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The work is devoted to determining the characteristics of turbine stages in off-design modes that arise when pressures and temperatures change before or after the stage, a transition to a different rotation speed, or, for example, when the composition of the working fluid changes. As part of the project, a quasi-one-dimensional method for calculating the characteristics of a turboexpander assembly (TEA) stage when changing operating parameters and/or working fluid has been developed, which differs from known methods by using the equations of the state of real gas, adaptation to purely radial stages, and a simplified approach to determining the pressure at the outlet of the guide vane for assessing the degree of reactivity and the ability to switch to another working fluid, including a mixed one. The analytical methodology was verified by comparison with the experimental data of other authors and the results of calculations using CFD methods for radial-axial stages as well as with approaches to the calculation of purely radial turbomachines due to the lack of experimental data for this type of TEA in the public domain. An extended characteristic of a radial stage operating in air (turbo map) was constructed, and the dependences of the isentropic efficiency, degree of reactivity, mass flow and power of the stage on the relative circumferential speed were assessed. An assessment was made of the impact of switching to another working fluid (for example, switching from air to methane was chosen). It is shown that the characteristics do not change qualitatively but they shift from one another along the axis of the relative peripheral velocity. Further development of the technique involves taking into account possible phase transitions (volume condensation) in the flow part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexural vibration (FV), torsional vibration (TV), static torsion (ST), longitudinal vibration (OAV), and tension (OAT) of 45° off-axis tests of flat pieces of cardboards were analyzed to determine the in-plane shear modulus (IPSM) using samples of various widths. The analyses were performed with simulations using the finite element method (FEM) for models with and without lamination and physical experiments using cardboard samples. For the FV, TV, and ST tests, the IPSM was calculated using binary search (BS) and linear regression (LR). The FEM results suggest that the IPSM values obtained from the TV and ST test simulations were affected by lamination. In contrast, the effect of lamination was not clear in the FV, OAV, and OAT test simulations. The coefficient of variation obtained from the FV experiments was often larger than that obtained from other tests. Despite this variation, the FV test is more attractive than the other tests because the experiments could be performed easily, and the effect of lamination could be reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagrams of the modes of steam turbine units are used in power plants when current technical conditions must be assessed according to the criteria of their thermal efficiency. Moreover, if for condensing turbines such diagrams degenerate into a linear dependence of power on steam flow into the turbine, then for heating steam turbines, they allow determining the power of the steam turbine and the amount of heat from its extraction at various possible ratios. To date, the so-called digitization of regulatory technical documentation data and experimental data obtained as a result of testing has become relevant for the analysis of technological processes in steam turbines. This article presents the automated charting of steam turbine modes using software developed based on the MS Excel software package. Such processing results in so-called user functions that significantly speed up data processing, perform calculations when constructing nomograms, and facilitate the search for technical solutions to optimize the technology of operation and determine reserves of thermal efficiency. In addition, such a technique can be used to analyze the efficiency of steam turbine installations when they operate in various modes using calculation schemes, which reduces the number of tests and thereby reduces the complexity of surveys without losing the accuracy of the results. The results can be used as input data for the predictive analysis of the occurrence and development of damage in equipment parts, as well as for the development of recommendations to improve their efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate calculation of power losses has always been important for the design and optimization of magnetic components consisting of windings and magnetic cores, such as inductors and transformers. Focusing on windings, litz wire outperforms its counterparts in terms of eddy current losses, making it particularly suitable for high-frequency (HF) applications. The power loss calculation of litz wire is however challenging due to its complex structure of thin strands twisted in multiple levels. This article therefore aims to review various kinds of litz wire power loss calculation methods from analytical methods, numerical methods to coupling ones. In addition to, the principles and applications of each method, their inherent correlation and differences are also highlighted in this article. On this basis, a comprehensive review and comparison of different calculation methods of litz-wire power loss are provided. Finally, future challenges and directions are then summarized, whose ultimate goal is to calculate the power loss of litz wire accurately and efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

177Lu is a radioisotope that has become increasingly popular as a therapeutic agent for treating various conditions, including neuroendocrine tumors and metastatic prostate cancer. 177Lu-tagged radioligands are molecules precisely designed to target and bind to specific receptors or proteins characteristic of targeted cancer. This review paper will present an overview of the available 177Lu-labelled radioligands currently used to treat patients. Based on recurring, active, and completed clinical trials and other available literature, we evaluate current status, interests, and developments in assessing patient-specific dosimetry, which will define the future of this particular treatment modality. In addition, we will discuss the challenges and opportunities of the existing dosimetry standards to measure and calculate the radiation dose delivered to patients, which is essential for ensuring treatments' safety and efficacy. Finally, this article intends to provide an overview of the current state of 177Lu-tagged radioligand therapy and highlight the areas where further research can improve patient treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the importance of calculating surface deformation based on monitoring data, this paper proposes a method for calculating horizontal deformation based on horizontal displacement monitoring data. This study first analyzes the characteristics of horizontal displacement monitoring data, then proposes a scheme for obtaining the surface horizontal displacement field through corresponding discrete point interpolation. Subsequently, the calculation method for surface horizontal strain is introduced, along with relevant examples. The study also systematically summarizes the calculation methods for surface curvature and surface tilt deformation values, forming a set of surface deformation calculation methods based on monitoring data. The research results indicate that when there is a large number of on-site monitoring points, effective monitoring points can be selected based on the direction of horizontal displacement. When interpolating the surface horizontal displacement field, the interpolation accuracy of the radial basis function method is slightly higher than that of ordinary Kriging. The form of coordinate expression has a significant impact on interpolation accuracy. The accuracy of interpolation using horizontal displacement vectors expressed in polar coordinates is higher than that using vectors expressed in Cartesian coordinates. The calculated surface horizontal strain has effective upper and lower limits, with lower-limit strain on the contour line conforming to the typical surface deformation patterns around mined-out areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to adjust the electric power network to today's trends—such as the charging of electric vehicles, design of the Internal Electricity Market (IEM), headway of renewable energy sources, etc.—the demand for flexible network solutions is increasingly significant. Dynamic line rating (DLR) technology offers a flexible solution for the uprating of overhead lines. Moreover, the DLR methodology can be used in a wider system approach in order to establish a line management system, including functions such as ice prevention subsystems or the real-time tracking of clearances. Therefore, the extension possibilities and operational features of DLR-based systems have been extensively researched in the last few years, which is also confirmed by the high number of pilot projects funded for research and development on the topic of DLR. The key question during the implementation of a DLR system is the obtainable operational safety of such a system. This mainly depends on the installation places of the field equipment and the accuracy of the line rating calculation models. The aim of this article is the comparison of the so far available international line rating calculation models and also to propose another way for the determination of the real-time line rating. Moreover, laboratory measurements and case studies are presented for the confirmation of the proposed model's reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Lower Quarter Y-Balance test (YBT-LQ) is a widely used tool in the field of sports medicine and rehabilitation. Interestingly, there are inconsistencies in the literature regarding the methodology for calculating YBT-LQ outcomes. Objective: The aim of this study is to examine whether calculating YBT-LQ outcomes based on maximal reach distance significantly differs from calculations based on mean reach distance. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study involved 100 healthy participants between the age of 18 and 25 years. The participants performed the YBT-LQ. Normalised reach (%) was calculated by dividing both the maximal and mean reach distances (cm) by the length of the lower limb (cm) and then multiplying the result by 100%. The composite score (%) was calculated by summing the maximal and mean reach distances in each direction, and then dividing the obtained values by three times the length of the lower limb, and finally multiplying the result by 100%. Results: The calculation method based on the maximal reach distance, as compared to the mean reach distances, yields significantly (p-value<0.001) higher values for all absolute (cm) and normalised (%) reaches, as well as composite score (%) in the YBT-LQ test. Conclusion: When comparing research findings using two calculation methods for YBT-LQ performance, it is important to consider that the maximal reach distance method yields higher values of 1.7-2.5 cm and 1.8-2.8% (respectively) for absolute and normalised outcomes. These variations highlight the importance of selecting an appropriate calculation method based on the specific objectives of the study and available resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Geotechnik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bauphysik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The role of fractional calculus in circuit systems has received increased attention in recent years. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of time-domain calculation methods in the analysis of fractional-order piecewise smooth circuit systems, an experimental prototype is developed, and the effects of three typical calculation methods in different test scenarios are compared and studied in this paper. It is proved that Oustaloup's rational approximation method usually overestimates the peak-to-peak current and brings in the pulse–voltage phenomenon in piecewise smooth test scenarios, while the results of the two iterative recurrence-form numerical methods are in good agreement with the experimental results. The study results are dedicated to provide a reference for efficiently deploying calculation methods in fractional-order piecewise smooth circuit systems. Some quantitative analysis results are concluded in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Geotechnik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: Concrete‐filled stainless steel tube (CFSST) members combine the advantages of stainless steel materials and concrete‐filled steel tube (CFST) members. Therefore, it has a broad range of applications than CFST members in the marine environment and other scenarios requiring great durability and corrosion resistance. However, there are limited researches on the large‐sized CFSST members. In this paper, 30 circular CFSST members with varying steel ratios (3.7% ≤ α ≤ 10.3%), diameters (500 mm ≤ D ≤ 900 mm), and strength of concrete (fcu = 40 MPa, 50 MPa) are studied on the size effect under axial compression. For peak axial stress, peak axial strain, and composite elastic modulus, size effects are investigated. According to the results, the peak axial stress and peak axial strain of the members increase with the increase in diameter. The modulus of composite elasticity essentially stays constant as the diameter increases, showing that there is no obvious size effect on the composite elastic modulus. The size effect of peak axial stress and peak axial strain is influenced by the steel ratio. Increasing the steel ratio tended to decrease the size effect. According to the generated data, it was found that the current codes of Chinese and European underestimate the ultimate bearing capacity of CFSST short columns significantly. To this end, the resistances of the large‐sized austenitic CFSST columns with a low steel ratio are well predicted by the proposed design model after being modified, based on GB 50936‐2014 and EN 1994‐1‐1 design codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In molten salt reactors (MSRs) with circulating liquid fuel, delayed neutron precursors can escape from the active core and be distributed over the entire reactor circuit. Taking into account the decrease in the effective fraction of delayed neutrons due to the motion of the emitters is important for further analysis of the reactor kinetics. A new approach is proposed to account for fuel circulation in the fuel circuit on the basis of a combined calculation by the Monte Carlo and finite volume methods. The calculation was implemented using the interface between the codes SERPENT and OpenFOAM software applications (SAs) in the form of the OFSI software. Calculations of the effective delayed neutron fraction for the 10-MWt heat power MSR reactor circuit with a cavity type cylindrical core and the Li, Be, Pu/F fuel salt mixture are performed. On the basis of the results obtained, conclusions are made about the applicability of the technique and ways of its further development are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Bauphysik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bauphysik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bauphysik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bauphysik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To study the reasonable values of fatigue damage factors of railway steel bridges under double lanes loading, the formulas of double-lane fatigue factors are deduced based on the principle of fatigue damage equivalence. The differences in calculation methods and values between Chinese, European and Japanese codes are analyzed, and their causes are disclosed. The research reveals that the deduced formulas clarify the theoretical basis of double-lane fatigue factors in the design codes. The values of these factors are closely related to the slope of the S-N curves and simultaneously loading probability of two lanes, which are valued differently and cause the differences of double-lane fatigue factors in Chinese, European and Japanese codes. The employed factors in Chinese codes are more conservative than those in Japanese and European codes for that larger simultaneously loading probability is adopted. For the maximum difference cases, the values of the factors in Chinese design codes are 1.04 times of those in European codes and 1.30 times of those in Japanese codes. According to the operation of China's railway, the simultaneously loading probability is analyzed, and the results show that the probability value of 20% employed in Chinese codes is too conservative for most bridges with a span less than 1000 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Geotechnik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Geotechnik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Geotechnik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The methods for calculating the coefficient of amplification of the electric field at the edge of the capacitor section covering with various dielectric systems is developed. The dependence of the amplification coefficient on the coefficient of inhomogeneity of the working dielectric and the distance from the edge of the capacitor covering is obtained. The "strong inhomogeneity" boundaries were defined in the working dielectric of the high-voltage pulse capacitor section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bauphysik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Accurately obtaining the particle diameter is a chief prerequisite to calculating the growth dynamics of metallic iron during the deep reduction of Fe-bearing minerals. In this work, spherical copper powder with a volume moment mean of 70.43 μm was used as a benchmark for measuring the authenticity of the data of the main calculation methods, including the Feret, diameter, equivalent diameter, and equivalent diameter plus correction factor methods. The results show that the measured particle count was less than the theoretical particle count. The particle diameters obtained through the Feret, diameter and equivalent diameter methods were all less than the benchmark, with deviations of 11.15 μm, 14.09 μm, and 12.71 μm, respectively. By contrast, the particle diameter obtained through the equivalent diameter plus correction factor method was slightly higher than the benchmark, with a deviation of 3.09 μm. Therefore, the equivalent diameter plus correction factor method is the most suitable for accurately obtaining the particle diameter, because most profiles do not pass through the particles' centroid during sample preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation and the analysis of the arising contact pressures and tribotechnical parameters, that is, wear and durability, of metal-polymer spur gears using the author's computational method are presented in this study. Gears with a steel gear and pinion made of polyamide PA6 modified with dispersed carbon fibers (CF) or glass fibers (GF) whose content was 30%, PA6 + 30CF and PA6 + 30GF correspondingly, are studied. This took into account the parity of engagement, the effect of composite pinion teeth wear and gear correction. Quantitative and qualitative regularities of change of the specified parameters depending on composite type and gear correction type are established. It is found that the teeth wear of composite toothed wheels has a significant effect on reducing the values of the initial maximum contact pressures in the engagement. The distribution of linear wear along the teeth working profile and the localization of its maximum values, depending on the correction of engagement, are determined. The minimum durability of metal–polymer gears is calculated by simplified and improved methods. The optimal values of the correction coefficients at which the minimum durability is highest for both combination types of metal–polymer gears with height and angular teeth correction are established. The durability of metal–polymer gears with a driving pinion made of PA6 + 30CF composite calculated with the improved method is about seven times higher than the pinion made of PA6 + 30GF composite. In contrast to the methods of calculation of metal gears known from publications, the method presented in this study takes into account such practically significant factors as change of radii of tooth profile curvature owing to wear, their correction and number of teeth pairs at the engagement. In metal–polymer gears, there are no analytical calculation methods for modelling wear and tribological durability compared with that of the author's method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to highlight how to calculate production cost using the Activity-Based Costing method (ABC), but also the traditional calculation method, to determine their advantages and disadvantages. These two calculation methods aim to determine the final production cost, but the approaches differ from one methods to another. The study is based on scientific research procedures, such as observation methods, economic analysis, case study and descriptive methods. The cost prices for the wine will be calculated, following all the steps from the two cost calculation methods. The differences and similarities between these two cost calculation methods will be presented through a case study at Research-Development Station for viticulture and winemaking Iasi. The use of the Activity-Based Costing method ensures a more correct allocation of indirect costs, allowing a better analysis of the elements that generated the costs, on the other hand, the traditional method of calculation costs requires amore simplistic approach, as it is not possible to analyze all cost-generating elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Functional blood imaging can reflect tissue metabolism and organ viability, which is important for life science and biomedical studies. However, conventional imaging modalities either cannot provide sufficient contrast or cannot support simultaneous multi-functional imaging for hemodynamics. Photoacoustic imaging, as a hybrid imaging modality, can provide sufficient optical contrast and high spatial resolution, making it a powerful tool for in vivo vascular imaging. By using the optical-acoustic confocal alignment, photoacoustic imaging can even provide subcellular insight, referred as optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM). Based on a multi-wavelength laser source and developed the calculation methods, OR-PAM can provide multi-functional hemodynamic microscopic imaging of the total hemoglobin concentration (CHb), oxygen saturation (sO2), blood flow (BF), partial oxygen pressure (pO2), oxygen extraction fraction, and metabolic rate of oxygen (MRO2). This concise review aims to systematically introduce the principles and methods to acquire various functional parameters for hemodynamics by photoacoustic microscopy in recent studies, with characteristics and advantages comparison, typical biomedical applications introduction, and future outlook discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bauphysik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Geotechnik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bauphysik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bauphysik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current status and research and development on CO2 in chemical looping combustion and gasification of fuels is analyzed. The major results presented in foreign publications are analyzed. At present, this technology is being studied in laboratory and pilot units with a maximum output of 1 MW. It has been demonstrated that the high-temperature chemical looping combustion and gasification technology with metal oxides, which are used as oxygen carriers, can be effective with respect to CAPEX and OPEX. In this type of combustion system, a metal oxide, rather than air, is used to bring oxygen to the fuel. The metal oxide, upon interaction with fuel in a fuel reactor, is reduced to a metal (or a lower oxide) with the formation of CO2 and water vapor. After that, the metal is oxidized in a special reactor, and the produced oxide is returned to the cycle. The gases coming from the fuel reactor after condensation of water vapor consist of more or less pure CO2, which can be used or recycled. Data on the application of various metal oxides are reviewed and analyzed with special attention given to the investigations into the use of natural ores as oxygen carriers. It has been demonstrated that ilmenite is most suitable for this application in terms of its properties (oxygen capacity, abrasion resistance) and cost. The design and operation features of various experimental setups are examined. The main approaches to the design calculation of chemical looping combustion plants are presented. It is shown that, in addition to the properties of oxides themselves, the efficient conversion of fuels requires a sufficient residence time of particles in the reactors and their specific gravity, which are largely determined by the hydrodynamics of interconnected reactors with a fluidized bed and a circulating fluidized bed. In the process, a high circulation rate of particles between the reactors, effective capture of particles, and their stable movement in downcomers and pneumatic loop seals should be maintained. Results are presented of the investigation into the hydrodynamics of interconnected reactors and binary mixtures of particles of different density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Geotechnik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Geotechnik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bauphysik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bauphysik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bauphysik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bauphysik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bauphysik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bauphysik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of geared transmissions has a long history and a rich experience, which has allowed the development of an intense research activity that has led to modern design methods, mostly standardized and execution technologies that have become traditional. As the fundamental sciences have provided more and more in-depth and refined knowledge, namely performance algorithms of optimal synthesis, the design in the field of gear transmissions has evolved by integrating in the calculation methods a growing number of elements. of influence (materials, geometry, dimensional and shape deviations, heat treatments, kinematic, energetic, dynamic factors, etc.). Automated modeling and simulation currently allow the prediction of behavior - from all points of view of a transmission - during operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]