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Anlässlich einer Ausstellungsübernahme wurde von der Provenienzforschung der Bayerischen Staatsgemäldesammlungen in München erstmals die Provenienz von Fotografien von Aenne Biermann (1898–1933) überprüft. In einem intensiven fachlichen Austausch zwischen der kunsthistorischen Forschung zur Fotografin einerseits und der Provenienzforschung zu den Themen Fluchtgut in Italien, Beschlagnahme von Liftvans in Auswandererhäfen und den sogenannten Operationszonen Adriatisches Küstenland und Alpenvorland andererseits gelang es, den Weg der Objekte zu rekonstruieren. Gleichzeitig konnten die Biografie der Künstlerin und die ihrer vom Nationalsozialismus verfolgten Familie um viele Details ergänzt werden. The provenance research team at the Bavarian State Painting Collections in Munich first looked into the provenance of the photographs of Aenne Biermann (1898–1933) on taking over an exhibition of her work. Through an intensive dialogue between art historical research on the photographer on the one hand and the provenance research investigating fugitive property in Italy, the confiscation of liftvans in emigration ports and the so-called operation zones of the Adriatic coast and in the Alpine foothills on the other hand, the team was able to reconstruct the path taken by the objects. Its work also added some pertinent details to the artist's own life story and that of her family, who were persecuted by the Nazis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study delves into corporate crimes, a distinct category from typical crimes, as they intersect with various economic and financial realms. This divergence from conventional criminal law norms has reshaped perspectives on privacy, criminalization, and punishment. A corporation represents a collaborative endeavour for profit among individuals, pooling resources and sharing gains or losses across diverse economic sectors like commerce, finance, industry, agriculture, and real estate. Legislation governing corporate crimes emphasizes actions over omissions, often categorized as negative crimes. Many don't necessitate specific criminal outcomes, classified as crimes of danger. Moral culpability in corporate crimes is diminishing, focusing more on offender conduct for evidence, challenging traditional burden of proof principles. The UAE's legal approach adopts a deterrent strategy, favouring fines over imprisonment for corporate wrongdoing. Complementary penalties like confiscation, business closure, or license revocation augment primary penalties, raising questions about their effectiveness against complex corporate offenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Científica General José María Córdova is the property of Escuela Militar de Cadetes General Jose Maria Cordova and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a total war, World War I constituted a significant historical moment which proved that warfare not only serves to build nations and national identities, but can also create suitable socioeconomic and political conditions that foster the process of capital accumulation. The Ottoman state, like all the belligerents, on the one hand mobilized human power, means of production and subsistence and natural resources on a large scale for fighting and financing the war; on the other hand, it established a war economy based on violence and protectionism that directly favored war profiteers. The present article centers on the implementation of the War Tax Law, adopted on the eve of the war, which paved the way for state policies of dispossession, confiscation, and requisition. It argues that these practices aimed at the redistribution of capital to give birth to a new generation of Turkish-Muslim capitalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay reconstructs the experiences of prominent Charleston merchant Colin Campbell, and his niece Louisa Campbell, to explore how Scots loyal to the Crown during the American Revolution later defended their interests in Scotland's Court of Session. Using the case of Campbell and Ferrier v. Campbells (1796) as an organizing framework, it demonstrates how Scots litigated their suffering at the hands of American Patriots. It shows how lawsuits like it were embedded in a larger transatlantic legal ecosystem that shaped their outcome. The legal contest between Louisa Campbell and her cousins over Colin Campbell's American property tied together legislatures and courts in South Carolina, Georgia, London, and Edinburgh. By doing so, they compelled the Lords of Session, the judges who sat on the bench of Scotland's supreme civil court, to define American Independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of AIS: Ars Iuris Salmanticensis is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The rise of cryptocurrencies and other digital assets has triggered concerns about regulation and security. Governments and regulatory bodies are challenged to create frameworks that protect consumers, combat money laundering and address risks linked to digital assets. Conventional approaches to confiscation and anti-money laundering are deemed insufficient in this evolving landscape. The absence of a central authority and the use of encryption hinder the identification of asset owners and the tracking of illicit activities. Moreover, the international and cross-border nature of digital assets complicates matters, demanding global coordination. The purpose of this study is to highlight that the effective combat of money laundering, legislative action, innovative investigative techniques and public–private partnerships are crucial. Design/methodology/approach: The focal point of this paper is Australia's approach to law enforcement in the realm of digital assets. It underscores the pivotal role of robust confiscation mechanisms in disrupting criminal networks operating through digital means. The paper firmly asserts that staying ahead of the curve and maintaining an agile stance is paramount. Criminals are quick to embrace emerging technologies, necessitating proactive measures from policymakers and law enforcement agencies. Findings: It is argued that an agile and comprehensive approach is vital in countering money laundering, as criminals adapt to new technologies. Policymakers and law enforcement agencies must remain proactively ahead of these developments to efficiently identify, trace and seize digital assets involved in illicit activities, thereby safeguarding the integrity of the global financial system. Originality/value: This paper provides a distinctive perspective by examining Australia's legal anti-money laundering and counterterrorism financing framework, along with its law enforcement strategies within the realm of the digital asset landscape. While there is a plethora of literature on both asset confiscation and digital assets, there is a noticeable absence of exploration into their interplay, especially within the Australian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pandectele Române is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kırıkkale Law Journal (KLJ) is the property of Kirikkale Law Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical Sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series is the property of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Over a decade since the Special Criminal Court (SCC) was established in Cameroon, hundreds of individuals have been indicted, tried and convicted. Sentences have been imposed, most of which include a term of imprisonment (principal punishment/penalty) and confiscation as accessory penalty or punishment. Research focus has not been directed at the sentences which, as argued in this paper, are inconsistent, incommensurate with the amounts of money stolen and a significant departure from the Penal Code. This paper aims to explore the aspect of sentencing by the SCC. Design/methodology/approach: To identify, highlight and discuss the issue of sentencing, the paper looks at a blend of primary and secondary materials: primary materials here include but not limited to the judgements of the SCC and other courts in Cameroon and the Penal Code. Secondary materials shall include the works of scholars in the fields of criminal law, criminal justice and penal reform. Findings: A few findings were made: first, the judges are inconsistent in the manner in which they determine the appropriate sentence. Second, in making that determination, the judges would have been oblivious to the prescripts in the Penal Code, which provides the term of imprisonment, and in the event of a mitigating circumstance, the prescribed minimum to be applied. Yet, the default imposition of an aggravating circumstance (being a civil servant) was not explored by the SCC. Finally, whether the sentences imposed are commensurate with the amounts of monies stolen. Research limitations/implications: This research unravels key insights into the functioning of the SCC. It advances the knowledge thereon and adds to the literature on corruption in Cameroon. Practical implications: The prosecution and judges at the SCC should deepen their knowledge of Cameroonian criminal law, especially on the nature of liberty given to judges to determine within the prescribed range of the sentence to be imposed but also consider the existence of an aggravating factor – civil servant. They must also consider whether the sentences imposed befit the crime for which they are convicted. Originality/value: The paper is an original contribution with new insights on the manner in which sentencing should be approached by the SCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asset confiscation regimes are present throughout Europe. The Italian State implements a policy stipulating the confiscation of real estate assets from individuals convicted of mafia-related crimes and the re-allocation of these assets to new uses. The policy of confiscation (confisca) and re-allocation (destinazione) is meant to act as both an anti-mafia measure and a way to compensate local communities by converting real estate assets into public amenities. We evaluate the effects of this programme on local areas by estimating its impact on property values in the proximity of confiscations and re-allocations. The findings reveal a negative effect of confiscations and a positive effect of re-allocations on housing prices, mainly visible in mafia strongholds. Both of these trends can be observed in the time periods that directly follow instances of confiscation and re-allocation and appear to be highly localized. A drop in organized crime activity in the streets where re-allocations have occurred could account for some of the gain in property values caused by re-allocations. These findings have implications for the effectiveness of anti-mafia initiatives aimed at improving the quality of life in areas where criminal activity is more prevalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historically high prevalence of property extraction in transition nations provides a unique opportunity to explore the intersection of institutional economics and the economics of happiness. This study examines how instances of prior property confiscation affect the self-reported quality of life following political-economic transition in Russia during the early 1990s. Using retrospective data from the Social Stratification in Eastern Europe after 1989 project, we estimate both traditional ordered logit models and random-effects ordered logit models, the latter of which addresses clustering of respondents by region of the country. Our results indicate that prior property confiscation experiences lead to a gap between the probabilities of realizing the extreme values of life satisfaction of 21.1–26.5%-points, with prior property confiscation experiences decreasing (increasing) the probability of greater (lesser) life satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One-of-a-kind efforts to make the losses state’s financial incurred by the State due to corrupt activities, is through the confiscation of the Defendant’s assets. Later it may subsequently be utilized for a form of monetary payment in lieu of State losses charged to the Defendant. On the grounds of payment of money in lieu of State losses, confiscation of the Defendant’s personal assets that had nothing to do with corruption was then carried out. The research’s main eligibility is to find out how significance proof is involved due to tribunal mechanism, as in the safetymeasureness of the defendant given right and assets as being regulated for evidences in the tipikor case. The researcher’s study applied juridical normative method employing statutory and conceptual pathways. Secondly, layered information was gathered from observation and papers, in order to ensure the quality. According to the researcher’s findings, the purpose of headlining deposition in tribunal is to support the proof of the litigant’s motion, incapable of assuring the sentence’s delivery. There is a guarantee and protection of property rights in the Indonesian constitutional written law 1945 (28H) par. (4). It demonstrates the litigant’s possession of their property being safeguarded by the state, which had unassociated an elicit act of graft as property sheltered from confiscation in the court process. Unlike the personal property of the litigant, if is employed in an unlawful conduct as graft itself, the belongings shall be seized within the tribunal proceedings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As the most powerful measure of economic sanctions against Russia which invaded Ukraine, the Western States froze the assets of the Russian Central Bank and the Oligarchs which are situated in their States. This article attempts to clarify the legality of the freezing, confiscation, and management of assets under international law. The freezing of assets is a legal countermeasure against aggression. Confiscation is lawful only if certain conditions are satisfied. Management is a realistic option which avoids the legal risks which might arise from confiscation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research in this study aims to prove that confiscation of property acquired through crime is an important tool in the fight against organized crime. The basic idea of the paper is to investigate the confiscation of property acquired through crime, which is a huge criminal wealth generated mostly by various forms of misdemeanors. The analysis of the confiscation of criminal property is made based on studying and comparing the key features of the legislation in the European Union, the USA, and Australia to find out how these legislations regulate the confiscation of criminally acquired property. The methods used in the research of this paper are defined according to the purpose of the study, i.e. determining the measures that aim to reduce and prevent crime by making it known that criminals will not be allowed to enjoy their illicit wealth. Key findings and arguments show that the recovery process involves several stages: identification and tracking, freezing and confiscation, and management of frozen and confiscated assets. The data were collected, processed and analyzed to find improved solutions for confiscating criminally acquired property. In conclusion, the study proposes to take measures to confiscate criminally acquired property so that criminals cannot use it and enjoy the benefits of that property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ASBU Law Journal is the property of Social Sciences University of Ankara and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) is the property of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the formation of the international law principle of the right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions in the context of an international armed conflict, given the relevance of the issue of damage and destruction of property as part of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine. The author examines the right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions through the prism of international human rights law - as such, where the right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions (property rights) has been enshrined in the international law system, and also through the prism of international humanitarian law and international criminal law - as such, which are special in relation to the right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions in the context of international armed conflict. The article examines the principle of inviolability of property rights at the national level, in particular, in legislative and judicial sources, and its impact on the formation of the relevant international law principle. In particular, the author analyses the philosophical development of the concepts of "sacredness" of property rights and inviolability of property rights, as well as the natural essence of this right for a person. The author examines in detail the rules of conventional and customary international humanitarian law on the right to peaceful enjoyment of property/property rights depending on the type of acts that may be committed against property and the type of property against which certain acts are directed in the context of an international armed conflict or legal regime of occupation. The provisions on the protection of civilian objects, as well as the non-absolute nature of the protection of property rights in international armed conflict in cases of urgent military necessity, are carefully considered. Based on this analysis, the author identifies the key fundamental provisions on the basis of which the international legal principle of the right to peaceful enjoyment of property in the context o f international armed conflict is formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Knowledge: International Journal is the property of Institute for Knowledge Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Istanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Medipol University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The leadership style of Francois Hollande it was means a lot to the government of France. It is all about Hollande's personality who is a very intuitive look threat against ISIS in France. Whose decisionmaking process by Francois Hollande has made France more aggressive than before. The researcher would explain how idiosyncratic factors of Francois Hollande's policy against ISIS in France. The purpose of the research is to know how individual psychological can influence the decision-making process and behavior of nations. Data was collected by literature study and online website research. The result of the research tries to describe how the idiosyncrasy of Francois Hollande is very fluently to France's policy against ISIS, which France's response would make a positive impact and negative impact internal or external. Francois Hollande is an obsessive-compulsive type leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the perspective on the execution of court decisions on narcotics evidence confiscated for the state. The purpose of this study is to find out the implementation of the execution of seized narcotics evidence for the State in terms of criminal law and Narcotics Law. The research uses empirical and juridical approach methods. The execution of the court's decision on narcotics evidence is contained in ruling No. 39/Pid. Sus/2020/PN.BYL stated that the narcotics evidence seized is for the state. The destruction of evidence of narcotics is regulated in Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics, and the Attorney General's decision number: KEP-089/J.A/1988 concerning Settlement of Confiscated Goods in Articles 12 to 14. The results of this study show how the mechanism for completing the process of confiscation of seized narcotics evidence for the state is viewed from the perspective of criminal law. This researcher wants to explain what is the mechanism for implementing criminal case decisions regarding seized narcotic evidence for the State. Judging from the importance of destroying narcotics confiscated goods, it is necessary to know the procedure for destroying narcotics confiscated goods so that they are more in line with the procedures described in the law. As stated that the purpose of administering criminal procedural law in Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) is to achieve and obtain or at least approach material truth (substantial truth) namely the complete truth of a criminal incident by applying the provisions of criminal procedure law honestly and appropriately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastal zone, situated at the sensitive interface between land and sea, serves as a pivotal area of human economic activities. As one of China's economic special zones, Xiamen exemplifies the comprehensive trajectory of coastal governance in China. However, there are still research gaps in the human ecological transitions in coastal governance. This study adopts the research approach of scale politics and the local state, with the purpose of explaining the governance model of the coastal zone transformation. Sources include interviews with fishers, direct observation, participant observation, and content analysis. The study demonstrates how local governments strive to maximize the profits of scenic tourism, by (1) appropriating the international scale, absorbing international aid and technical assistance; (2) confiscating the access rights of the coastal zone; and (3) vertically integrating all relationships from local to international organizations to create new governance patterns. Xiamen's coastal landscape not only presents the meltdown of human ecology under local state governance but also demonstrates a keen adaptation to the shifting dynamics of the international tourism market. From the theoretical perspective of the local state, this paper effectively points out the political characteristics of local government and bridges the loss of cultural ecology in the transformation of governance patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turvalisuskompass is the property of Estonian Academy of Security Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Problems of World History is the property of Institute of World History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Selçuk University Journal of Faculty of Letters is the property of Selcuk Universitesi Edebiyat Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The war of aggression by a permanent member of the Security Council, combined with the availability of its assets on the territory of other states, creates an opportunity to solve one of international law's enigmas: the legality of third-party countermeasures in the general interest. Would confiscating Russia's frozen Central Bank assets and making the proceeds available to repair the war damage in Ukraine be permissible as such a countermeasure? This paper argues that state immunity cannot be relied upon to prevent the freezing or confiscation of foreign central bank assets by direct executive action; that freezing foreign state assets is permissible as a third-party countermeasure to stop a serious case of aggression; and that confiscation would not qualify as a countermeasure but may be permissible as a 'lawful measure' to repair the damage. Recent changes in Canadian legislation support the existence of such a permissive rule. On the other hand, controversial measures by the United States to control the assets of the Afghan Central Bank demonstrate the need for safeguards against abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi is the property of Justice Academy of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Transnational organized crime and the fight against it are big challenges for the world. That is why international cooperation plays an important role in the fight against transnational organized crime. Two types of international cooperation should be distinguished: the cooperation between courts and judicial institutions and international police cooperation. In Georgian legislation, they are sharply separated from each other. The Law of Georgia "On International Cooperation in the Field of Criminal Law" regulates international cooperation between courts and judicial cooperation. The mentioned law is one of the important documents from the point of view of international cooperation. It regulates matters related to the revealing of legal aid in criminal cases, extradition, forwarding of criminal case materials or their duly certified copies, execution of judgments, international cooperation related to confiscation of property, and transfer of persons sentenced to imprisonment. The article will directly discuss confiscation as a mechanism of fighting against transnational organized crime based on the Palermo Convention and the law of Georgia, "On International Cooperation in the Field of Criminal Law". The norms governing confiscation in the Criminal Code will be discussed, as well as the Civil Code of Georgia, the provisions of which provide the opportunity to file a lawsuit for confiscation of property. The article is divided into three chapters and seven subsections; the first chapter deals with the analysis of confiscation and confiscation regulatory norms in international law according to the Palermo Convention and will also discuss the European judicial practice of human rights. The second chapter deals with the confiscation regulatory norms in the Georgian legislative acts, including the Criminal Law of Georgia and the Civil Procedure Code of Georgia. Moreover, the third chapter will include international cooperation, particularly between Georgian judicial cooperation and suitable institutions of other states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to critically examine whether it is timely and actionable for the European Union (EU) to adopt a global sanctions regime against corruption and how such a regime can be designed to maximise its efficiency. This paper argues that developing such a dedicated framework is necessary, feasible and supportive of the international fight against corruption and the efforts to enhance the recovery of corruption proceeds. Design/methodology/approach: This paper draws on reports, legislations, legal scholarships and other open-source data on global sanctions against corruption and the recovery of corruption proceeds. Findings: This paper argues in favour of a dedicated global sanctions regime against corruption, which is necessary to mitigate significant risks for the EU internal market. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is one of the first to examine recent legislative developments, such as the EU Global Human Rights Sanctions Regime and the UK Global Anti-Corruption Sanctions Regulations, and the possible development of an EU-dedicated global sanctions regime against corruption with strong asset recovery components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Investigaciones Historicas is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The fact that the lower amount in the confiscation order (£96,737.24) was all that was available was irrelevant since it would not have been disproportionate to disgorge the full net earnings. Such an approach, that is, one which did not deduct for the value of services Andrewes provided, requiring payment of the full net earnings, would amount to "double disgorgement" and, therefore, be disproportionate (at [41]). Keywords: Confiscation; all or nothing; proportionality; middle way EN Confiscation all or nothing proportionality middle way 488 491 4 12/06/22 20221201 NES 221201 Facts Jon Andrewes was a Chief Executive Officer of St Margaret's Hospice from 2004 until 2015. A particular disappointment was the Supreme Court's unwillingness to provide at least a little guidance, albeit strictly I obiter i , on the confiscation status a "golden hello" provided to a fraudster at the commencement of their employment, or a "golden handshake" provided at the end. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines the history of land alienation experienced by Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand across different iwi (tribes), exploring the connection between land loss and arability. The analysis uses geospatial data of Māori landholdings through time and explores the relationship that they have with Land Use Capability, a summary measure of the land's economic potential. Two related factors are found to determine the variation of land alienation between iwi: (a) the arable profile of Māori land within the rohe (traditional land boundaries or territories) of an iwi and (b) the experience that iwi had with land confiscation. Iwi who held a large proportion of arable land and those that experienced land confiscations were more likely to experience land alienation. These findings reaffirm the historical narrative that Māori land suitable for arable use was targeted for alienation and illustrates the role of colonisation in perpetuating the historic trauma caused by these events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kadim is the property of Kadim and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Following the recent Russian aggression in Ukraine, a significant part of the international community imposed sanctions against Russia and selected individuals. Russia is subject to sanctions already from its aggression against Ukraine in 2014. However, recently adopted measures are much more powerful. Sanctions in international law represent an important tool for its enforcement given to the hands of the members of the international community. This contribution explains the position of this legal concept in the system of international law and the conditions for its legal application. It also offers a brief insight into the legal framework of the EU and the Czech Republic, including the recent developments in Czech legislation. The contribution also offers short reflections on selected legal issues - confiscation of property as an international sanction and admissibility of thirdparty countermeasures in international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute / Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Pamukkale University, Social Sciences Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SDU Journal of Social Sciences is the property of SDU Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of History: A Collection of Lithuanian Universities' Research Papers / Istorija: Lietuvos Aukštųjų Mokyklų Mokslo Darbai is the property of Vytautas Magnus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The extraordinary administration procedure is considered a type of bankruptcy procedure. The authors question whether the high degree of authorisation granted to the administrative authority in extraordinary administration procedures is justified. The Agrokor company is an example of how the operations of a private company can maintain the economic stability of the entire state economy and vice versa, how its untimely bankruptcy can cause the collapse of the entire system (social policy). It is precisely the social and economic consequences of eventual bankruptcy that legitimize the high degree of interference of the administrative authority in the procedure of extraordinary administration. The characteristics of private law and public law procedures are presented through the prism of the extraordinary administration procedure. A parallel is drawn between the procedure of extraordinary administration and administrative procedures of confiscation and nationalization. It was concluded that the concession of the extraordinary administration has elements of both bankruptcy proceedings and administrative ones, which makes the powers granted to the administrative authority justified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015, nearly 4000 critically endangered Palawan forest turtles (Siebenrockiella leytensis) were confiscated on their native island of Palawan in the Philippines after being illegally harvested for the international wildlife trade. Local conservation biologists and an international team of veterinary and husbandry personnel evaluated, treated, and repatriated the majority of turtles (88%) over a 3-mo period. Common pathologic findings included ophthalmic, dermatologic, musculoskeletal, and gastrointestinal lesions, including keratitis, osteomyelitis of the shell and digits, pododermatitis, and colonic nematodiasis. Hemogram results indicated severe leukocytosis in many individuals. Specimens for genetic analysis and molecular diagnostics were archived, and several intact carcasses were established as museum specimens. International collaboration may be required to ensure the confiscation and survival of illegally traded endangered wildlife, with ongoing efforts toward enhancing the law enforcement, husbandry, and veterinary capacity of range country personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of College of Law Journal for Legal & Political Sciences / Magallat Kulliyyat Al-Qanun Li-L-ulum Al-Qanuniyyat Wa-Al-Siyasiyyat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Sharia & Law is the property of United Arab Emirates University, College of Law, Sharia & Law Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Law of Ukraine / Pravo Ukraini is the property of Editorial Board of Journal "Law of Ukraine" and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute / Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Pamukkale University, Social Sciences Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)