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Background: This study aimed to compare the marginal adaptation of a single customized gutta percha cone with calcium silicate-based sealer versus mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine apical plugs in simulated immature permanent teeth. Methods: Thirty-nine extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were selected, prepared to simulate immature permanent teeth with an apical diameter 1.1 mm, placed in moist foam and divided into three groups. Group 1: Obturation with a single customized gutta percha cone and calcium silicate sealer. Group 2: MTA apical plug. Group 3: Biodentine apical plug. After incubation, teeth were horizontally sectioned at 1 mm and 3 mm from the apex and marginal adaptation was evaluated using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: Biodentine showed the least mean gap size at both 1 and 3 mm from the apex with no statistically significant differences compared to MTA (p > 0.05). The single customized cone with calcium silicate based sealer showed the greatest mean gap size at both 1 and 3 mm from the apex with a statistically significant difference compared to the other groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Biodentine and MTA apical plugs provide a significantly better marginal adaptation to the dentinal walls than a single customized gutta percha cone with calcium silicate based sealer in simulated immature permanent teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutron and x‐ray diffraction measurements have been performed on CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 (CMAS) glasses doped with NiO–FeXO at room temperature, along with x‐ray measurements on aerodynamically levitated liquids at ≥2000 K. The disordered structures have been modeled using empirical potential structure refinement to investigate the relation between the aluminosilicate network and the modifying cations. The SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra are found to have wider Si–O and Al–O bond distance distributions in the glass, and the first Ca–On coordination shell is highly distorted, redistributing different populations of long and short bonds between the liquid and the glass. The addition of Fe and Ni at low aluminosilicate content increases the number of free oxygens not bonded to AlO4 or SiO4. Mg–O and Fe–O are both found to be predominantly fourfold and fivefold in the liquid and glassy states. Despite these low coordination numbers, their bond angle distributions indicate that they are predominantly in nontetrahedral‐type geometries, with ferrous and ferric iron possessing similar coordination environments. The Ca–O and Mg–O average coordination numbers and enthalpies of solution are consistent with their higher reactivity within relatively acidic aluminosilicate melts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous calcium silicate ceramic has been prepared by ultrafast high‐temperature process in several minutes. The effect of sintering current and starch content on the phase composition, pore structure, compressive strength, and air permeability have been investigated. Homogeneous pores can be formed during the fast decomposition of calcium silicate hydrate, calcium carbonate, and starch. The optimized composition shows the high compressive strength (over 7 MPa), porosity (60.8%), and air permeability (379.4 L/m2 s). Results showed that the ultrafast high‐temperature sintering method can achieve homogenous porous structure in much shorter time than conventional furnace sintering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity of selected resin-modified materials used in direct contact with the dental pulp (TheraCal LC, TheraCal PT, and ApaCal ART) with calcium silicate cement (Biodentine). (2) Methods: The mouse fibroblast Balb/3T3 cell line and the extracts of tested materials in four concentrations were used for the testing. An MTT assay was performed in three independent experiments with six replicates for each concentration of tested material. The cell viability (%) and cytotoxicity were expressed (cytotoxic effect is considered in cases where the cell viability is lower than 70%). The mean of the cell viability and the standard deviation were expressed for each material at all concentrations. ANOVA and Dunnet's post hoc tests were used for the statistical analysis. All of these tests were performed at the 0.05 significance level. (3) Results: At all concentrations, the cell viability was statistically significantly lower (p ≤ 0.002) for all tested materials compared to Biodentine. ApaCal ART showed a high level of cytotoxicity at all concentrations (cell viability lower than 47.71%, p < 0.0001). The same result was found for TheraCal LC at concentrations of 100%, 50% and 25% and TheraCal PT at concentrations of 100% and 50%. TheraCal LC at a 10% concentration (cell viability 68.18%) and TheraCal PT at a 25% concentration (cell viability 60.63%) indicated potential cytotoxicity. TheraCal PT at a 10% concentration was not found to be cytotoxic (cell viability 79.18%, p = 0.095). (4) Conclusion: The resin-modified calcium silicate and calcium phosphate materials showed higher cytotoxic potential, so they should be used with caution when in direct contact with the dental pulp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium oxide and silicon oxide are combined to form calcium silicate. Since calcium silicate materials offer tuneable physical, chemical, mechanical, and optical characteristics, these materials have found uses in various applications such as luminescence, batteries, bioimaging, supercapacitors, and concrete materials. In the majority of applications, high-purity calcium silicate is produced from chemical precursors such as calcium/silicate oxides or nitrites, even though this method could be expensive, environmentally harmful, and non-biocompatible. As an alternative, natural calcium and silica from biomass are usually economical and abundant, yet they contain impurities but sometimes the trace impurities influence the properties of material in positive ways. Silica can be extracted from wheat husk, rice husk, and sugarcane bagasse, which are frequently dumped in rivers, ponds, and other water bodies, contributing to ecological and health problems, likewise, calcium oxide can be extracted from eggshells, marble waste, snail shell. The trash may recycle or utilized to create marketable, value-added items with significant ecological and financial benefits rather than being dumped. The purpose of this review paper is to discuss the composition, processing, and applications of calcium silicate derivatives. The analysis shows that calcium silicate derivatives have enormous potential for using waste as a replacement of organic precursor materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study evaluated the effect of a bioceramic intracanal medicament (Bio-C Temp) on the push-out bond strength of bioceramic cements. Methods: Forty-eight human single-canaled premolars were prepared and randomly divided into three groups: Group (A) received no intracanal medicament; Group (B) calcium hydroxide (CH); and Group (C) Bio-C Temp. After medicament removal, the roots were sectioned transversely. The slices in each group were separated into two subgroups (n = 16): in Subgroup (1), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was placed, and in Subgroup (2) Bio-C Repair. Push-out bond strength was determined using a universal testing machine, applying a constant compressive force on the cement until bond failure. The failure mode was also evaluated. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test and two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc tests. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: The pushout bond strength of Bio-C Repair was significantly higher than that of MTA irrespective of intracanal medication (p = 0.005). The placement of Bio-C Temp was associated with significantly lower bond strength (p = 0.002, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Bio-C Repair showed better bond strength compared to MTA, irrespective of intracanal medication. Bio-C Temp intracanal medicament, however, decreased the bond strength of both these cements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis (SRM) was to evaluate whether bioceramic sealers have better penetration capacity in dentinal tubules and antimicrobial activity when compared to AH Plus® sealer. This SRM was recorded in the Open Science Framework database and followed the guidelines of the PRISMA 2020. Five databases were searched by two independent reviewers. Only in vitro studies that evaluated the effects of bioceramic sealers on dentinal tubule penetration and antimicrobial activity outcomes compared to AH Plus® sealer were included. Meta-analysis was conducted using R software, using the effect measure of the standardized mean difference (SMD) and inverse variance method. A modified Joanna Briggs Institute's Checklist was used for the risk of bias assessment. A total of 1486 studies were identified, and only 54 studies that fulfilled our eligibility criteria were included in this review. There was no statistical difference between the sealers evaluated for dentinal tubule penetration, in the thirds evaluated: coronal SMD 0.58 [0.14; 1.31], p = 0.12; middle SMD 0.07 [0.54; 0.39], p = 0.75; and apical SMD 0.08 [0.73; 0.56], p = 0.80. Both sealers demonstrated similar antimicrobial action (SMD [3.42; 5.32], p = 0.67 and SMD 0.67 [1.89; 0.55], p = 0.28). The studies presented a low risk of bias. Based on the in vitro studies included and according to the limitations of the present review, the data suggest that bioceramic and AH Plus® sealers present similar penetration capacity in dentinal tubules and antimicrobial effect, making them suitable materials to be considered in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The main objective of endodontic therapy is to achieve a sterile environment and three-dimensional filling of the root canals. Endodontic sealers play an important role in the obturation of the root canal system as they may provide a seal, which prevents the penetration of bacteria. Sealers are meant to entomb residual bacteria, prevent leakage of nutrients, and ideally possess antibacterial properties. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial effectiveness of calcium silicate-based bioceramic root canal sealers against Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus using the agar diffusion method. Materials and Methods: The materials were divided into four groups of nine samples each for both E. faecalis and S. aureus. Group I (control group) - MTA-Fillapex (Angelus), Group II - BioRoot RCS (Septodont), Group III - Bio-C Sealer (Angelus), and Group IV - Dia-Root Bio Sealer (Diadent). To evaluate the antibacterial activity of the samples, the agar diffusion method was utilized. To begin, a bacterial suspension was evenly spread onto sterile Petri dishes using sterile swabs. Four wells of 4 mm diameter were then punched, and the sealers were mixed following the manufacturer's instructions and placed onto the prepared wells. The Petri dishes were then incubated at 37°C for 72 h. After incubation, the zones of inhibition around each well were measured at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, and the resulting values were statistically analyzed. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analyzed using the ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's test. Results: Calcium silicate-based root canal sealers showed significantly better efficacy than the control group. BioRoot RCS (3.44 ± 1.13 mm) showed maximum antibacterial effect against E. faecalis at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h time intervals. Bio-C Sealer (16.44 ± 1.42 mm) showed maximum antibacterial effect against S. aureus at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h time intervals. The effectiveness of root canal sealants eventually decreased over a period. Based on analysis using the ANOVA test, a statistically significant difference (P = 0.05) was observed between the mean values of antimicrobial efficacy of sealers against both E. faecalis and S. aureus. Conclusions: The study's findings lead to the conclusion that BioRoot RCS showed a maximum antibacterial effect against E. faecalis and Bio-C Sealer showed maximum antibacterial effect against S. aureus at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium silicate ceramics were successfully prepared at various temperatures by spark plasma sintering technique (SPS) using two different compositions, and their morphological and structural characteristics were thoroughly analyzed and compared by scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, and apparent density measurements. The effect of the sintering method and temperature on microstructural properties has also been studied. The sintered samples prepared by SPS through a heat input of 800°C showed the highest densification as results 800°C was suggested as optimum sintering temperature. Different phases presented in pseudo‐wollastonite, wollastonite, and triclinic Ca3(SiO4)O have been observed in the case of 50C50C with lowest porosity ∼6%$\sim \;6\% $ and highest density 2.6 g/cm3, whereas the composition 10C90S resulted in a fully amorphous material presented in granular microstructure with density of 1.7 g/cm3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium silicate (CaSi) bone cement with antibacterial and osteogenic properties has attracted significant interest. However, there is a need to develop a variety of new premixed bone cement to meet the clinical requirements of fast setting time, ease of handling, and efficient antibacterial properties. In this study, different volume ratios of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lactic acid liquids were added to calcium silicate, and the effects of varying liquid-to-powder ratios (L/P) were examined. This study assessed the physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli of this premixed cement. The results from the experiments indicated that lactic acid significantly reduced the setting time of the CaSi-based cement and enhanced its mechanical strength. Furthermore, the appropriate concentration of lactic acid and matching L/P ratio improved its washout resistance. The cell viability of all premixed cement was found to be over 80%. The premixed cement containing PEG and lactic acid exhibited superior antibacterial properties compared to the CaSi control. Based on its setting time, washout resistance, and antibacterial activity, a premixed cement with a liquid phase of 80% PEG and 20% lactic acid at an L/P ratio of 0.4 appeared promising for use in dental and orthopedic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Si fertilization on the growth and yield of common garlic under semi-arid cultivation conditions. Methods: Two field experiments were conducted simultaneously in Mossoró and São Miguel, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme, with two sources of Si (calcium and potassium silicate) and five doses (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 kg ha−1) applied via foliar. Results: Applying Si doses promoted increased height, dry mass, and yield of common garlic in Mossoró and São Miguel. The effect of Si doses on garlic was independent of the sources used since there was no significant effect for this factor on all variables. In Mossoró, the plants reached maximum height (51.38 cm) at the dose of 4.6 kg ha−1 of Si, higher accumulation of leaf dry matter (3.84 g per plant), bulb (4.53 g per plant) and total (8.37 g per plant) with 4 kg ha−1 of Si and higher commercial (2.72 t ha−1) and total (3.95 t ha−1) yield of bulbs at the doses of 4.1 and 4.4 kg ha−1 of Si, respectively. In São Miguel, the plants reached the highest height (57.09 cm) and total dry matter accumulation (9.74 g per plant) with 2.9 kg ha−1 of Si, maximum accumulation of bulb dry matter (7.10 g per plant) with 2.6 kg ha−1 of Si and higher values of commercial (6.62 t ha−1) and total (6.64 t ha−1) productivity applying 3.5 and 3.9 kg ha−1 of Si, respectively. Conclusions: The foliar application of Si improves the growth and yield characteristics of common garlic bulbs grown in a semi-arid region. Using different sources of Si does not influence the growth and yield of common garlic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the reaction kinetics and initial chemical conditions in the production of silicon alloys, employing aluminum as the reductant for calcium silicate slag, to enhance process economics and scalability to industrial levels. The apparent kinetics and transient chemical conditions were studied by immersing solid aluminum into molten slag, allowing the reaction to proceed for varying durations without external agitation, before quenching the reaction for chemical and microscopic analyses of the resulting silicon alloy and slag. The majority of the conversion was observed within the first 15 s at 1650 °C, driven by significant chemical interactions and interfacial turbulence introduced upon aluminum immersion. For Al-SiO2 stoichiometries ranging from 0.5 to 1.2, the slag phase reaction conformed to first-order kinetics during the initial two minutes, when it approached equilibrium. The mass transfer coefficients for Al2O3 were estimated at 1–2 × 10−4 m/s, comparable to those for SiO2 and CaO. A constant mass transfer coefficient could not be established for stoichiometries of 1.6 and 2, as these deviated from the standard slag mass transfer relationship and did not adhere to established relationships. Despite near-complete reactions, alloy–slag mixing was extensive, decreasing with lower stoichiometry values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context and Aims: This study evaluated the effect of calcium silicate and sodium phosphate (CSSP) dentifrice and serum on the surface of enamel bleached with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Materials and Methods: A total of 160 bovine enamel slabs were bleached with 35% H2O2 and treated with sodium fluoride (NaF) dentifrice-GI, CSSP dentifrice-GII; CSSP dentifrice + CSSP serum-GIII, or NaF dentifrice + NaF gel-GIV. The dentifrices were applied using a brushing machine three times daily for 7 days. After brushing, sodium phosphate gel and CSSP serum were applied. The microhardness (KNH, n = 14), surface roughness (Ra, n = 14), energy dispersive spectroscopy (n = 6), and scanning electron microscopy (n = 6) were assessed at t0 (before bleaching), t1 (after bleaching), and t2 (after postbleaching treatments). Statistical Analysis Used: The data were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's test. Results: The KNH decreased at t1 (P < 0.001) but recovered at t2 for all treatments, although only GII showed restored baseline values (P = 0.0109). The surface roughness increased at t1 (P < 0.001) and reduced at t2 (P < 0.001) for all groups, with no significant differences among groups. Enamel composition and morphology did not differ after the treatments, except for silicon accumulation in GIII. Conclusions: Postbleaching treatment with CSSP dentifrice and serum yielded superior remineralizing effects on bleached enamel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stabilization of toxic metals in the stable matrices is quite well-known. Research on copper and cadmium stabilization in the CaO-CuO-SiO2 and CaO-CdO-SiO2 composites was conducted to study the characteristics of CaO-CuO-SiO2 and CaO-CdO-SiO2 composites as well as the Cu and Cd metals stabilization in the hydrated composites. The composites of CaO-CuO-SiO2 and CaO-CdO-SiO2 were synthesized by the solid-state reaction method. A stoichiometric amount of CaO, SiO2, Cu(NO3)2, and CdO were calcined at 1050°C for 4 hours. The synthesized compounds were further hydrated in a soaking time of 30, 60, and 90 days. The hydration produced calcium silicate hydrate that can stabilize metals. The Cu and Cd stability in CaO-CuO-SiO2 and CaOCdO-SiO2, respectively, were tested using the Toxicity Leaching Procedure (TCLP) method. The hydrated and hydrated composite characterizations were performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrophotometer (FTIR), and Scanning Energy Mocroscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray analyzer (SEM-EDX) and the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) methods. The composites mainly consist of Ca3SiO5, Ca2SiO4, Ca(OH)2, SiO2, and metal oxide of CuO, Cu2O, and CdO. CdO. The composites were able to stabilize ~100% of the heavy metals of Cu and Cd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the inflammatory reaction and the ability to induce mineralization activity of a new repair material, NeoPUTTY (NPutty; NuSmile, USA), in comparison with Bio‐C Repair (BC; Angelus, Brazil) and MTA Repair HP (MTA HP; Angelus, Brazil). Methodology: Polyethylene tubes were filled with materials or kept empty (control group, CG) and implanted in subcutaneous tissue of rats for 7, 15, 30, and 60 days (n = 6/group). Capsule thickness, number of inflammatory cells (ICs), fibroblasts, collagen content, and von Kossa analysis were performed. Unstained sections were evaluated under polarized light and by immunohistochemistry for osteocalcin (OCN). Data were submitted to two‐way anova followed by Tukey's test (p ≤.05), except for OCN. OCN data were submitted to Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn and Friedman post hoc tests followed by the Nemenyi test at a significance level of 5%. Results: At 7, 15, and 30 days, thick capsules containing numerous ICs were seen around the materials. At 60 days, a moderate inflammatory reaction was observed for NPutty, BC while MTA HP presented thin capsules with moderate inflammatory cells. In all periods, NPutty specimens contained the highest values of ICs (p <.05). From 7 to 60 days, the number of ICs reduced significantly while an increase in the number of fibroblasts and birefringent collagen content was observed. At 7 and 15 days, no significant difference was observed in the immunoexpression of OCN (p >.05). At 30 and 60 days, NPutty showed the lowest values of OCN (p <.05). At 60 days, a similar immunoexpression was observed for BC and MTA HP (p >.05). In all time intervals, capsules around NPutty, BC, and MTA HP showed von Kossa‐positive and birefringent structures. Conclusions: Despite the greater inflammatory reaction promoted by NeoPutty than BC and MTA HP, the reduction in the thickness of capsules, the increase in the number of fibroblasts, and the reduction in the number of ICs indicate that this bioceramic material is biocompatible Furthermore, NeoPutty presents the ability to induce mineralization activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective root canal disinfection and the subsequent release of natural growth factors from dentin are crucial to the success of regenerative endodontic procedures. This study evaluated the effect of newly introduced calcium silicate-based temporary intracanal medicament Bio-C Temp and calcium hydroxide-based material UltraCal XS on the release of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) from root canal dentin. Twenty-two intact and fully developed human premolars from patients aged 15–18 were shaped and irrigated according to the current clinical recommendations. The teeth were then gently split in half, and the root canal dentin of paired samples was covered with Bio-C Temp or UltraCal XS. After 3 weeks of incubation, the specimens were conditioned with 17% EDTA and the collected solution was subjected to the quantification of the released TGF-β1 by performing an ELISA. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey's test, was selected to determine the statistically significant differences between the groups at the 0.95 confidence level. The highest mean value of released TGF-β1 (1993.1 pg/mL) was detected in the control group, where the root canal dentin was conditioned with 17% EDTA alone. Regarding the experimental groups, Bio-C Temp released a statistically significantly higher amount of TGF-β1 (282.14 pg/mL) compared to UltraCal XS (114.28 pg/mL; p = 0.0158). Bio-C Temp affected the release of growth factors from root canal dentin less than UltraCal XS and may therefore serve as an intracanal medicament for regenerative endodontic procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Odontologica Turcica is the property of Acta Odontologica Turcica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: Endodontic sealers with antimicrobial impact are considered relevant to prevent re-infection and ensure healing of damaged periapical tissue. Hence, this study aimed to assist the antimicrobial effect of newly developed nano-tricalcium silicate-58s bioactive glass (BG)-based endodontic sealer (C3S-BG-P), and compare its results with Nishika Canal Sealer BG and BioRoot™ oot canal sealer (RCS). Methods: The antimicrobial impact of endodontic sealers was evaluated by both agar diffusion test (ADT) and direct contact test (DCT) against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. In ADT, the diameter of inhibition zones was measured after 1, 2, and 3 days of incubation using Digimizer software program. In DCT, the sealers were allowed to set for 1, 7, and 14 days and then exposed to the microbial suspension for 24 h. The colony-forming unit was counted using ImageJ software program. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey's tests. Results: In ADT, all the tested sealers showed antimicrobial effect after 3 days, with no significant difference after 1 day, but the impact of C3S-BG-P and Nishika significantly higher than that of BioRoot after 2 and 3 days. In DCT, C3S-BG-P and Nishika had an antimicrobial effect against both isolates even after 14 days of their setting, whereas BioRoot had an effect for 7 days of its setting and lost its impact after 14 days. Conclusion: C3S-BG-P explored antimicrobial impact superior to that of BioRoot and nearly comparable to that of Nishika against E. faecalis and C. albicans, which last even after 14 days of its setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the number of implants has increased gradually and consistently over the years to around one million per year globally, there is still far more potential for advancement in the field of dental implantology which is typically growing quickly. This study investigates the effect of nanofiller reinforcement high-performance polymer matrix to enhance mechanical and physical characteristics. Calcium silicate (CS)/Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) biomedical composite (G0 as a control group) is reinforced with different weight percentages (G1-G4) of tellurium dioxide nanoparticles (TeO2 NPs) (n = 5). This research uses ethanol as a binder for mixing various weight percentages (wt%) of TeO2 NPs with CS/PEKK biomedical composite. The combination is then dried at 120°C in a forced convection oven before being put into special molds and compressed for 20 min Holding period at 310°C and 15 MPa. The composites were prepared via the compression molding technique. Morphological, mechanical, and physical characteristics were studied. The findings of this study suggested improvement in the interfacial interaction between TeO2 NPs (G1 and G2) and CS/PEKK bioactive composite resulting in better mechanical and physical properties, especially at 1 w% of TeO2 NPs (G2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine how heating affects the physical properties of a newly developed premixed calcium silicate-containing sealer (AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer; AHB), in comparison with EndoSequence BC Sealer (ES), AH Plus Jet (AH), and Pulp Canal Sealer. The setting time, flow, and film thickness were tested with or without heating at 100 °C for 30 or 60 s, in accordance with ISO6876:2012 standards. Ultrastructural and elemental analyses were performed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a Tukey post hoc test (α = 0.05). All sealers exhibited significantly shorter setting time and flow after heating at 100 °C for 30 and 60 s (p < 0.05). After heating, AHB showed a significantly higher film thickness compared to that of the other materials (p < 0.05). None of the tested properties of heat-applied AHB and ES met ISO standards, except the setting time in ES. The SEM/EDS results for AHB and ES were not affected by heating. The detected changes in physical properties can negatively impact the performance of premixed calcium silicate-containing sealers, particularly AHB, when warm vertical compaction is employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Aydin Dental Journal is the property of Aydin Dental Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hydraulic calcium silicate-based (HCS) sealers have recently gained tremendous popularity due to their unique properties. However, their removal during endodontic retreatment is challenging. The solvent, which could chemically deteriorate the material, would be highly desirable for endodontic retreatment procedures. This preliminary study assessed the interplay and dissolving capability of 10% and 20% citric acid, compared to 17% EDTA, on commonly used HCS sealers (AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer, Bio-C Sealer, BioRoot RCS, TotalFill BC Sealer), and evaluated the potential impact of these solutions on root dentin structure. The interaction between tested sealers and irrigating solutions was photographed, and solubility-related mass changes were determined. The surface morphology of treated filling materials and dentin was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) along with Tukey's test were used to detect the statistically significant differences among groups at the confidence level of 0.95. Intense gas release was observed during the interaction of HCS materials and citric acid, with no evidently visible "bubbling" after the immersion in EDTA. The mass loss of HCS sealers equally confirmed the significantly higher dissolving characteristics of 10% and 20% citric acid solutions compared to EDTA. The surface structural changes, associated with pore and crack formation, were mainly seen for HCS sealers exposed to citric acid. Meanwhile, no severe erosion was detected for dentin after root canal preparation with 10% and 20% citric acid solutions. These findings demonstrate that citric acid has the potential to dissolve HCS sealers with minimal or no negative impact on root dentin, suggesting citric acid as a solvent for HCS sealers in endodontic retreatment procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Resources & Environment / Nongye Ziyuan yu Huanjing Xuebao is the property of Journal of Agricultural Resources & Environment Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to develop esomeprazole-loaded zinc-pectinate-Sesbania gum floating microbeads, optionally supplemented with calcium silicate, as a gastro-retentive drug delivery system. The microbeads were produced using the ionic gelation method, with zinc acetate as the crosslinking agent, and were characterized through in vitro studies. The findings revealed that all formulations exhibited high drug encapsulation efficiency and sustained drug release profiles. Polymer ratios, calcium silicate incorporation, and the choice of low-density oils significantly influenced drug encapsulation efficiency and release kinetics. Notably, the B:6 batch, formulated with Sesbania gum and low methoxy pectin, demonstrated outstanding performance, releasing 95.89 ± 1.66% of the drug within 7 h, with a floating lag time of 1.18 ± 0.07 min, indicating promising in vitro gastro-retention capabilities. Analysis of P-XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and DSC data highlighted changes in crystallinity, drug--excipient compatibility, surface morphology, and thermal behavior of esomeprazole and esomeprazole-loaded microbeads. In conclusion, these floating microbeads represent a potential gastro-retentive drug delivery system, offering enhanced buoyancy and prolonged drug release, with potential therapeutic advantages for peptic ulcer management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present in vitro study focuses on the filling ability of three different bioceramic cements with or without the addition of a bioceramic sealer in an open apex model on the marginal apical adaptation, tubule infiltrations, and void distributions as well as the interface between the cement and the sealer materials. To this end, sixty mandibular premolars were used. MTA-Biorep (BR), Biodentine (BD), and Well-Root Putty (WR) were used to obturate the open apex model with or without the addition of a bioceramic sealer, namely TotalFill® BC sealer™ (TF). A digital optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to investigate the cement–dentin interface, marginal apical adaptation, and the material infiltration into the dentinal tubules. Micro-computed X-ray tomography and digital optical microscopy were used to investigate the cement–sealer interface. The results were analyzed by using the Kruskal–Wallis test. No significant difference was found between the groups for the marginal apical adaptation quality (p > 0.05). Good adaptation of the dentin–cement interface was found for all tested groups and the sealer was placed between the cement material and dentinal walls. All the groups demonstrated some infiltrations into the dentinal tubules at the coronal part except for the BR group. A good internal interface was found between the cement and the sealer with the presence of voids at the external interface. A larger number of voids were found in the case of the BD-TF group compared to each of the other two groups (p < 0.05). Within the limitations of the present in vitro study, all the groups demonstrated good marginal apical adaptation. The use of a sealer in an open apex does not guarantee good filling and, in addition, creates voids at the external interfaces with the dental walls when the premixed sealer is used with powder–liquid cement systems. The use of a premixed bioceramic cement could offer fewer complications than when a powder–liquid cement system is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is known to have a greater impact on shoot growth than root growth. Na+ buildup in plant tissue under salt stress has been proposed as one of the main issues that causes growth inhibition in crops via ionic imbalances, osmotic stress and pH disturbances. However, the evidence for apoplastic Na+ buildup and the role of silicon in Na+ accumulation at the subcellular level is still enigmatic. The current study focuses on the accumulation of Na+ in the apoplast and symplast of younger and older leaves of two maize varieties (Iqbal as salt-tolerant and Jalal as salt-sensitive) using hydroponic culture along with silicon supplementation under short-term salinity stress. Subcellular ion analysis indicated that silicon nutrition decreased Na+ concentration in both apoplastic washing fluid and symplastic fluid of maize under salt stress. The addition of silicon under NaCl treatment resulted in considerable improvement in fresh biomass, relative water content, chlorophyll content, and concentration of important subcellular ions (i.e., Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+). Knowledge of subcellular ion analysis is essential for solving the mechanisms underlying vital cellular functions e.g. in the current study, the soluble Na+ concentration in the apoplast of older leaves was found to be significantly greater (36.1 mM) in the salt-sensitive variety under NaCl treatment, which was 42.4% higher when compared to the Na+ concentration in the salt-tolerant variety under the same treatment which can influence permeability of cell membrane, signal transduction pathways and provides insights into how ion compartmentalization can contributes to salt tolerance. Calcium silicate enrichment can contribute to increased growth and improved ionic homeostasis by minimizing leaf electrolyte leakage, improving mechanical functions of cell wall and reducing water loss, and improved photosynthetic function. In current investigation, increased water content and intracellular ionic homeostasis along with reduced concentration of Na+ in the maize leaf apoplast suggest that calcium silicate can be used to ameliorate the adverse effects of salt stress and obtain yield using marginal saline lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The study aims to evaluate the effect of a glass ionomer cement (GIC; Fuji 9 Gold Label, GC) with added calcium orthophosphate particles and a calcium silicate cement (CSC; Biodentine, Septodont) regarding ion release, degradation in water, mineral content, and mechanical properties of demineralized dentin samples. Methods: GIC, GIC + 5% DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate), GIC + 15% DCPD, GIC + 5% β-TCP (tricalcium phosphate), GIC + 15% β-TCP (by mass), and CSC were evaluated for Ca2+/Sr2+/F− release in water for 56 days. Cement mass loss was evaluated after 7-day immersion in water. Partially demineralized dentin disks were kept in contact with materials while immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C for 56 days. The “mineral-to-matrix ratio” (MMR) was determined by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Dentin hardness and elastic modulus were obtained by nanoindentation. Samples were observed under scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Data were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey test (α = 0.05). Results: Ca2+ release from CSC and GIC (μg/cm2) were 4737.0 ± 735.9 and 13.6 ± 1.6, respectively. In relation to the unmodified GIC, the addition of DCPD or β-TCP increased ion release (p < 0.001). Only the dentin disks in contact with CSC presented higher MMR (p < 0.05) and mechanical properties than those restored with a resin composite used as control (p < 0.05). Mass loss was similar for GIC and CSC; however, the addition of DCPD or β-TCP increased GIC degradation (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Despite the increase in ion release, the additional Ca2+ sources did not impart remineralizing capability to GIC. Both unmodified GIC and CSC showed similar degradation in water. Clinical relevance: CSC was able to promote dentin remineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a calcium silicate‐based sealers (CeraSeal) and an epoxy resin‐based sealer (AH Plus) on cytotoxicity and cell migration of stem cell from the human apical papilla (hSCAPs) by using the Alamar Blue, Annexin V‐FICT and wound healing assays. In Alamar Blue assay, hSCAPs exposed to undiluted CeraSeal extract had significantly higher cell viability compared with that observed when cells were treated with AH Plus in all experimental period (p < 0.001). The flow cytometry analysis confirmed the comparison on viable cells and indicated that AH Plus increased apoptosis compared to CeraSeal and the control groups (p < 0.001). Additionally, AH Plus exhibited significantly lower level of cell migration than CeraSeal and the control for up to 48 h observation (p < 0.01). In summary, calcium silicate‐based sealer (CeraSeal) is less cytotoxic and more biocompatible than epoxy resin‐based sealer (AH Plus). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different activation techniques on dentin tubule penetration of root canal sealer. Seventy‐five teeth with single canals were chemomechanically prepared. A calcium silicate‐based sealer was stained with a fluorescent dye (rhodamine B), placed into the canals and activated according to the following groups: control (no activation), EDDY, EndoActivator, ultrasonic and XP‐Endo Finisher. Then, the samples were obturated. The percentages of sealer penetration at various depth levels of root sections were measured with confocal laser scanning microscopy. XP‐Endo Finisher presented the highest penetration at 50 μm (p < 0.05). XP‐Endo Finisher showed similar penetration with EDDY at 100 and 200 μm (p > 0.05) while presented higher penetration than the other groups (p < 0.05). At 500 μm, XP‐Endo Finisher presented higher penetration than EndoActivator (p < 0.05) while similar penetration with the other groups (p > 0.05). XP‐Endo Finisher can be recommended for activation during sealer placement for better penetration into dentin tubules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp treatment is extremely common in endodontics, with the main purpose of eliminating clinical symptoms and preserving tooth physiological function. However, the effect of dental pulp treatment is closely related to the methods and materials used in the process of treatment. Plenty of studies about calcium silicate-based bioceramics which are widely applied in various endodontic operations have been reported because of their significant biocompatibility and bioactivity. Although most of these materials have superior physical and chemical properties, the differences between them can also have an impact on the success rate of different clinical practices. Therefore, this review is focused on the applications of several common calcium silicate-based bioceramics, including Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Biodentine, Bioaggregate, iRoot BP Plus in usual endodontic treatment, such as dental pulp capping, root perforation repair, regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs), apexification, root-end filling and root canal treatment (RCT). Besides, the efficacy of these bioceramics mentioned above in human trials is also compared, which aims to provide clinical guidance for their clinical application in endodontics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium silicates with nanosized needle-like structure have been obtained from phosphorite by hydrothermal synthesis. Phosphorus is recovered from phosphorite as sodium phosphate solution under conditions of autoclave treatment of phosphorite with alkaline solution in the presence of silicon dioxide at 250°C. This approach enables involvement of low-phosphorus raw materials into non-waste processing owing to the synthesis of calcium silicates suitable in many branches of industry. Thus prepared phosphate solutions are applicable in agriculture and, after appropriate purification, in food industry. Hydrothermal synthesis conditions have been determined: temperature of 250–300°C, leaching time of 3 h, and NaOH concentration of 150 kg/m3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, alternative pulpal therapies targeting dentinogenesis signaling pathways using different peptides have been investigated. The aim of this study was to verify the effectiveness of poly(aspartic acid), pAsp, in dentin regeneration using an animal model. Methods: Mechanical pulp exposure was performed in the upper molars of 56 Wistar rats, randomly divided as follows (n = 14): control (no treatment); MTA group—pulp capping with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA Angelus); pAsp group—application of 20 μL of pAsp solution (25 mg·mL−1); MTA+pAsp group—application of MTA mixed with pAsp (5:1 by mass). Animals were euthanized after 7 or 21 days. Histological sections were submitted to hematoxylin-eosin and Brown and Brenn staining and immunohistochemical analysis for osteopontin (OPN) and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP 1). Results: At 7 days, an acute inflammatory infiltrate and the presence of disorganized mineralized tissue were observed in all groups. At 21 days, the quality and thickness of the reparative dentin in treated groups were superior to the control, and bacterial contamination was observed in two MTA-pAsp specimens. While all treated groups showed intense immunostaining for OPN at 21 days, only the pAsp group expressed DMP 1, indicating the presence of fully differentiated odontoblast-like cells. Conclusion: Poly(aspartic) acid promoted dentin regeneration in rat molars in the absence of an additional calcium source and may be an alternative to MTA as a pulp-capping agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated three calcium silicate-based sealers with respect to their chemical characterization, cytotoxicity, and attachment to RAW264.7 cells. BioRoot RCS (BR), Bio-C Sealer (BC), and Sealer Plus BC (SPBC) were assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) (n = 4) for elemental characterization, and using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate cell morphology and adhesion. Cytotoxicity was determined at different dilutions (1:1, 1:2, and 1:5) using the succinate dehydrogenase activity (MTT assay). Statistical analysis was performed for normal distribution using the Shapiro–Wilk test and for homoscedasticity using Levene's test, and one-way ANOVA, Tukey's/Dunnett's post hoc tests for cell viability and XRF (α = 0.05). Calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide were detected by FTIR in all groups. EDX detected a higher calcium content for BR and SPBC and aluminum only in the premixed sealers. XRF detected the highest calcium release in BR (p < 0.05). The surface morphology showed irregular precipitates for all the sealers. SPBC at a 1:2 dilution resulted in the lowest cell viability compared to BR (p < 0.05) and BC (p < 0.05). The calcium silicate-based sealers produced a statistically significant reduction in cellular viability at a 1:1 dilution compared to the control group (p < 0.0001). All the sealers maintained viability above 70%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of silicon (Si) on morpho-physiological and bio-chemical traits of maize under different irrigation regimes. Experimental treatments comprised of irrigations [60% and 100% of field capacity (FC)], treatments (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mg kg−1 CaO4Si) and growing stages (GS) [7th (first) and 14th (second) days of water restriction]. 150 mg kg−1 Si increased the growth of maize by inducing transpiration rate (67.56%), water use efficiency (138.36%) and seedling length (19.83%) at first GS whilst enhanced carotenoids (10.95%), total phenolic compounds (45.04%) and decreased proline (7.87%) at the second GS of 60% treatment. In addition, 200 mg kg−1 Si elevated photosynthesis rate (40.54%), total antioxidant activity (12.69%) and decreased proline (52.77%) at the first GS while increased total anthocyanin content (14.99%) during the second GS of 60% application. Silicon had positive impacts on maize under full irrigation conditions too such that 150 mg kg−1 Si reduced transpiration rate (48.43%) and induced total antioxidant activity (39.95%) at first GS while 200 mg kg−1 Si increased water use efficiency by 144.30% at the second GS. In conclusion Si increased drought resistance due to increasing application doses, and on contrary of the literature, Si positively affected many characters at well-watered environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study disclosed the synthesis and characterization of externally and/or internally crosslinked alginate‐gellan gum composite interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) and IPN hydrogel microspheres for controlled delivery of gliclazid. The internal cross‐linking of the polymer sol was accomplished via slow release of Ca2+ ions from calcium silicate in presence of gluconic acid d‐lactone. The microspheres had spherical shape with smooth surface morphology. The IPN or composite IPN hydrogel microspheres had drug entrapment efficiency of 70%–76%. Incorporation of gellan gum or gellan gum/calcium silicate in the alginate sol sustained the release of drug in simulated gastrointestinal fluids over 12 h without any sign of particle disintegration. Inclusion of calcium silicate in alginate gels was ineffective in controlling drug release under simulated gastrointestinal milieu. The drug release obeyed anomalous diffusion mechanism after inclusion of gellan gum or gellan gum‐calcium silicate in the alginate gel microspheres. Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and zeta analysis confirmed absence of drug‐polymer chemical interaction. The thermal and x‐ray diffraction analyses suggested that the drug transformed into amorphous state after incorporation into composite hydrogel system. Hence, it may be advantageous to combine internal and external gelation procedures for creating composite IPN or IPN hydrogel microspheres for avoiding burst effect of alginate microspheres and managing desired drug release patterns in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whey protein isolate (WPI) hydrogels are attractive biomaterials for application in bone repair and regeneration. However, their main limitation is low mechanical strength. Therefore, to improve these properties, the incorporation of ceramic phases into hydrogel matrices is currently being performed. In this study, novel whey protein isolate/calcium silicate (WPI/CaSiO3) hydrogel biomaterials were prepared with varying concentrations of a ceramic phase (CaSiO3). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the introduction of CaSiO3 to a WPI hydrogel matrix on its physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties. Our Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy results showed that CaSiO3 was successfully incorporated into the WPI hydrogel matrix to create composite biomaterials. Swelling tests indicated that the addition of 5% (w/v) CaSiO3 caused greater swelling compared to biomaterials without CaSiO3 and ultimate compressive strength and strain at break. Cell culture experiments demonstrated that WPI hydrogel biomaterials enriched with CaSiO3 demonstrated superior cytocompatibility in vitro compared to the control hydrogel biomaterials without CaSiO3. Thus, this study revealed that the addition of CaSiO3 to WPI-based hydrogel biomaterials renders them more promising for bone tissue engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioceramic cements used for filling root canals in cases of endo-perio lesion of endodontic origin seem to be promising due to having the potential of promoting faster and more predictable healing of the periapical lesion as they stimulate osteogenesis. An effective treatment plan depends on the precise diagnosis of endo-perio lesions. The origin of an infection, being exclusive to the root canal, from the periodontium, or both, is extremely important for devising the treatment plan. In both cases, no clinical evidence of periodontal disease (bleeding, calculus, etc.) was found; however, primary endodontic lesions with the possibility of drainage through the gingival crevice were present. In addition to the disinfection strategies used during the root canal treatments, the bioceramics Bio C Sealer, Bio C Repair and Bio Root RCS were used to fill in the root canals. Both cases presented an impressive bone gain within 8 months for case 1 and 5 months for case 2. Regarding case 1, in the palatal root canal an apical plug with a bioceramic repair cement was used. Based on the literature studied, it can be concluded that after adequate disinfection of the root canals, using bioceramic cements in filling the root canals shows the potential of supporting capabilities in remineralization of osteolytic lesions in endo-perio diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of ultrasonic activation (UA) on tubular penetration between Bio-C Temp and Ultracal XS intracanal medicaments. Methods: Forty single-rooted human premolars were endodontically prepared and divided into 4 experimental groups (n=10): Bio-C Temp, Bio-C Temp+UA, UltraCal XS and UltraCal XS+UA. All medicaments were previously mixed with a specific calcium marker (Fluo-3) and passively injected into the canals. The samples were incubated for 7 days. For each tooth, 1 mm thick sections were obtained from the middle and apical thirds of the canals. The samples were examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and the depth and area of penetration were determined for each group. The Student t test was used to compare results between groups (p<0.05). Results: UA increased the depth and penetration area of Bio-C Temp and Ultracal XS, showing significant differences in the penetration area of the apical third for Bio-C Temp (p<0.0339). Bio-C Temp presented greater tubular penetration than Ultracal XS, showing significant differences in the depth of penetration in the apical third (p<0.0005), and in the penetration area in the middle (p<0.0016) and apical third (p<0.0339) after UA. Conclusion: UA increases tubular penetration (both depth and area) of Bio-C Temp at the apical third but has no significant effect on Ultracal XS. Bio-C Temp has a greater depth and tubular penetration area than Ultracal XS after UA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anatolian Clinic Journal of Medical Sciences is the property of Hayat Saglik ve Sosyal Hizmetler Vakfi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To evaluate the effect of the photodynamic therapy (PDT) using with different photosensitizers on the bond strength of BioRoot RCS (BR) to radicular dentin by comparing with AH Plus (AH). The shaped root canals of 80 human mandibular premolars were divided into four groups based on the final disinfection protocol: NaOCl/EDTA, PDT with methylene Blue (MB), PDT with curcumin (CUR) and PDT with toluidine blue O (TBO) (n = 20). Each group was randomly divided into two subgroups (n = 10), according to the endodontic sealer used for obturation (n = 10). The test of push‐out bond strength (PBS) was performed using an universal test machine. The data were analysed using ANOVA, Tukey post‐hoc, and independent sample t‐test (α = 0.05). MB‐BR group showed the highest PBS at the cervical level (p < 0.05). The selection of the photosensitizer in PDT influenced adhesion of root canal sealers to radicular dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the influence of pH variation on the volumetric change of EndoSequence BC Sealer compared to AH Plus Jet. Eighteen single‐rooted teeth were uniformly prepared and filled with one of the sealers. After 24‐h storing, samples were scanned in a micro‐CT device. Then, roots were immersed in 20 ml phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) with pH of 5, 7 or 12 at 37°C for 7 and 30 days and rescanned. Statistical analysis was performed using Shapiro–Wilk's test, one‐way ANOVA and Tukey's or Student's t‐tests (p < 0.05). Differences between sealers were observed only at neutral pH and after 30 days of acidic pH exposure, with a higher loss of EndoSequence (p < 0.05). After 7 days, alkaline pH reduced and increased the volumetric loss of EndoSequence and AH Plus, respectively, compared to neutral pH (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that the pH directly influenced the volumetric change of both tested root canal sealers in different ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to compare the physico‐chemical properties of EssenSeal with AH PLUS bioceramic and Pulp Canal Sealer EWT. Flow, solubility, film thickness, radiopacity and setting time were evaluated according to ISO 6876 (2012) specifications. External and cross‐section surface characteristics were analysed under a scanning electron microscope. Statistical analysis was performed using Shapiro–Wilk's test, one‐way ANOVA and the Tukey HSD test. All the sealers conformed to the ISO 6876 (2012) standards, except for the setting time for AH plus bioceramic, which exceeded more than 10% of the time indicated by the manufacturer. Statistically significant differences were found between the three study sealers regarding the physico‐chemical properties tested (p < 0.05). EssenSeal demonstrated characteristics respecting the ISO 6876 (2012) standards and can be considered a predictable alternative in root canal sealing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the volumetric change of root canal sealers through micro‐computed tomographic analysis using a novel in vivo model and to compare the results with those obtained using an ex vivo test. Methodology: Eighteen single‐rooted teeth were cut to 5 mm length from the root apex. The root canals were uniformly enlarged and filled with EndoSequence BC Sealer or AH Plus Jet root canal sealers. Samples were stored at 37°C and 95% relative humidity for 24 h and then scanned with a micro‐CT device. Twelve samples (n = 6 for each sealer) were implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of Wistar rats, while six samples (n = 3 for each sealer) were immersed in 20 mL of phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) at 37°C at neutral pH. After 7 and 30 days, teeth were removed from subcutaneous tissue or PBS and rescanned. Statistical analysis of volume changes was performed using Shapiro–Wilk's test and independent t‐test (p <.05). Results: AH Plus Jet had smaller volume changes (−2.2 to +0.77%) than EndoSequence BC Sealer (−2.0 to +4.0%) (p <.05), in the two tested models. The volume of the root canal sealers decreased over time (p <.05), in vivo. AH Plus Jet results varied between the in vivo and ex vivo results (p <.05), while EndoSequence BC Sealer presented similar volume losses for both experimental models (p >.05). Conclusion: EndoSequence BC Sealer lost more volume than AH Plus Jet. The experimental conditions influenced the volumetric change of AH Plus Jet but not the EndoSequence BC Sealer. The ex vivo model should be further explored as a methodological alternative to assess the volumetric changes of root canal sealers without causing harm to animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing requirement and use of dental implant treatments has rendered dental implantology indispensable in dentistry. The aim of this study is to determine the optimum concentration of calcium silicate to be incorporated into a polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) matrix used as an implant material to enhance the bioactivity and mechanical properties of the composite compared with unmodified PEKK. In this study, different weight percentage (wt%) of micro-calcium silicate (m-CS) is incorporated into PEKK with ethanol as a binder. Subsequently, the mixture is dried in a forced convection oven at 120°C and poured into customized molds to fabricate a bioactive composite via compression molding (310°C, 15 MPa, and 20 min holding time) (n = 5). The mechanical properties and in vitro apatite-forming ability of the composites are investigated. Although an apatite layer is formed on all composites after immersion in simulated body fluid for 7 days, the flexural strength and elastic modulus of the composite increased after the filler load is increased to 15 wt%, whereas it decreased in groups with filler loadings exceeding 15 wt%. The results of this study indicate that the incorporation of 15 wt% m-CS into the PEKK polymeric matrix can improve the bioactivity and mechanical properties of this bioactive composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the role of aging and changes in environmental conditions on selected properties of a prototype radiopacified calcium silicate‐based cement (TZ‐base) with or without incorporation of silver nanoparticles or bioactive glass, and two commercial materials, Biodentine and intermediate restorative material. Materials were immersed in ultrapure water or fetal bovine serum for 28 days and were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x‐ray analysis. Immersion media were either replaced weekly or not replenished at all and were assessed for alkalinity and calcium release after 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days; antibacterial effect against 2‐day monospecies biofilms; and cytotoxicity by the 3‐(4,5 dimethylthiazolyl‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay after 1, 7, or 28 days. Alkalinity, calcium release, antibacterial activity, and cell cytotoxicity increased over time when the medium was not changed but decreased with medium replenishment. Immersion in fetal bovine serum resulted in lower alkalinity, less bactericidal properties, and lower cytotoxicity of prototype cements and Biodentine than did water immersion. Biodentine and 20% bioactive glass‐containing cement had overall lower alkalinity, calcium release, and antibacterial activity than TZ‐base, and Biodentine was less cytotoxic than TZ‐base. In conclusion, exposure conditions and cement modifications significantly affected materials' leaching properties. Exposure conditions warrant consideration when evaluating cements' clinical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central objective of this research was to examine the color consistency of three materials, Biodentine (Septodont, France), Angelus MTA (Angelus, Brasil), and BIOfactor MTA (Imicryl, Turkey), when exposed to various irrigation solutions and to observe their impact on tooth discoloration. Each material was used to make sample cylinders (n = 18). After hardening, the samples were immersed for 24 h in either distilled water, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), or 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX). A spectrophotometer was used to measure the color changes. On the mandibular molars, access cavities were made in order to assess the discoloring impact of calcium silicate cements. In the pulp chambers of the teeth, Biodentine, Angelus MTA, and BIOfactor MTA were inserted (n = 17). Glass ionomer cement was used to seal the samples. Spectrophotometric measurements were made at five different intervals (the beginning, one week, one month, three months, and six months), after which color variance values were computed. The resulting information was statistically evaluated. In all solutions, Biodentine and BIOfactor MTA displayed similar ΔE values. When Angelus MTA was soaked in NaOCl, it discolored more than in CHX or distilled water. Distilled water and NaOCl both caused identical discoloration on all material groups when solutions were examined separately. With CHX, Biodentine changed colors more significantly. After a week and a month, all substances caused comparable tooth discoloration. Biodentine produced the most significant color shifts on teeth at the third and sixth months. Angelus MTA exhibited less color stability in NaOCl and Biodentine in CHX. While Biodentine induced significant discoloration, BIOfactor MTA only showed a moderate amount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strength of the structure of iron ore pellets is one of the conditions for their successful transportation from manufacturer to consumer. Among the analyzed aspects of the formation of the pellet structure is the formation of calcium silicates (pyroxene-olivine series) in the mineral part of the cake, the influence of which is associated with a polymorphic transformation upon cooling, a change in the geometry of the crystals and an increase in internal stresses. The purpose of this work is to quantitatively assess the influence of this factor on the strength of pellets from highly enriched concentrates. A mathematical model and experimental data were used for the study. The obtained results confirm that when switching to the use of concentrates "rich" in iron, the role of the silicate binder in the formation of the strength of pellets decreases and the "ore mineral-ore mineral" type binder becomes more important. The probability of the formation of calcium silicates decreases when the silicon oxide content in the pellets is reduced from 6 to 3% (abs.). Accordingly, the negative impact of flux additives on strength due to softening of the structure will be reduced: the less calcium silicates in the structure, the lower the internal stresses in the cake during crystallization. The strength of pellets with increasing degree of concentrate enrichment is determined to a greater extent by the sintering of iron oxides than by the strength of the silicate binder. This, in turn, creates a request for the search for technical solutions to intensify the solid-phase sintering stage, optimal use of the free energy of the concentrate surface, and the formation of raw pellets with a uniform structure without defects (cracks, cavities, etc.). An increase in the probability (proportion) of the formation of calcium silicates for every 10% (rel.) leads to a decrease in the strength of the pellets by 0.8–2.03 daN, or by 3–8% (rel.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, amorphous ZnO-containing calcium silicate nano powders were prepared by sol–gel technique and then calcined at different temperatures; namely, 600, 800 and 1000 °C, to study their crystallization. The synthesized powders were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Then, the synthesized powders were sintered at different temperatures. The sintered ceramics were examined for their physical properties, microstructure, mechanical properties and electrical properties by the suitable techniques. The results revealed that the synthesized nano powders were amorphous even after calcination up to 800 °C. By increasing the calcination temperature into 1000 °C, crystalline calcium silicate ceramic was formed. The average particle size of this crystalline material was 50 nm with lower agglomeration among the others calcined at low temperatures. Regarding to the sintered ceramics, the bulk density, fracture toughness and electrical conductivity were increased with increasing both sintering temperature and zinc content. On the other hand, microhardness, compressive strength, elastic moduli and Poisson's ratio were increased with increasing sintering temperature and decreased with increasing the zinc content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioceramics are very popular materials for tissue engineering applications due to their properties such as suitable bioactivity, biocompatibility, excellent compressive strength, and wear resistance. One of the most widely used bioceramics is calcium silicates. Calcium silicates are biocompatible and bioactive with relatively good mechanical properties, but high degradation rate. Elements such as magnesium (Mg), zirconium (Zr), and zinc (Zn) are added to calcium silicates to resolve this problem. Baghdadite (Ca3ZrSi2O9) with good biological properties is one of the calcium silicate based ceramics in which the zirconium element has replaced part of the calcium element. Also, the presence of calcium and zirconium elements has increased the biological and mechanical properties of this material. The purpose of this research was to synthesize Baghdadite powder using the sol-gel process and to characterize it using X-ray diffraction test to study the formed phases, halo test for antibacterial properties investigations, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to determine the functional groups, and field emission scanning electron microscope to examine the morphology of the powder. The results showed that the single-phase Baghdadite phase was formed with the particle size of 225 ± 15 nm and lumpy morphology. The elemental analysis test confirmed the presence of the main elements of Baghdadite (Ca, Si, Zr, and O) in the synthesized sample. Moreover, the elemental map analysis confirmed the uniformity of Baghdadite constituent elements. The results of the Disk diffusion test revealed that Baghdadite had no appropriate antibacterial properties against staphylococcus bacteria, but showed a slight antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]