs exhibited the best lubricity with a kinetic friction coefficient of 0.3. The SCMCNPs also exhibited rolling lubrication properties because of their spherical shape. Thus, this study demonstrates that size-adjustable SCMCNPs can be synthesized using simple and environment-friendly methods and can be used in aqueous systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive use of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) inevitably results in their introduction into soil and groundwater, which poses a significant risk to the safety of these natural resources. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the transport behavior of CNPs in the subsurface environment and how it affects the transport of co-contaminants such as heavy metals, organic compounds, nano-plastics, engineered metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. This review focuses on recent advancements in research on the transport behaviors of CNPs in porous media and its effect on the transport of co-contaminants, with respect to the mechanisms associated with CNPs transport and the mechanisms of action of CNPs on co-contaminant transport, as well as the factors that influence these processes. Results of the existing research indicate that aggregation, attachment, detachment, straining, blocking and ripening are the primary processes governing CNPs transport due to their unique physiochemistry. CNPs can either act as carriers, facilitating the transport of co-contaminants, or as competitors, hindering the deposition of co-contaminants. Additionally, they can serve as collectors for co-contaminant deposition or co-deposit with co-contaminants, inhibiting their transport. The interactions between CNPs, co-contaminants, and the medium determine the exact role played by CNPs in co-contaminant transport. The processes of CNPs transport and its effect on co-contaminant transport are affected by the physicochemical properties of CNPs and porous media, as well as the chemistry and hydrodynamics of groundwater. This review article is of great significance for risk assessment of CNPs in soil and groundwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhancement of carbon-supported components is a crucial factor in augmenting the interplay between carbon-supported and metal-active components in the utilization of catalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs). Here, we propose a strategy for designing a catalyst by modifying candle soot (CS) and loading nickel onto ordered carbon soot. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the Ni nanoparticles content on the electrocatalytic performance of Ni–CS, ultimately leading to the identification of a maximum composition. The presence of an excessive quantity of nickel particles leads to a decrease in the number of active sites within the material, resulting in sluggishness of the electron transfer pathway. The electrocatalyst composed of nickel and carbon support, with a nickel content of 20 wt%, has demonstrated a noteworthy current activity of 18.43 mA/cm2, which is three times that of the electrocatalyst with a higher nickel content of 25 wt%. For example, the 20 wt% Ni–CS electrocatalytic activity was found to be good, and it was approximately four times higher than that of 20 wt% Ni–CB (nickel–carbon black). Moreover, the chronoamperometry (CA) test demonstrated a reduction in current activity of merely 65.80% for a 20 wt% Ni–CS electrocatalyst, indicating electrochemical stability. In addition, this demonstrates the great potential of candle soot with Ni nanoparticles to be used as a catalyst in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of effective supercapacitor materials is still a priority in the quest to improve energy storage technology. Herein, we present a novel nanocomposite composed of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) and colloidal SnO2 quantum dots (c-SQDs) or colloidal SnO2 ultrasmall nanoparticles, synthesized through a facile sonochemical-assisted hydrothermal approach. The XRD and XPS analyses confirmed the successful synthesis and composition of the CNP/c-SQD nanocomposite. Morphology studies revealed a well-dispersed morphology with intimate interfacial interactions between the CNPs and c-SQDs. Specifically, the nanocomposite exhibited a high specific capacitance of 569 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, surpassing conventional carbon-based supercapacitors. Furthermore, the nanocomposite displayed excellent stability with 99% capacity retention after 5000 cycles, indicative of its superior cyclability. These results underscore the potential of the CNP/c-SQD nanocomposite as a promising electrode material for high-performance supercapacitor applications, offering enhanced charge storage capacity, stability, and cyclability. This study contributes to the advancement of energy storage technologies, paving the way for the development of efficient and sustainable electrochemical energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We utilize a dual plasma system to convert methane into graphite-like (turbostratic) carbon particles. A first plasma reactor nucleates seed carbon nanoparticles from precursors such as acetylene or toluene vapor. The seed particles are then injected into a second plasma, supplemented by methane gas. The addition of the seed particles greatly improves the conversion of methane into carbon nanoparticles. We have used the material as a conductive additive in lithium-ion battery anodes and found their performance to be comparable to that of commercial carbon black. This approach is one of the most energy-efficient plasma-based approaches to carbon black synthesis at the laboratory scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an engineered porous graphite felt (GF) was first prepared by a high-temperature etching method and then carbon nanoparticles were decorated on the GF surface. The physical and chemical properties of the modified carbon graphite felt (MCGF) electrode were then analyzed through various tests, including field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charging/discharging curves. The physical characterization and electrochemical performance analysis indicated that high-temperature etching influenced the hydrophilicity and reaction surface area of the electrode. The presence of carbon nanoparticles adhering to the fiber surface enhances electron transfer at the electrode/electrolyte interface during the oxidation and reduction processes of 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (4-HO-TEMPO). The peak currents of the redox reactions (147.2 and 142.3 mA for oxidation and reduction processes, respectively) on the electrode modified by MCGF are about two times those for the other electrodes. After the electrode was assembled in the battery, the MCGF electrode demonstrated a significant improvement in battery performance, notably increasing both battery capacity and efficiency. Meanwhile, the carbon nanoparticles can still firmly attach to the modified electrode after multiple cycles and exhibit powerful catalytic performance. At a current of 80 mA/cm2, the energy efficiency (EE) of the battery increased from 51.1 to 54.4% by the MCGF electrode. Furthermore, after 100 cycles, the system's cyclability testing revealed no significant fading, indicating the outstanding cycling stability of the MCGF electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, increasing attention of researchers in the field of membrane technology has been paid to the development of membranes based on biopolymers. One of the well-proven polymers for the development of porous membranes is cellulose acetate (CA). This paper is devoted to the study of the influence of different parameters on ultrafiltration CA membrane formation and their transport properties, such as the variation in coagulation bath temperature, membrane shrinkage (post-treatment at 80 °C), introduction to casting CA solution of polymers (polyethylene glycol (PEG), polysulfone (PS), and Pluronic F127 (PL)) and carbon nanoparticles (SWCNTs, MWCNTs, GO, and C60). The structural and physicochemical properties of developed membranes were studied by scanning electron and atomic force microscopies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. The transport properties of developed CA-based membranes were evaluated in ultrafiltration of bovine serum albumin (BSA), dextran 110 and PVP K-90. All developed membranes rejected 90% compounds with a molecular weight from ~270,000 g/mol. It was shown that the combination of modifications (addition of PEG, PS, PL, PS-PL, and 0.5 wt% C60) led to an increase in the fluxes and BSA rejection coefficients with slight decrease in the flux recovery ratio. These changes were due to an increased macrovoid number, formation of a more open porous structure and/or thinner top selective, and decreased surface roughness and hydrophobization during C60 modification of blend membranes. Optimal transport properties were found for CA-PEG+C60 (the highest water—394 L/(m2h) and BSA—212 L/(m2h) fluxes) and CA-PS+C60 (maximal rejection coefficient of BSA—59%) membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examined the changes in surface characteristics of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) covered with vegetable oil-based epoxide-amine (ETO + D230) and its nanocomposite derivatives Epoxy + amine + carbon nanotube (ETO + D230 + C), Epoxy + amine + fullerene (ETO + D230 + F), and Epoxy + amine + graphene (ETO + D230 + G) doped with carbon nanoparticles following weathering. Results showed that while all coated groups displayed good lightness stability following weathering, the non-coated (control) group produced negative lightness stability values. The coated Oriental beech had greater overall color stability than the uncoated (control) group. The specimens coated with ETO + D230 + C nanocomposite exhibited the best color stability. All uncoated and coated specimens produced negative a* and positive b* values, indicating a propensity to turn greenish or yellowish after weathering, respectively. After weathering, while the surface roughness values of all specimens increased, their gloss decreased. In addition, after weathering, all coated samples had less gloss loss and lower surface roughness than the control group. Our findings show that following weathering, Oriental beech coated with ETO + D230 + C, ETO + D230 + F, and ETO + D230 + G nanocomposites have better surface properties than ETO + D230-coated Oriental beech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, copper-doped carbon nanoparticles with emission in a wide spectral range and the ability to change the relaxation times of water protons during magnetic resonance imaging were fabricated. A high relaxivity value r1 = 0.92 mM–1 s–1 was achieved, which is the highest value of r1 for copper nanoparticles, to our knowledge. The suggested carbon nanoparticles are promising two-modal nanoprobes for bioimaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Soil Sciences & Agricultural Engineering is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Photosensitive memristor structures based on graphene oxide reduced under hydrothermal conditions are studied. The wavelength of light absorption in such structures was controlled by carbon nanoparticles deposited on the surface of a graphene oxide film. The obtained structures exhibited photomemristive states that were controlled by light of different wavelengths and bias voltages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air filters are intended to effectively remove particles in the air, and their structure is built of ordinary micro fibrilated cellulose (MFC). Fibrous membrane (FM) was developed using cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) with different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt%) by electrospinning process offer high-performance air filters than those produced of normal MCF due to their larger surface area and smaller pore size. In this study, dust removal effectiveness proved that introducing a membrane containing 1.5 wt% of CNPs significantly improved air filtration while simultaneously increasing pressure drop. The FM had favorable results of the tensile strength (26.48 ± 0.41 MPa), elongation at break (19.23 ± 0.13%), water absorption (28.14 ± 0.22%) and desorption (30.14 ± 0.13%). The findings showed that FM offered 99.99% filtration efficiency, indicating an acceptable technique for constructing inexpensive basis-weight HEPA filters using using CNFs and CNPs as the primary filtration material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) poses significant dangers to the environment and human health. The advancement of technology for cleaning up PAH-contaminated environments is receiving more attention. Adsorption is the preferred and most favorable approach for cleaning up sediments polluted with PAH. Due to their affordability and environmental friendliness, carbonaceous adsorbents (CAs) have been regarded as promising for adsorbing PAH. However, adsorbent qualities, environmental features, and factors may all significantly impact how well CAs remove PAH. According to growing data, CAs, most of which come from laboratory tests, may be utilized to decontaminate PAH in aquatic setups. However, their full potential has not yet been established, especially concerning field applications. This review aims to concisely summarize recent developments in CA, PAH stabilization processes, and essential field application-controlling variables. This review analysis emphasizes activated carbon, biochar, Graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon-nanomaterials composite since these CAs are most often utilized as adsorbents for PAH in aquatic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many agents have been used for the detection of sentinel lymph nodes in endometrial cancer. Carbon dye, which has a strong staining ability and high contrast due to its dark black color, identifies the lymph nodes efficiently. Our aim was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of carbon dye for the detection of sentinel lymph nodes in endometrial cancer. Methods: We conducted a single-center, prospective, cohort study in 89 patients with early-stage endometrial cancer between September 2021 and August 2022. The procedure was performed under laparoscopy. Results: The sensitivity and negative predictive value of the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) with carbon dye injection were 83.3% and 98.8%, respectively. Mapping identified at least one sentinel lymph node in 84 patients (94.4%) on one pelvic side and at least one sentinel lymph node in 73 patients (82.0%) on each pelvic side out of 89 patients. In addition, no carbon dye-associated allergic reaction was detected. Conclusion: Carbon dye is a non-allergenic, inexpensive, and effective agent for SLNB with a satisfying sensitivity and a negative predictive value. In addition, both unilateral and bilateral detection rates were sufficient. Accordingly, carbon dye may be a promising tracer and a considerable option, particularly for low-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the size dependence of the work function of carbon nanoparticles on the concentration of free electrons in a thermal dusty plasma has been studied using an analytical model. It has been shown that there is a certain size of nanoparticles at which the most efficient emission of electrons from them into thermal plasma is achieved. The effect of temperature and volume fraction of nanoparticles on the nature of the dependence of the concentration of free electrons in a thermal dusty plasma on the radius of particles has been examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wettability, typically estimated through the contact angle, is a fundamental property of surfaces with wide-ranging implications in both daily life and industrial processes. Recent scientific interest has been paid to the surfaces exhibiting extreme wettability: superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic surfaces, characterized by high water repellency and exceptional water wetting, respectively. Both chemical composition and morphology play a role in the determination of the wettability "performance" of a surface. To tune surface-wetting properties, we considered coatings of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) in this study. They are a new class of nanomaterials synthesized in flames whose chemistry, dimension, and shape depend on combustion conditions. For the first time, we systematically studied the wettability of CNP coatings produced in a controlled rich ethylene/air flame stabilized over a McKenna burner. A selected substrate was intermittently inserted in the flame at 15 mm above the burner to form a thin coating thanks to a thermophoretic-driven deposition mechanism. The chemical-physical quality and the deposed quantity of the CNPs were varied by opportunely combing the substrate flame insertion number (from 1 to 256) and the carbon-to-oxygen ratio, C/O (from 0.67 to 0.87). The wettability of the coatings was evaluated by measuring the contact angle, CA, with the sessile drop method. When the C/O = 0.67, the CNPs were nearly spherical, smaller than 8 nm, and always generated hydrophilic coatings (CA < 35°). At higher C/O ratios, the CNPs reached dimensions of 100 nm, and fractal shape aggregates were formed. In this case, either hydrophilic (CA < 76°) or superhydrophobic (CA ~166°) behavior was observed, depending on the number of carbon nanoparticles deposed, i.e., film thickness. It is known that wettability is susceptible to liquid surface tension, and therefore, tests were conducted with different fluids to establish a correlation between the flame conditions and the nanostructure of the film. This method offers a fast and simple approach to determining mesoscale information for coating roughness and topographical homogeneity/inhomogeneity of their surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of carbon nanoparticles-guided lymph node dissection during thyroidectomy in patients with papillary thyroid cancer(PTC). Methods: Clinical trials consisted of two subgroups: unilateral lobectomy (UL; n=283) and total thyroidectomy (TT; n=286). From each subgroup, the patients were randomly assigned to two groups: the carbon nanoparticle group and control group. Primary endpoints included parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, number of lymph nodes (LNs) detected, number of tiny lymph nodes detected, and recognition and retention of the parathyroid glands. Secondary endpoint was recognition and protection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Results: A total of 569 patients with PTC were recruited. There were no statistically significant differences in demographics between the carbon nanoparticles and control groups (P > 0.05). In the UL subgroup, there were no significant differences in PTH levels between the two groups at preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative day one, and postoperative month one (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the serum Ca2+ levels between the two groups preoperatively and at postoperativemonth one (P>0.05). The number of lymph nodes dissected in the carbon nanoparticles group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.0001). The detection rate of tiny lymph nodes in the carbon nanoparticles group was higher than that in the control group (P=0.0268). In the TT subgroup, therewas no significant difference in PTH levels between the two groups at preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative day one (P>0.05). However, the mean PTH level in the carbon nanoparticles group was significantly higher than that of the control group at postoperative month one (P=0.0368). There was no significant difference in the serum Ca2+ levels between the two groups preoperatively and at postoperative month one (P>0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the number of dissected LNs (P>0.05) or the detection rate of tiny lymph nodes (P>0.05). No drugrelated AE and complications due to the injection of carbon nanoparticleswere recorded in this study. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of parathyroid preserved in situ and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in the UL and TT subgroups. Conclusions: Carbon nanoparticles demonstrated efficacy and safety in thyroidectomy. The application of carbon nanoparticles could significantly facilitate the identification and clearance of LNs and the optimum preservation of parathyroid function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delved into the characterization of epoxy nanocomposites containing diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGBEA), graphene nanoplates (GN), and carbon nanotubes (CNT) across a range of weight percentages (0.05% to 2%). The nanocomposites were produced through a process involving mechanical stirring and ultrasonication. To assess compatibility, three‐dimensional solubility parameters (3DSP) were employed. CNT demonstrated superior compatibility with epoxy and triethylenetetramine (TETA), due to its higher amount of oxygenated species in nanoparticle surface compared to GN. A rheological percolation phenomenon occurred in CNT systems at concentrations above 0.2%, while GN did not display percolation even at 2% concentration. Incorporating nanoparticles led to increased curing enthalpy due to surface functional groups. As the percolation network formed, viscosity rose, and a reduced glass transition temperature (Tg) indicated restricted molecular mobility. Surprisingly, Tg consistently increased by approximately 27°C during composite annealing, regardless of nanoparticle type or concentration. This was attributed to forming a three‐dimensional network structure potentially originating from reactions between nanoparticle‐oxygenated groups and the epoxy matrix. This phenomenon was crucial in heightened creep and irreversible deformations, setting these nanocomposites apart from pure resin behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conditions and characteristics for nanoporous anodic oxidized aluminium (AOA) are presented. The anodizing process is carried out in a solution of oxalic acid containing carbon nanoparticles (CNPs). The carbon nanoparticles are studied by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, dynamic laser scattering (in the aggregated state), Raman spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopes are used to study the morphology of the AOA. The pore size of the porous layer is of 20–40 nm, and the pore-wall thickness is up to 50 nm. In the absence of the addition of carbon material, similar surface parameters are of 50–100 nm and 30 nm, respectively. The effect of the carbon material on the structuring of the pore layer is explained in terms of adsorption of it on the AOA during anodizing process. A high-disordered structure of carbon nanoparticles is revealed. The adsorption isotherm is obtained, and it is found that the Temkin model is the most suitable for describing the sorption equilibrium. The crystallization of AOA under hydrothermal conditions at 200°C is proposed. The addition of CNDs to the oxalic acid electrolyte reduces the pore size of obtained anodized aluminium. Carbon nanoparticles effect on the formation of the porous structure of AOA with adsorption. The advantage of CNDs over GO is the fabrication of AOA with smaller pores in mild conditions without aggressive reagents. The effect of CNDs on the porous structure of AOA can be explained, on the one hand, by its shielding by carbon nanoparticles, and on the other hand, by the ‘damping effect’ of CNDs on the faster thermal expansion of aluminium compared to Al2O3 . It is possible to obtain samples of AOA with nanoscale pores by environmentally friendly synthesis using cheap and readily available chemicals. To obtain crystalline Al2O3, hydrothermal treatment can be implemented that has the advantage of a lower crystallization temperature over calcination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, functionalized carbon dots (CDs) derived from candle soot (CS) was used as a potential corrosion inhibitor for the corrosion of stainless steel (SS) in 1 M HCl medium. The carbon soot was collected from the waste candle which on further strong oxidation with conc. HNO3 results in the formation of CDs. CS and CNs were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, UV–Visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). TEM analysis of CNs shows that the particles of CDs are spherical with an average size of 3 nm. Further, the corrosion inhibiting nature of CDs towards the corrosion of SS was evaluated using weight loss measurements, surface morphological analysis using SEM, potentiodynamic polarization studies, and electrical impedance spectroscopy. Calculation of activation energy using the Arrhenius equation shows the increase in activation energy while adding the CDs in 1 M HCl medium and the maximum activation energy (54.06 kJ mol−1) was observed for 200 mg L−1 CDs in an acid medium. The negative entropy obtained from the transition state equation suggested the associative mechanism in the formation of the activated complex. Langmuir adsorption isotherm suggested the type of interaction between CDs and SS is both physisorption and chemisorption. Electrical impedance spectral analysis and Tafel analysis show the high inhibiting nature of CDs towards the corrosion of SS in 1 M HCl medium due to the formation of a passive film of CDs on the surface of SS resulting in the protection of corrosion in acid medium. Further, Tafel analysis revealed the type of inhibitor as a mixed type inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel study was undertaken for cleaning the wastewater from the paint industry by using the combinations of carbon nanoparticles produced from waste material using different methods and TiO2 nanoparticles. Carbon nanoparticles were produced from sugarcane bagasse (a waste material) by using three different methods, namely charring in a muffle furnace (C1), heating in the air (C2), and treating with sulfuric acid (C3). Atomic force microscopy demonstrated the smaller size of C2 and C3 nanoparticles as compared to C1. Further, Raman spectroscopy displayed fewer defects in C1 nanoparticles than in C2 and C3 but better graphene structure in C2. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy study revealed the degraded structure of carbon nanoparticles prepared by using sulfuric acid (C3) with more functional groups than C1 and C2. A comparative study using UV-visible spectroscopy showed that the sulfuric acid-treated carbon nanomaterials (C3) were more efficient in removing the contaminants from wastewater from the paint industry because of their small size and functional groups. When carbon nanoparticles were used in the combinations with TiO2 nanoparticles, study showed that the combination of C3 with 10% by wt TiO2 nanoparticles were the best for clearing wastewater. Mechanisms are proposed for the synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles and their role along with carbon nanoparticles (C3) for the removal of contamination from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper offers a short review of the recent works associated with the use of luminescent carbon nanoparticles for the studies of structurally inhomogeneous optical fields carrying a diagnostic information on inhomogeneous material objects. Methods for obtaining nanoparticles with various specially assigned optical and electrical properties, necessary for research and diagnostic tasks, are analyzed. It is shown that the light-induced motion of nanoparticles suspended in the optical field enable detection and localization of the points of intensity minima and phase singularities. Optically-driven nanoparticles can serve as highly-sensitive probes of the object surface inhomogeneities, realizing a contactless version of the atomic-force profilometry. In many cases, the use of nanoparticles makes it possible to circumvent the spatial-resolution limitations of optical systems dictated by the classical wave-optics concepts (Rayleigh limit). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An influence of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanospheres coated by Au–Pd and Pt on the microstructure of solder/copper joints at room temperature and after aging at sub-zero temperature. The carbon nanosized admixtures were mixed with ternary Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu matrix to prepare a composite solder. The microstructure of the solder joints between the nanocomposite solders and a copper substrate was studied by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that minor (0.05 wt. %) admixtures of both the carbon nanospheres and nanotubes increase the shear strength of the solder joints and reduce the growth rate of the intermetallic Cu6Sn5 layer, formed at the interface between solder and copper. This effect may be related to the adsorption of nanoinclusions on the grain surface during the solidification process. Comparative analysis suggests that exposure for 2 months at 253 K does not lead to deterioration of such an important mechanical characteristic of the solder joint as shear strength, indicating the possibility of using these nanocomposite solders in microelectronic equipment even at temperatures below 0 ℃. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the thermal and mechanical characterization of epoxy composites reinforced with different fillers developed by modifying thermo‐mechanically extracted bamboo micron fibers. The modification of bamboo fibers was done by adding carbon nanoparticles to their surface and also by making powdered fillers using the process of ball milling. A decrease in water absorption in case of surface coated bamboo fibers was observed. The glass transition behavior was enhanced for composites filled with milled bamboo fillers as compared to neat epoxy. Better mechanical properties were observed for composites reinforced with milled bamboo fillers compared to that of composites filled with bamboo fibers. The highest tensile strength (90.258 MPa) was observed for composites reinforced with 5 wt% of milled bamboo fillers depicting an increase of 93.01% compared to that of neat epoxy (46.762 MPa). Highlights: Bamboo fibers were modified with a sizing agent and carbon nanoparticles.A novel "milled bamboo filler" was produced and incorporated in composites.Thermal properties of epoxy composite were enhanced by the novel filler.Tensile strength of the composite was significantly enhanced.The novel filler has the future scope of application in various composite products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though nanomaterials based on carbon have been widely used for the preparation of high-performance polymeric nanocomposites, there are few works focused on the effect of carbon nanoparticle morphology on the performance of corresponding polymer nanocomposites. Therefore, four representative carbon nanoparticles, including fullerene, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon black incorporated poly(styrene-b-isoprene-b-styrene) (SIS) elastomer nanocomposites were fabricated using the solvent casting method. In addition, the effect of carbon nanoparticle morphology on the rheological, mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of the obtained polymeric nanocomposites was systematically investigated. The results showed that the shape of carbon nanoparticles has a different effect on the properties of the obtained elastomer nanocomposites, which lays the foundation of carbon nanoparticle screening for high-performance polymer nanocomposite construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lymph node ratio has garnered increasing attention as a prognostic marker for rectal cancer; however, few studies have investigated the relationship between lymph node ratio and rectal cancer recurrence. Additionally, Carbon Nanoparticle tracking is a safe and effective strategy for locating tumors and tracking lymph nodes. However, no studies have reported the relationship between Carbon Nanoparticles and rectal cancer recurrence. Methods: Patients with stage III rectal cancer who underwent radical resection between January 2016 and 2020 were analyzed. The primary outcome was tumor recurrence. 269 patients with stage III rectal cancer were included in this study. The effects of lymph node ratio, Carbon Nanoparticles, and other clinicopathological factors on rectal cancer recurrence were assessed using univariate, multivariate analyses and the t-test. Results: Univariate analysis determined tumor recurrence using cytokeratin 19 fragment, CA-199, CEA, N-stage, positive lymph nodes, total lymph nodes, and lymph node ratio(positive/total); with the lymph node ratio being the most relevant. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis determined lymph node ratio =0.38 as the optimal cutoff value. The analysis of lymph node ratio =0.38 and <0.38 showed statistical differences in three indicators: tumor recurrence, CEA, and use of Carbon Nanoparticles. Conclusion: Lymph node ratio is a strong predictor of stage III rectal cancer recurrence and may be considered for inclusion in future tumor-node-metastasis staging and stage III rectal cancer stratification. In addition, we found that Carbon Nanoparticles use significantly increased total lymph nodes and decreased lymph node ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to prepare the carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) composites based polyamide 6,6 (PA66) via in situ polymerization process. Branch (PA 66) were created by simple condensation polymerization. The electrospinning technique (EST) to produce PVA and PA66 reinforced with (CNPs) nanofibers was used under limit conditions. Several testing including (AFM, SEM, FTIR, and DSC) were performed on the samples. FTIR results demonstrated the production of PA66 absorption peaks that are identical to the standard sample. The DSC results showed the addition of CNPs to PA66 leads to an increase the Tg, a decrease the Tm, and an increase Tdec. strongly. The AFM results revealed that EST formed a homogeneous porosity, and that the bearing index of the surface increased as the concentration of CNPs increased. The SEM results demonstrated that EST produced nanofibers with a uniform form and an average diameter about 350 nm that decreased with increasing CNP concentration. The results also indicated that the sample with the best morphology, suitable porosity, free beads, and best alignment of nanofibers is a sample (C), which has less than 500 nm of nanofibers diameter, roughness range about 197 nm, pore sizes range about 1000 nm, and bearing index about 0.11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, small‐sized fluorescent carbon nanoparticles (CNs) with tunable shapes ranging from spheres to various rods with aspect ratios (ARs) of 1.00, 1.51, 1.89, and 2.85 are prepared using a simple anion‐directed strategy for the first time. Based on comprehensive morphological and structural characteristics of CNs, along with theoretical calculations of density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations, their shape‐control mechanism is attributed to interionic interactions‐induced self‐assembly, followed by carbonization. The endoplasmic reticulum‐targeting accuracy of CNs is gradually enhanced as their shape changes from spherical to higher‐AR rods, accompanied by a Pearson's correlation coefficient up to 0.90. This work presents a facile approach to control the shape of CNs and reveals the relationship between the shape and organelle‐targeting abilities of CNs, thereby providing a novel idea to synthesize CNs that serve as precise organelle‐targeted fluorescent probes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, small‐sized fluorescent carbon nanoparticles (CNs) with tunable shapes ranging from spheres to various rods with aspect ratios (ARs) of 1.00, 1.51, 1.89, and 2.85 are prepared using a simple anion‐directed strategy for the first time. Based on comprehensive morphological and structural characteristics of CNs, along with theoretical calculations of density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations, their shape‐control mechanism is attributed to interionic interactions‐induced self‐assembly, followed by carbonization. The endoplasmic reticulum‐targeting accuracy of CNs is gradually enhanced as their shape changes from spherical to higher‐AR rods, accompanied by a Pearson's correlation coefficient up to 0.90. This work presents a facile approach to control the shape of CNs and reveals the relationship between the shape and organelle‐targeting abilities of CNs, thereby providing a novel idea to synthesize CNs that serve as precise organelle‐targeted fluorescent probes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal malignancies are the third-most common malignancies worldwide, with a rising incidence. Surgery remains the treatment of choice and adequate lymph node dissection is required for accurate staging. The objective of this study is to assess the use of carbon nanoparticles in lymph node tracing and resection in cases of colorectal cancer. For that purpose, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies included in Medline, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases. In the end, ten studies with a total number of 1418 patients were included in the final statistical analysis. The meta-analysis carried out showed that the use of carbon nanoparticles results in an increased number of lymph nodes harvested (WMD 6.15, 95% CI 4.14 to 8.16, p < 0.001) and a higher rate of cases with more than 12 lymph nodes harvested (OR 9.57, 95% CI 2.87 to 31.96, p = 0.0002). As a consequence, we suggest that carbon nanoparticles are used on a wider scale and that future research focuses on assessing the association between their use and overall patient survival. This study is limited by the fact that all included studies originate from China and by the fact that certain oncologic parameters and long-term outcomes have not been taken into account in the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanoallotropes, namely, graphene, fullerene and their derivatives, single- and multiwalled nanotubes, cause the great interest to researchers and their using not only in industry, medicine, pharmacy, but also in agriculture. There is a large number of literary data on the effect of carbon nanomaterials against the plant organism, not only as xenobiotics, but their use in crop production, namely, as: growth and development regulators; substances to increase the resistance of various crops to abiotic stress; targeted means for the delivery of fertilizers, plant protection means; stimulators of the accumulation of pharmaceutically active compounds. Research data are contradictory, as they differ in terms of the type of plant and the stage of its ontogenesis, the peculiarities of its cultivation, the type of nanoallotropes of carbon, the dose, method and duration of exposure, the size and purity of nanoparticles. At high concentrations, carbon nanoparticles cause toxic effects, which are accompanied by an impact on the processes of plant growth and development, inhibition of photosynthetic processes, and the induction of oxidative stress. At the same time, at low and moderate concentrations, carbon nanoparticles mainly stimulate the germination of seeds, the growth and development of vegetative parts of the plant and roots, improve the efficiency of photosynthesis, and contribute to both the protection of the plant from the effects of stressful environmental conditions and the accumulation of pharmaceutically valuable compounds. The presented review summarizes the data of the latest scientific research on the effect of carbon nanoallotropes on the plant organism and the possibility of their use as regulators of stress resistance in the cultivation of agricultural crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lymph node (LN) metastasis is the most common metastasis route in gastric cancer. Extensive dissection of LNs can significantly improve the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Recently, multiple clinical studies have demonstrated that either indocyanine green (ICG) or carbon nanoparticles (CNs) can assist to promote the dissection of LNs during laparoscopic radical gastrectomy. Considering the pros and cons of the two tracers, this study proposed a novel method of dual tracer (ICG combined with CNs) for lymphatic tracing in laparoscopic gastric cancer surgery. Methods: This trial is a prospective, randomized controlled trial (RCT) with an estimation of 516 participants that randomize into 4 groups (1:1:1:1), namely control group, ICG group, CNs group, and dual tracer group. The primary outcome is the number of dissected LNs. The secondary outcomes include positive rate, false positive rate, negative rate, false negative rate, number of metastatic LNs, relationship between LN metastasis and tracer stained, operation duration, blood loss, incision length, morbidity and mortality rate, 3-year DFS (disease free survival), PFS (progression-free survival), and OS (overall survival). Discussion: This study will investigate the efficacy and safety of a novel strategy using dual tracers for laparoscopic gastrectomy. The protocol has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (2021-361-02). The trial findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals. Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100051309). Registered 18 September 2021, https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=133764. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology of carbon material formed in an arc discharge in a mixture of i-butane, n-butane, and propane when spraying a graphite-nickel electrode was studied. The experiments were carried out with changing the gas medium pressure. Carbon globules, graphene structures, and carbon nanotubes have been discovered. It was found that at pressures of 75 and 400 torr, carbon globules predominate in the resulting materials. At gas pressures of 200 torr, the material collected from the cold screen surface contains both graphene-like structures and significant amounts of carbon nanotubes. The physical reasons influencing the observed phenomena are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee skins, a cheap, agricultural waste, were carbonized in a tubular furnace under a nitrogen stream and then ball milled to fabricate coffee skin-carbon-nanoparticles (CCNPs). SEM showed 35.6–41.6 nm particle size. The 26.64 and 43.16 peaks in the XRD indicated a cubic graphite lattice. The FT-IR broadband revealed a 2500–3500 cm−1 peak, suggesting an acidic O-H group. CCNPs possessed a type-H3-loop in the N2-adsorption-desorption analysis, with a surface of 105.638 m2 g−1. Thereafter, CCNPs were tested for ciprofloxacin (CPXN) adsorption, which reached equilibrium in 90 min. CCNPs captured 142.6 mg g−1 from 100 mg L−1 CPXN, and the 5:12 sorbent mass-to-solution volume ratio was suitable for treating up to 75 mg L−1 contamination. The qt dropped from 142.6 to 114.3 and 79.2 mg g−1 as the temperature rose from 20 °C to 35 °C and 50 °C, respectively, indicating exothermic adsorption. CPXN removal efficiency decreased below pH 5.0 and above pH 8.0. Kinetically, CPXN adsorption fits the second-order model and is controlled by the liquid-film mechanism, indicating its preference for the CCNPs' surface. The adsorption agreement with the liquid-film and Freundlich models implied the ease of CPXN penetration into the CCNP inner shells and the multilayered accumulation of CPXN on the CCNPs' surface. The negative ∆H° and ∆G° revealed the exothermic nature and spontaneity of CPXN adsorption onto the CCNP. The CCNPs showed an efficiency of 95.8% during four consecutive regeneration-reuse cycles with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.1%, and the lowest efficiency in the fourth cycle was 92.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing sustainable, inexpensive material has been proposed as a promising catalyst. Herein, we report the synthesis of new hybrid material composed of carbon nanoparticles entrapped in iron vanadate. Thus obtained new material was characterized using SEM, PXRD, Raman and XPS.The catalytic potentiality of CNP/FeVO4 has been tested in the oxidation of biomass derived hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in an aqueous medium. An enhanced conversion of 5‐HMF to diformylfuran (DFF) is observed in the presence of CNP/FeVO4 than FeVO4 alone. The absence of expensive metals and using only water as a solvent, along with recyclability of catalyst make our catalytic method green and attractive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aimed to measure the efficacy of using carbon nanoparticles in the preoperative localization of early breast cancer (BC) cases as well as in the detection of sentinel lymph nodes in Egypt. In addition, the purpose of the study was to determine whether the efficacy of carbon nanoparticles outweighs their high price and additional shipping fees. Material and methods The current pilot study enrolled 16 early BC patients, particularly those eligible for breast-conserving surgery. All patients underwent standardized injection techniques. The operating surgeons provided comprehensive intraoperative findings and postoperative histopathological reports of the excised tissues. Results After neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), downstaging of the study subjects was achieved until reaching the TNM stage of T1N1M0 and T1N0M0 in 2 cases (12.5%) and 14 cases (87.5%), respectively. Ultrasound-guided injection of carbon nanoparticles was done, followed by surgical excision on the same day or the day after injection. Eleven patients had positive mass lesions preoperatively, with a mean tumoral size of less than 1 cm in maximum dimension. Moreover, 6 out of the 11 patients showed positive black staining intraoperatively with an accuracy of 68.75%. Postoperative histopathological examination (the gold standard) of axillary specimens revealed that 3 out of 16 of the study population have positive tumor-infiltrated lymph nodes. However, only 2 of these cases demonstrated intra-operative black staining, with the black dye's positive and negative predictive values of staining being 100% and 92.2%, respectively. Conclusions Preoperative carbon nanoparticle suspension injection is a safe and effective method for adequate tumoral localization in BC patients. Nevertheless, this pilot study did not provide strong evidence for the adequacy of sentinel lymph node detection due to the small sample size, high cost, and extra shipping fees of the carbon nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged in the last few years as new carbon nanostructures due to their excellent optical and physicochemical properties and thus promising applications in different areas. In this work, we describe the preparation of different CDs obtained from distinct bottom-up methods and also using different low molar mass precursors in order to study advantages and disadvantages of each experimental method used. Different techniques were performed to characterize the nanoparticles, such as Transmission electron microscopy, Potentiometric titration, Fourier transform infrared, Fluorescence and Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The CDs obtained using conventional hydrothermal carbonization showed the highest values of quantum yield (QY), whereas the nanoparticles obtained by the heating reflux reaction method exhibited the lowest QY values mainly due to incomplete polymerization and/or carbonization reactions of the material. In addition, a study to evaluate the use of the CDs as nanoprobes for metallic ions showed that one of the samples exhibited high selective and sensitive response toward Fe3+, with a detection limit of 0.89 µM. Furthermore, the nanoparticles used as sensors were obtained with an environmentally friendly strategy, and the CD-based photoluminescence method is simple, has a short response time and present low-cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the value of refined extracapsular anatomy combined with carbon nanoparticle suspension tracing technology for protecting parathyroid function and the thoroughness of lymph node dissection in the central region during endoscopic thyroid cancer surgery. Patients and methods: Retrospective clinical data analysis was performed on 108 patients who underwent endoscopic thyroid cancer surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital) from November 2019 to November 2022. Before surgery, thyroid function tests, color Doppler ultrasounds and neck-enhanced CT scans were performed on all patients. Cytopathological diagnosis obtained via ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration served as confirmation for the primary diagnosis. It was determined whether to perform a total thyroidectomy or a hemithyroidectomy (HT) together with preventive unilateral (ipsilateral) central neck dissection. Follow-up times were 1 to 34 months. Results: Transient neuromuscular symptoms were present in 3.70% (4/108) cases, with no permanent neuromuscular symptoms or permanent hypoparathyroidism. Regarding transient hypoparathyroidism, the patients recovered after three months and did not need long-term calcium supplementation. The number of harvested LNs (mean± SD) was 5.54 ± 3.84, with ≤5 in 57.41% (62/108) and >5 in 42.59% (46/108) cases. The number of patients with metastatic LNs was 37.96% (41/108), with ≤2 in 65.85% (27/41) and >2 in 34.15% (14/41) cases. Conclusions: Fine extracapsular anatomy combined with carbon nanoparticle suspension tracing is effective in endoscopic thyroid cancer surgery. It can improve the thoroughness of prophylactic central neck dissection and recognition of the parathyroid gland and avoid parathyroid injury and other complications to effectively protect parathyroid function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for healthy foods with high functional value has progressively increased. Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have a promising application in agriculture including the enhancement of plant growth. However, there are few studies on the interactive effects of CNPs and mild salinity on radish seed sprouting. To this end, the effect of radish seed priming with 80mM CNPs on biomass, anthocyanin, proline and polyamine metabolism, and antioxidant defense system under mild salinity growth condition (25 mM NaCl). The results indicated that seed nanopriming with CNPs along with mild salinity stress enhanced radish seed sprouting and its antioxidant capacity. Priming boosted the antioxidant capacity by increasing antioxidant metabolites such as (polyphenols, flavonoids, polyamines, anthocyanin, and proline). To understand the bases of these increases, precursors and key biosynthetic enzymes of anthocyanin [phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid, naringenin, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase (CHS), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL)], proline [pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), proline dehydrogenase (PRODH), Sucrose, Sucrose P synthase, invertase) and polyamines [putrescine, spermine, spermidine, total polyamines, arginine decarboxylase, orinthnine decarboxylase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase, spermidine synthase, spermine synthase] were analyzed. In conclusion, seed priming with CNPs has the potential to further stimulate mild salinity-induced bioactive compound accumulation in radish sprouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A top-down synthesis of graphene quantum dots (GQD) was carried out by hydrothermal method from different carbon sources (graphene, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and black carbon) and H 2 O 2 as an oxidizing agent, with an N source added in the reaction to modify the chemical surface of the GQD, giving rise to the nanomaterial N-GQD. The modified chemical surface of N-GQD partially allowed the nucleation and coupling of gold nanoparticles from a H A u C l 4 solution. The X-ray diffraction spectrogram confirms the amorphization of the precursor materials, while the functionalized surface of N-GQD was characterized through UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared, and photoluminescense spectrometry; TEM and FE-SEM show particle sizes between 8 and 15 nm. N-GQD@AuNP presence can be confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and TEM analysis, showing partial coupling and nanoparticle nucleation of Au in the structure with particle sizes between 20 and 40 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To investigate the efficacy and safety of lymph nodes (LNs) dissection guided by carbon nanoparticles (CNs) in gastric cancer (GC) surgery. Materials and methods: We searched electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus for relevant articles up to September 2022 and collected all studies comparing the CNs group with blank controls group on the efficacy and safety of LN dissection in gastrectomy. A pooled analysis of the collected data was performed, including the number of retrieved LNs, the staining rate of LNs, the number of metastatic LNs dissection, various intraoperative outcomes, and postoperative complications. Results: A total of 9 studies including 1770 participants (502 in the CNs group and 1268 in the control group) were included. As compared to the blank control group, the CNs group detected 10.46 more LNs in each patient (WMD = 10.46, 95% CI: 6.63 ~ 14.28, p < 0.00001, I2 = 91%), and also significantly more metastatic LNs (WMD = 2.63, 95% CI: 1.43 ~ 3.83, p < 0.0001, I2 = 41%). However, there was no significant difference in the rate of metastatic LNs between the CNs and control groups (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 0.94 ~ 2.00, P = 0.1, I2 = 89%). In addition, there was no increase in operative time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative complications associated with CNs-guided gastrectomy. Conclusion: CNs-guided gastrectomy is safe and effective, and can increase the efficiency of LN dissection without increasing the risk of surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mini-review examines the current state of the problem of peripheral nerve (PN) regeneration, including details of the internal structure of PN, types of their damage, biochemical aspects, in particular the function of Schwann cells, macrophages, intermolecular interactions of cell membrane receptors with extracellular matrix proteins, which are involved in the peripheral nerve regeneration process. The development of artificial nerve tubes (conduits) to suture the distal and proximal ends of the damaged nerve with an artificial conduit is the main strategy for PN recovery. Emphasis is placed on the use of leading biomaterials of the new generation, in particular, based on natural polysaccharides (alginate - Alg and chitosan - CS) and carbon nanoparticles CNP (single and multi wall carbon nanotubes – SWCNTs/MWCNTs, graphene - G, graphene oxide - GO or fullerene - C60) obtained in the Sumy State University laboratory "Bionanocomposite" (Ukraine) to solve the PN regeneration problem. The results of studies of the obtained materials with carbon nanoparticles such as C60 and SWCNTs on electrical conductivity, swelling ability, and the ability to adsorb tryptophan (an amino acid that is indispensable for the functioning of the central nervous system) are presented. The peculiarities of the effect of carbon-based materials on the restoration of the functions of damaged nerve tissue are considered. Also, the usefulness of CNTs in neuroscience has been noted due to their specific properties, namely strength, flexibility, and electrical conductivity, in particular for mediating the growth and differentiation of neurons. This characteristics of the recently created polymer samples with CNP showed that these biomaterials have properties beneficial for neural tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution has invaded seas, rivers, and tap water worldwide. This work employed commercial Mesquite charcoal as a low-cost precursor for fabricating Mesquite carbon nanoparticles (MUCNPs) using a ball-milling process. The scanning electron energy-dispersive microscopy results for MUCNPs revealed a particle size range of 52.4–75.0 nm. The particles were composed mainly of carbon with trace amounts of aluminum, potassium, calcium, titanium, and zinc. The X-ray diffraction peaks at 26.76 and 43.28 2θ° ascribed to the (002) and (100) planes indicated a crystalized graphite phase. Furthermore, the lack of FT-IR vibrations above 3000 cm−1 showed that the MUCNPs were not functionalized. The MUCNPs' pore diameter, volume, and surface area were 114.5 Ǻ, 0.363 cm3 g−1, and 113.45 m2 g−1. The batch technique was utilized to investigate MUCNPs' effectiveness in removing chlorohexidine gluconate (CHDNG) from water, which took 90 min to achieve equilibrium and had an adsorption capacity of 65.8 mg g−1. The adsorption of CHDNG followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, with the rate-limiting step being diffusion in the liquid film. The Langmuir isotherm dominated the CHDNG adsorption on the MUCNPs with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. The thermodynamic studies revealed that CHDNG adsorption onto the MUCNPs was exothermic and favorable, and its spontaneity increased inversely with CHDNG concentration. The ball-milling-made MUCNPs demonstrated consistent efficiency through regeneration–reuse cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Overwhelming Fe accumulation in tumor arouses strong oxidative stress. To benefit the cancer patients, Fe(II) delivered by carbon nanoparticles-Fe(II) complex (CNSI-Fe) should be visualized to ensure the successful intratumoral injection and the antitumor mechanisms should be investigated at molecular level. Results: Intracellular Fe accumulations associating with the uptakes of CNSI-Fe were observed both in vitro and in vivo. The retention of Fe(II) in tumor over 72 h was visualized by magnetic resonance imaging. CNSI-Fe inhibited the tumor growth and expanded the lifespan of colonic tumor-bearing mice. The antitumor activity of CNSI-Fe was attributed to the increases of OH radicals and the oxidative stress in tumor cells, which resulted in cell apoptosis and ferroptosis. The transcriptome analyses confirmed the changes of ferroptosis and inflammation signaling pathways by CNSI-Fe treatment. The low toxicity of CNSI-Fe was indicated by the serum biochemistry, hematology, and histopathology. Conclusion: CNSI-Fe induced the efficient apoptosis and ferroptosis of colonic tumor for cancer therapy. Our results would benefit the clinical applications of CNSI-Fe and stimulate great interest in the nanomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]