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Today we call the political activity of those who covet or exercise power political consulting. What was this activity called in ancient times? Who were the people who did it? What was their education and what did their work consist in? We have tried to answer all these questions, without claiming to have covered all existing sources, in this article. However, in order to portray the political activity of people in the inner circle of decision-making in ancient Rome and Greece, we have turned to articles that have studied this phenomenon, as well as to selected historical sources from the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Republic of Moldova is now facing one of the most difficult periods in the 26 years of its independence as a democratic country. The crisis in the financial system that started in 2014 has gradually spread to all other areas of the state, and with a lack of solutions proposed by the government to improve quality of life, there is apathy and indifference among the country’s population regarding internal sociopolitical problems. These issues have directly impacted the country’s demography, leading to significant changes in the population. In 2014, the proportion of people aged 60 and older was 17.4%, almost equal to the proportion of young people aged 0–14 years, which was 18.2%; these numbers suggest that the future does not look good for the work force. Older adults from Moldova are the poorest age group in the EU, and their life expectancy is comparable to that in the EU at the beginning of the 1990s. The deficit in the social security budget has directly affected pensioners’ well-being. Topics such as active ageing, stigmatization, abuse and violence against old people, and older adults’ quality of life are absent from the political agenda, while the issue of Moldovan migrants and their pension rights has yet to be addressed by legislation. The phenomenon of “ghost villages” is spreading. Soon, Moldova faces the risk of becoming a ghost country of orphan older adults, left behind without support of younger family members who have migrated elsewhere for a better life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an unwritten law about the progress of society which sounds like this: that who invests in education, over the course of a generation – 30 years – will gather wellbeing and progress. This experiment was launched and implemented in Romania, in 1878, by the mathematician Spiru Haret. The results of such a reform which began in the beginning of 1900, led to the third wave of modernization of the country in 1930. The newly launched reform at that moment represented a beginning for the development of Romanian society. Starting from these considerations and viewing the encouraging horizons coming from historical arguments, we propose an analysis of the influence of the education system present for this period in the history of the Romanian state, how the system worked, how was this important necessity identified and how it was regulated in order to benefit economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]