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Objectives: This pilot study aimed to assess dimensional changes following two different alveolar socket sealing techniques. Material and methods: Twenty-one patients requiring tooth extraction and implant placement were randomly allocated to two different alveolar ridge preservation techniques. In the control group, demineralized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) and a gingival soft tissue punch were used to fill and seal the socket, whereas in the test group, the extraction socket was filled with DBBM and sealed with a hemostatic gelatin sponge. Digitalized impressions were taken before and 6 months after tooth extraction. The comparison was made on horizontal and vertical dimensional changes. Results: The mean vertical loss was 0.8 ± 0.6 mm for the control group and 0.7 ± 0.5 mm for the test one. No statistical difference was found between groups for the vertical shrinkage. The horizontal dimensional narrowing of the alveolar socket was respectively 7.1/4.0/2.5 mm at levels 1, 3, and 5 mm from a coronal reference level for the control group. The test group showed dimensional changes of 4.8/2.3/1.3 mm at the three different levels, respectively. A significant difference was found at levels 3 and 5 mm. Referring to a visual analog pain scale, patients reported more severe pain in the control group (5.7/10) when compared with the test group (2.8/10). The difference was statistically highly significant (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusions: A significant difference was found between control and test groups regarding the horizontal dimensional changes and the post-operative pain. Clinical relevance: Regarding this primary result, the socket sealing technique with a hemostatic sponge provides an effective and inexpensive protocol with less post-operative pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: Oral bacteria implying a natural resistance may deteriorate the antibacterial efficacy of chlorhexidine on cariogenic microorganisms. Xylitol, mostly applied via chewing gum, is known to possess favorable plaque-reducing properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a xylitol rinse formulated as pure solution or combined with chlorhexidine on the viability of Streptococcus sanguis (early colonizer of human teeth) and Streptococcus mutans (the most causal strain for caries) during initial steps of biofilm formation. METHOD AND MATERIALS: After exposure to the test solutions, the bacteria suspended in human sterile saliva were allowed to attach to human enamel slides for 60 minutes in a preclinical flow chamber system. The bacterial vitality of suspended and attached cells was monitored using 2 fluorescent DNA stains by epifluorescence microscopy. Further parameters measured were the total bacterial cell counts on enamel slides and growth of suspended streptococci. RESULTS: The sensitivity of S mutans to pure chlorhexidine or in combination with xylitol is contrary to the natural resistance of S sanguis to chlorhexidine. The combination of xylitol/chlorhexidine showed a statistically significant antivital effect on S sanguis cells compared to the pure agents xylitol and chlorhexidine. The bacterial cell density on enamel and bacterial reproduction on agar plates were similarly affected by the combination of xylitol/chlorhexidine or the single substances. CONCLUSION: The newly discovered synergistic antivital effect of xylitol combined with chlorhexidine may contribute to the favorable potential of xylitol use for the improvement of new formulations of caries-preventive mouthrinses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment of intrabony periodontal defects with an enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been shown to predictably enhance periodontal regeneration. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the 4-year results following treatment of intrabony defects with EMD. Thirty-three patients with a total of 46 intrabony defects were treated. Each patient exhibited at least one intrabony defect with a probing depth > or = 6 mm as identified by probing and on radiographs. The following clinical parameters were evaluated prior to and 1 and 4 years after treatment: probing depth, recession of the gingival margin, and clinical attachment level. The primary outcome variable was clinical attachment. Mean probing depth was reduced from 8.1 +/- 1.8 mm to 3.8 - +/-.2 mm at 1 year and to 4.0 +/- 1.2 mm at 4 years. No statistically significant differences were found between the mean probing depth 1 and 4 years postoperative. At 1 year, the mean recession increased from 1.9 +/- 1.5 mm to 3.2 +/- 1.8 mm; at 4 years, it was 2.8 +/- 1.2 mm, a statistically significant improvement compared to the 1-year results, but still significantly increased compared to the baseline. The mean attachment level changed from 10.0 +/- 2.4 mm to 7.0 +/- 2.1 mm at 1 year and 6.8 +/- 1.9 mm at 4 years (no statistically significant difference). The clinical improvements obtained following treatment with EMD can be maintained over a 4-year period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate clinically and histologically the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects with a bioresorbable membrane barrier. Fifty-two intrabony periodontal defects were treated according to the principles of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with a bioresorbable membrane. Results were evaluated by assessing probing pocket depth, recession of the gingival margin, and clinical attachment level at baseline and at 1 and 2 years after therapy. Bone level changes were evaluated radiographically. The postoperative phase was uneventful in all cases. There was a mean probing pocket depth reduction from 8.4 to 3.6 mm, a mean increase of gingival margin recession from 1.5 to 3.0 mm, and a mean clinical attachment level change from 9.9 to 6.5 mm. Mean attachment gain was 3.4 mm. Two teeth scheduled for extraction were also treated with the same bioresorbable membrane. The histologic analysis 6 months after treatment revealed the formation of new connective tissue attachment and new alveolar bone in both cases. Based on the histologic findings it can be concluded that the clinical improvements following GTR with this type of bioresorbable membrane may represent, at least in part, true periodontal regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this 4-day plaque regrowth study was to assess the effect of N-chlorotaurine (NCT) mouth rinses on plaque inhibition and plaque vitality. Eighty volunteers participated in this investigator-blind, randomized, clinical controlled study in parallel groups. No oral hygiene was permitted except rinsing with a 2% or 3% NCT mouth rinse, a positive or a negative control. Primary parameters were the plaque index (Silness and Löe, Acta Odontol Scand, 22:121–135, ) and plaque vitality (Netuschil et al., J Clin Periodontol, 16:484–488, ) after the final rinse. In addition, another plaque index (Turesky et al., J Periodontol, 41:41–43, ), plaque area, and bleeding on probing were recorded. All parameters were taken at baseline and day 5. U test was applied on a 5% error level. No differences in plaque inhibition were found between the two NCT formulations and the negative control. However, a statistically significant reduction of plaque vitality compared to the negative and positive control was observed. Discoloration of the tongue and unpleasant taste were recorded in participants in the NCT groups. NCT mouth rinses did not inhibit plaque regrowth, but they did reduce the vitality of plaque bacteria. Methods of prolonging the substantivity of the NCT mouth rinses should be investigated to enhance the antibacterial properties of these formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress is an association of physiological and psychological reactions of a person confronted to a change of situation he cannot face. The relationship between stress and any disease is explained by hormonal modifications and behavioural changes induced by the stress. The evidence of such an association between stress and periodontal disease will be evaluated. The purpose of the present review article is to differentiate between old feelings and knowledge, and present findings which show that a lot of prospective studies are still needed for a more defined role of stress and periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this experimental gingivitis study was to assess the efficacy and safety of two new chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthrinses. Materials and Methods: Ninety volunteers participated in this investigator-blind, randomized, clinical-controlled trial in parallel groups. During the treatment period, no oral hygiene measures except rinsing with non-alcoholic 0.2% CHX or 0.2% CHX/0.055% sodium fluoride mouthrinses, a positive control, or a negative control were permitted. The primary parameter was the gingival index; the secondary parameters were plaque index, discolouration index, and bleeding on probing. Clinical examinations were conducted 14 days before the start of the study, at baseline, and after 7, 14, and 21 days. The two sample t-test,anova, andancova were used for the statistical analysis. Results: No difference in efficacy was found between the two new CHX formulations and the positive control. On day 21, statistically significantly less gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation compared with placebo were observed. Besides discolouration and taste irritations, no adverse events were recorded. Conclusion: The two new CHX mouthrinses were able to inhibit plaque re-growth and gingivitis. Neither the omission of alcohol nor the supplementation with sodium fluoride had weakened the clinical efficacy of CHX with respect to the analysed clinical parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decker E-M, von Ohle C, Weiger R, Wiech I, Brecx M: A synergistic chlorhexidine/chitosan combination for improved antiplaque strategies. J Periodont Res 2005; doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00817.x © Blackwell Munksgaard 2005 The minor efficacy of chlorhexidine (CHX) on other cariogenic bacteria than mutans streptococci such as Streptococcus sanguinis may contribute to uneffective antiplaque strategies. In addition to CHX (0.1%) as positive control and saline as negative control, two chitosan derivatives (0.2%) and their CHX combinations were applied to planktonic and attached sanguinis streptococci for 2 min. In a preclinical biofilm model, the bacteria suspended in human sterile saliva were allowed to attach to human enamel slides for 60 min under flow conditions mimicking human salivation. The efficacy of the test agents on streptococci was screened by the following parameters: vitality status, colony-forming units (CFU)/ml and cell density on enamel. The first combination reduced the bacterial vitality to ∼0% and yielded a strong CFU reduction of 2–3 log10 units, much stronger than CHX alone. Furthermore, the first chitosan derivative showed a significant decrease of the surface coverage with these treated streptococci after attachment to enamel. Based on these results, a new CHX formulation would be beneficial unifying the bioadhesive properties of chitosan with the antibacterial activity of CHX synergistically resulting in a superior antiplaque effect than CHX alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: The purpose of the present study was to compare clinically the treatment of deep intra-bony defects with a combination of a composite bovine-derived xenograft (BDX Coll) and a bioresorbable collagen membrane [guided tissue regeneration (GTR)] to access flap surgery only. METHODS: Thirty-two patients, each of whom displayed one intra-bony defect, were treated either with BDX Coll+GTR (test) or with access flap surgery (control). The results were evaluated at 1 year following therapy. RESULTS: No differences in any of the investigated parameters were observed at baseline between the two groups. Healing was uneventful in all patients. At 1 year after therapy, the test group showed a reduction in the mean probing depth (PD) from 8.3+/-1.5 to 2.9+/-1.3 mm (p<0.001) and a change in the mean clinical attachment level (CAL) from 9.4+/-1.3 to 5.3+/-1.5 mm (p<0.0001). In the control group, the mean PD was reduced from 8.0+/-1.2 to 4.4+/-1.7 mm (p<0.001) and the mean CAL changed from 9.6+/-1.3 to 7.9+/-1.6 mm (p<0.01). The test treatment resulted in statistically higher PD reductions (p< or =0.05) and CAL gains (p<0.001) than the control one. In the test group, all sites (100%) gained at least 3 mm of CAL. In this group, a CAL gain of 3 or 4 mm was measured at 10 sites (62%), whereas at six sites (38%), the CAL gain was 5 or 6 mm. In the control group, no CAL gain occurred at three sites (19%), whereas at 10 sites (62%), the CAL gain was only 1 or 2 mm. A CAL gain of 3 mm was measured in three defects (19%). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that the combination of BDX Coll+GTR resulted in significantly higher CAL gains than treatment with access flap surgery alone, and thus appears to be a suitable alternative for treating intra-bony periodontal defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to compare newly formed cementum following different types of regenerative therapy in humans. Eighteen patients, each displaying one advanced intrabony defect around teeth scheduled for extraction, were included in this study. The defects were treated with either guided tissue regeneration (GTR), enamel matrix protein derivative (EMD), EMD plus bioactive glass, bovine-derived xenograft (BDX), BDX plus GTR, or BDX plus EMD. After healing, the teeth were removed together with their surrounding soft and hard tissues. Cellular content, presence of artifactual splits between the new cementum and the old one or the dentin surface, and thickness of the new cementum were evaluated. Irrespective of treatment, the new cementum was of a reparative, cellular, extrinsic and intrinsic fiber type. There were no differences in cementum thickness among treatments. These findings indicate that in humans, (a) the new cementum formed after different types of regenerative therapy was, irrespective of the treatment, of a reparative, cellular, extrinsic and intrinsic fiber type, and (b) the regenerative modality does not seem to influence the type of newly formed cementum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Treatment with enamel matrix proteins (EMD) or guided tissue regeneration (GTR) has been shown to enhance periodontal regeneration. However, until now there are limited data on the long-term results following these treatment modalities. Aim: The aim of the present clinical study was to present the 5-year results following treatment of intrabony defects with EMD, GTR, combination of EMD and GTR, and open flap debridement (OFD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-two patients, each of whom displayed one intrabony defect of a probing depth of at least 6 mm, were randomly treated with one of the four treatment modalities. The following parameters were evaluated prior to surgery, at 1 year and at 5 years after: plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival recession, and clinical attachment level (CAL). No statistically significant differences in any of the parameters were observed at baseline between the four groups. RESULTS: The sites treated with EMD demonstrated a mean CAL gain of 3.4+/-1.1 mm (p<0.001) and of 2.9+/-1.6 mm (p<0.001) at 1 and 5 years, respectively. The sites treated with GTR showed a mean CAL gain of 3.2+/-0.8 (p<0.001) at 1 year and of 2.7+/-0.9 mm (p<0.001) at 5 years. The mean CAL gain at sites treated with EMD+GTR was 3.0+/-1.0 mm (p<0.001) and 2.6+/-0.7 mm (p<0.001) at 1 and 5 years, respectively. The sites treated with OFD demonstrated a mean CAL gain of 1.6+/-1.0 mm (p<0.001) at 1 year and 1.3+/-1.2 mm (p<0.001) at 5 years. At 1 year, the only statistically significant difference between the four different treatments was found in terms of PPD reduction and CAL gain between EMD and OFD (p<0.05). However, at 5 years there were no statistically significant differences in any of the investigated parameters between the four different treatments. CONCLUSION: Within the limits of the present study, it may be concluded that the short-term clinical results following treatment with EMD, GTR, EMD+GTR, and OFD can be maintained over a period of 5 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this prospective, randomized, controlled clinical study was to compare the effectiveness of a newly developed ultrasonic device to that of scaling and root planing for non-surgical periodontal treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with moderate to advanced chronic periodontal disease were treated according to an 'one-stage procedure' with either a newly developed ultrasonic device (VUS) (Vector-ultrasonic system) or scaling and root planing (SRP) using hand instruments. Clinical assessments by plaque index (PlI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were made prior to and at 6 months after treatment. Differences in clinical parameters were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test and Mann and Whitney U-test. RESULTS: No differences in any of the investigated parameters were observed at baseline between the two groups. The mean value of BOP decreased in the VUS group from 32% at baseline to 20% after 6 months (p<0.001) and in the SRP group from 30% at baseline to 18% after 6 months (p<0.001).The results have shown that at moderately deep sites (initial PD 4-5 mm) mean CAL changed in the test group from 4.6+/-1.2 to 4.2+/-1.6 mm (p< 0.001) and in the control group from 4.8+/-1.3 to 4.4+/-1.5 mm (p<0.001). At deep sites (initial PD>6 mm) mean CAL changed in the test group from 8.5+/-1.9 to 7.9+/-2.4 mm (p<0.001) and in the control group from 7.9+/-1.6 to 7.2+/-2.2 mm (p<0.001). No statistically significant differences in any of the investigated parameters were found between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Non-surgical periodontal therapy with the tested ultrasonic device may lead to clinical improvements comparable to those obtained with conventional hand instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on scientific proof, only few mouthrinse solutions can be recommended. However, it is impossible to construct an extended table that would provide precise recommendations or advices for mouthrinse utilisation related to any possible discomfort or diseases. Only reliable information on the drugs available against periodontal disease can be offered to the therapist. By evaluation of her or his individual experiences, she or he has to judge all the armamentarium she or he possesses to react in the best possible way in each specific situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of enamel matrix protein derivative (EMD) onto a debrided and conditioned root surface has been shown to promote periodontal regeneration in animals and humans. However, until now there is virtually no information from humans describing the expression of different matrix molecules in the newly formed periodontal tissues following treatment with EMD. This study investigated immunohistochemically in humans the expression of matrix molecules associated with periodontal tissues reformed after treatment with EMD. Eight patients with intrabony defects were treated with EMD. Six months after surgery teeth together with some of their surrounding soft and hard tissues were removed, fixed in buffered formalin, decalcified in EDTA, and embedded in paraffin. Serial sections of 6 µm were cut in mesiodistal direction. Sections were evaluated immunohistochemically by means of polyclonal antibodies against osteopontin, collagen I and collagen III. The original (non-treated) parts of the periodontium served as controls. In all specimens the healing resulted to a varying extent in formation of cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. In all specimens the expression of the investigated matrix molecules was stronger at the reformed than at the original sites. Osteopontin expression was most intense at the border near the newly formed cementum and bone. In the regenerated periodontal ligament, collagen I and III were localized throughout the entire periodontal ligament connective tissue. Within the newly formed PDL connective tissue the immunohistochemical staining appeared stronger for collagen III than for collagen I. The present findings suggest that (a) treatment of human intrabony defects with EMD creates an environment favourable for periodontal regeneration and, (b) in humans the healing and/or remodelling process of the reformed tissues may be followed immunohistochemically for a period of 6 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) on the viability of Streptococcus sanguinis was investigated in a preclinical biofilm model separately on cells in the planktonic or attached life form. Saliva-coated human enamel and glass slides were exposed to the streptococci suspended in sterile saliva for 30 min and 60 min in the flow chamber system. The CHX exposition was performed in two parts: pretreatment of the planktonic bacteria before their attachment to enamel or glass, and treatment of bacteria already attached to enamel. The susceptibility measured by vitality percentages was determined by fluorescence microscopy using vital/dead cells. After CHX pretreatment of planktonic cells, the mean values of the vitality percentages after adhesion were 14–18% (enamel) and 24–25% (glass). In contrast, the mean vitality percentages of untreated attached streptococci reached 70–75% (enamel) and 68% (glass). The vitality percentages of CHX-exposed bacteria dropped markedly to 2–5%, whereas those of untreated attached cells remained at 65–66%. The exposure of initially attached streptococci to CHX resulted in greater reduction of bacterial viability than with the planktonic counterparts. This preclinical biofilm model allows the investigation of various bacterial life forms and can furthermore be used to select efficient antiplaque therapeutics which might be beneficial for clinical plaque control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate immunohistochemically the expression of matrix molecules associated with periodontal tissues reformed after regenerative periodontal treatment. Chronic intrabony defects were treated with guided tissue regeneration, enamel matrix proteins, the combination of both, or access flap surgery. Five months after healing, the animals were killed, and the healed periodontal tissues were evaluated immunohistochemically by means of polyclonal antibodies against osteopontin, collagen I, and collagen III. The intact (nontreated) parts of the periodontium served as controls. As a general observation, the staining for all investigated matrix molecules appeared to be stronger within the regenerated tissues than in the intact ones. The results failed to reveal any differences in terms of staining intensity or distribution pattern of investigated matrix molecules between the four different treatments. Osteopontin expression was most intense at the border near the newly formed cementum and bone. In the regenerated periodontium, collagens I and III were localized throughout the entire periodontal ligament connective tissue. In the regenerated periodontal ligament, collagen III displayed more intense staining than collagen I. The present results suggest that: (1) even after a 5-month period following surgical periodontal therapy, extracellular matrix molecules associated with wound healing and/or remodelling are more strongly expressed in regenerated than in intact tissues and (2) once an environment for periodontal regeneration has been created, the expression of extracellular matrix molecules associated with the healing process seems to display the same pattern, irrespective of treatment modality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this double-blind, 28-week study was to evaluate the plaque-inhibitory and antigingivitis efficacy of a fluoride toothpaste containing 0.3% triclosan and essential oil (Dental Kosmetik, Dresden, Germany) in comparison with a control toothpaste. One hundred twenty subjects previously treated for chronic periodontitis were included in the study. At baseline, 8, 18, and 28 weeks, plaque accumulation (PlI) and gingival status (GI) were assessed . Probing pocket depth (PD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were measured at baseline and week 28 using a Florida probe. No professional hygiene was delivered during the study period. Mean plaque scores decreased between baseline and week 8 in both groups. At the end of the study, a significant increase of mean PlI compared to baseline could be observed in the test and in the control groups. Comparing the two groups, the PlI in the triclosan group was significantly lower than in the control group. Mean gingival scores decreased significantly during the first 8-week period in both groups. This reduction was followed by an increase of GI in the control, while the GI in the test group reached a significantly lower value than in controls after 28 weeks. Furthermore, at week 28, in both groups the PD were decreased as compared to the prestudy data. It is concluded that the triclosan/essential oil additive in a fluoride-containing dentifrice exhibited distinctive antigingivitis as well as plaque-inhibitory effects during a 28-week maintenance period in periodontitis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pattern of cytokeratin expression has been extensively described in the normal and inflamed periodontium. However, there is not information regarding the pattern of cytokeratin expression in the periodontium which has been reformed following regenerative periodontal surgery. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the pattern of cytokeratin expression in the reformed human and monkey periodontium following regenerative and conventional periodontal surgery. In 3 monkeys, acute fenestration-type and chronic intrabony defects were treated with guided tissue regenearation (GTR), enamel matrix proteins (EMD), or coronally repositioned flap surgery (control). After a healing period of 5 months, the animals were sacrificed and perfused with 10% buffered formalin for fixation. Specimens containing the defects and surrounding tissues were dissected free, decalcified in EDTA and embedded in paraffin. Histological sections were cut with the microtome set at 3 µm. The section were alternatively stained either with hematoxylin and eosin, or immunohistochemically by using one of the broad range monoclomal antibodies 34βE12 (for cytokeratins 1, 5, 10 and 4) or KL1 (for cytokeratins 1,2,5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 16 and 19), or one of the individual monoclonal antibodies LL025 (for cytokeratin 16), DC 10 (for cytokeratin 18), A53-B/A2 (for cytokeratin 19). Twelve patients, each displaying one deep intrabony defect scheduled for extraction due to advanced periodontitis or prosthetic reasons, were treated as described above. Following a healing period of 6 months, the teeth were extracted together with some of their surrounding soft and hard tissues. The histological and immunohistochemical processing of the human biopsies was identical to that described in monkeys. The results revealed that both the normal non-treated (original) monkey and human junctional epithelium stained strongly with all of the monoclonal antibodies used. The reformed junctional epithelium displayed the same cytokeratin expression pattern as the non-treated junctional epithelium. No differences regarding the cytokeratin expression pattern of the junctional epithelium were found between the treatments and types of healing (i.e. regenerative, through a new periodontal ligament, or reparative through a long junctional epithelium). In the intact periodontal ligament, the epithelial rests of Malassez displayed a comparable cytokeratin expression pattern to that of the junctional epithelium. However, no expression of cytokeratins was seen in the newly formed periodontal ligament. In such specimens, cytokeratin expression was observed only until the underline between the regenerated cementum and the epithelial downgrowth. It was concluded that: a) the reformed junctional epithelium, following any type of surgical procedure, displays a similar pattern of cytokeratin, expression to the original junctional epithelium; b) in the newly formed periodontal ligament, no expression of cytokeratins is present; and c) the epithelial of Malassez do not seem to reform after regenerative periodontal surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, blind clinical study was to examine the dental plaque and the gingivitis inhibitory effects of two low-dose 0.06% chlorhexidine (CHX) preparations in comparison to a commercially available 0.1% CHX solution, an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (ASF) solution and a water control as an adjunct to the daily mechanical oral-hygiene measures. After prophylaxis, 81 medical students performed their tooth cleaning and were asked to rinse for 30 s, according to the instructions given by the manufacturers with the assigned amount of the following solutions: once daily 10 ml ASF 250 ppm or twice daily each 10 ml CHX 0.06% with fluoride, 10 ml CHX 0.06% without fluoride, 15 ml CHX 0.1% or 100 ml tap water. The plaque index (PlI), the gingival index (GI) and the discoloration index (DI) were taken at day –14 and months (M) 0, 1, 2, 3 and 6. In this study group with good oral hygiene, all test products led to a reduction of the PlI scores when used as supplements to the usual mechanical hygiene measures. At M3 subjects using both the 0.1% as well as the 0.06% CHX showed significantly less plaque accumulation than those using ASF. In the GI a significant difference between the control and 0.1% CHX was found at M3 and at M6. If a further decrease in the GI is wanted, a minimum concentration of 0.1% CHX for long-term use in association with habitual cleaning is needed, which, however, should be limited to special patients. If maintaining clinical health is the goal, the other solutions are a good alternative to 0.1% CHX because they exhibit less staining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBackground: Enamel matrix proteins (EMD) have recently been introduced in regenerative periodontal treatment. However, no histological data are yet available concerning the effect of treating intrabony periodontal defects with EMD, and no histological comparisons have been made comparing the result of treatment of intrabony defects with EMD with that of the treatment with guided tissue regeneration (GTR). Aim: Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate histologically in monkeys the effect of treating intrabony defects with EMD, GTR or combined EMD and GTR. Method: Intrabony periodontal defects were produced surgically at the distal aspect of teeth 14, 11, 21, 24, 34, 31, 41 and 44 in 3 monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). In order to prevent spontaneous healing and to enhance plaque accumulation metal strips were placed into the defects. After 6 weeks the defects were exposed using a full-thickness flap procedure. The granulation tissue was removed and the root surfaces were debrided by means of hand instruments. Subsequently, the defects were treated using one of the following therapies: (i) GTR, (ii) EMD, or (iii) combination of EMD and GTR. The control defects were treated with coronally repositioned flaps. After 5 months, the animals were sacrificed and perfused with 10% buffered formalin for fixation. Specimens containing the defects and surrounding tissues were dissected free, decalcified in EDTA and embedded in paraffin. 8 μm thick histological sections were cut and stained and subsequently examined under the light microscope. Results: In the control specimens, the healing was characterized by a long junctional epithelium and limited periodontal regeneration (i.e., new periodontal ligament, new cementum with inserting connective tissue fibers and new bone) in the bottom of the defect. The GTR-treated defects consistently presented periodontal regeneration when the membranes were not exposed whereas the sites treated only with EMD presented regeneration to a varying extent. The combined therapy did not seem to improve the results. Conclusion: It can be concluded that all 3 treatment modalities favor periodontal regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate histologically in monkeys the healing in acute fenestration-type defects following treatment with guided tissue regeneration (GTR) or enamel matrix proteins (EMD). Standardized ”critical size” fenestration-type defects were produced surgically at the vestibular aspect of teeth 13, 23, 33, 43 in three monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The vestibular bone plates were removed and the root surfaces were debrided by means of hand instruments in order to completely remove the root cementum. Following root conditioning with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), the defects were treated using one of the following therapies: (1) GTR, (2) EMD, or (3) control (coronally repositioned flaps). After 5 months the animals were killed and perfused with 10% buffered formalin for fixation. Specimens containing the defects and surrounding tissues were dissected free, decalcified in EDTA, and embedded in paraffin. Eight-micrometer-thick step serial histological sections were cut in a vestibulo-oral direction, stained with hematoxylin and eosin or oxone-aldehyde-fuchsin-Halmi, and subsequently examined under the light microscope. The results showed that, in the defects treated with GTR, a new connective tissue attachment (i.e., new cementum with inserting collagen fibers) and new bone formation had consistently occurred, whereas, in the defects treated with EMD or with coronally repositioned flaps, new attachment and new bone reformed to a varying extent. The quality of the cementum did not differ after EMD, GTR, or flap surgery. It was concluded that GTR treatment with bioresorbable membranes seems to predictably promote new attachment and new bone formation, whereas the application of EDTA or EMD may also enhance periodontal healing to a certain extent. Further studies with higher numbers of animals and defects are needed in order to definitely clarify the effect of root surface conditioning with EDTA and EMD on periodontal healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the prevalence of oxytalan fibers in human guide tissue regenerated (GTR) periodontal ligament. Effectiveness of the treatment of bioresorbable membrane based on GTR-principle; Methodology of the treatment; Assessment on the function of oxylan fibers.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effect on plaque growth and gingival response of Meridol, an amine/stannous fluoride solution, during a three-month investigation, with those of a placebo preparation as a negative control and a chlorhexidine solution as a positive control, in a double-blind study. After having their teeth professionally cleaned, 36 volunteers continued their usual oral hygiene for a period of two weeks. Their teeth were then polished again (month 0) after which they rinsed twice daily (morning and evening) with one of the three mouthrinses in addition to their habitual toothcleaning. After three months of rinsing, plaque indices remained lowest in the chlorhexidine group, although the subjects using Meridol had indices significantly lower than those of individuals rinsing with the placebo solution. The gingival index scores in the Meridol group were higher than in the chlorhexidine group and lower than in the placebo group. The plaque vitality scores showed a bactericidal effect in vivo with chlorhexidine and Meridol during the entire experiment. The use of Meridol resulted in more toothstaining than with the placebo, but significantly less than with chlorhexidine. This study demonstrated that Meridol reduced plaque accumulation, retarded gingivitis development, possessed a definite bactericidal action, and produced only slight toothstaining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anti-plaque. anti-gingivitis and anti-microbial efficacies of a phenolic compound (Listcrine®) and 2 different amine/stannous fluoride mouthwashes (Meridol® I, II) were compared when these solutions were used in addition to usual toothcleaning. A placebo preparation was utilized as a negative control and a chlorhexidine solution as a positive control in this double-blind study. After professional toothcleanling, 49 volunteers continued their habitual, self- performed and non-supervised oral hygiene for a period of 2 weeks, in order to have a more standard baseline. At day 0. they began to rinse twice daily with 1 of the 5 mouthwashes. After 3 weeks of rinsing, plaque indices remained the lowest in the chlorhexidine and the Meridol® I groups, while subjects using Listerine® or Meridol® II demonstrated similar indices significantly lower than that of individuals rinsing with the placebo solution. Through this period, the gingival index scores were similar in the Meridol® Listerine® and chlorhexidine groups. At day 21, the mean GI scores in the chlorhexidine group were significantly lower than the scores in the placebo group. The plaque vitality scores showed a bacterial effect in vivo of chlorhexidine and, to a lesser extent, of the Meridol® solutions. No substantial evidence of an antibacterial effect in vivo was found for Listerine®. This study has demonstrated that when mouthrinses are used to supplement habitual mechanical oral hygiene, chlorhexidine remains the most powerful solution. Furthermore, it was also shown that a combination of habitual self-performed and non-supervised oral hygiene with Meridol® or Listerine® is more beneficial for plaque control than the use of mechanical oral hygiene alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Clinical Periodontology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Periodontology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Periodontology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this investigation was to determine the microbial generation time during early human supragingival plaque formation. On 2 occasions, 13 participants refrained from all oral hygiene measures for periods of 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 and 72 h. Plaque was sampled from defined areas of the teeth 13, 14, 15, 23, 24 and 25. Two independent methods were used to estimate the total number of viable cells: colony-forming units BCVF, total bacterial counts (BC) as enumerated by microscopic examination, and the percentage of vital bacteria using a vital fluorescence technique (VF) were recorded. The total number of vital microorganisms was calculated by BCVF (= BC × VF). The generation time based on either colony-forming units or BCVF increased significantly with plaque age. During the first interval (1-4 h), the microbial multiplication took slightly less than 1 h. After the establishment of a more mature plaque (24 72 h), the replicating time was between 12.5 h (BCVF) and 14.8 h (colony-forming units). It was concluded that the microbial generation time recorded at the initial stages of plaque formation is considerably lower than that found in older plaque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sample of 170 responsive residents of seniors housing centres in Winnipeg, Canada, were studied, (>65 years, mean 82 years), with the objectives of relating their dental state to their perception of need and uptake of service. Only 6% rated their oral health as poor, 46% reported a dental visit within the previous year and 68% felt they needed dental treatment. A lack of perceived need (88%) was the primary reason why dental care was not sought more frequently. Hygiene practices revealed that only 7% brushed < 1 time/day, 60% never flossed, 14% cleaned their dentures <1 time/day, and 42% slept with their dentures. Dental histories showed that examination (94%), prosthodontic treatment (76%), and restorative services (65%) were the most commonly sought treatments. Perceived dental needs included prosthodontic treatment (39%), periodontal/prophylactic treatment (10%), restorative treatment (9%) and pain relief (9%). Study subjects had 2.8 decayed teeth, a DMFT of 25.1, and a Root Caries Index of 38%. CPITN scores of 3 or 4 in at least one sextant were found in 80% of subjects. Of the 41% edentulous, all wore complete dentures but 15% of complete upper dentures and 51% of complete lower dentures fitted poorly. Of the partial dentures, 20% fitted poorly. Soft tissue anomalies were seen in 67% of subjects and 47% had TMJ anomalies. Overall, 77% of edentulous subjects and all dentate subjects required some dental treatment even though 46% had seen a dentist within the preceding year. It is concluded that appropriate management of such people needs further attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medical and dental status, and drug utilisation patterns of Canadian Inuit elders (60+ years) were evaluated. Inuit elders averaged 6.3 medical conditions per person, primarily nervous systems-sense organ deficits, respiratory problems and systemic infections. The mean number of drugs being used was 2.5 per person, primarily analgesics, bronchodilators and antibiotics. Poorly fitting dentures, and high levels of tooth decay, periodontal disease, soft tissue and TMJ anomalies were documented. Compared to older southern Canadians, the medical and dental findings for these Inuit elders were different. Drug utilisation rates were consistent with older southern Canadians, but different drugs were taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this study was to monitor the proportion of vital bacteria (microbial vitality: VF in %) present in subgingival dental plaque following one single subgingival irrigation with saline (S), chlorhexidine (CHX) or povidone iodine (I2), but without any subgingival instrumentation. Its effect on the main composition of the microflora was also assessed. Seventeen patients with adult periodontitis took part in this investigation. In each patient four initially untreated pockets (pocket depth 5–11 mm) associated with bleeding were selected for the standardised pocket irrigation and plaque sampling at baseline (0 h) and after the following 1 h, 24 h, 7 days and 31 days. The subgingival irrigation was only performed once (0 h). One pocket per quadrant was irrigated using 0.9% prereduced S, 0.2% CHX or 0.05% I2 (Iso-Betadine Buccale). The remaining untreated pocket without any irrigation served as an additional control (C). Using an acrylic splint as a guide, paperpoints were inserted into the pocket precisely at the same site to collect subgingival plaque. The bleeding on sampling (BOS) was thereafter noted. The proportions of bacterial morphotypes were examined by darkfield microscopy. VF was evaluated using a vital fluorescence staining. The undisturbed subgingival dental plaque was composed of 86% (median value) vital bacteria. The sampling procedure alone and the saline irrigation led to a decrease in the number of spirochetes but had no influence on the vitality of the flora. Large variations in VF could be observed in the short-term (1 h, 24 h) irrigation effect of CHX and I2. The reduction of VF was still significant after 7 days (VFCHX 30–80%, VFI2 35–80%) but persisted up to 31 days only after I2 irrigation (VFI2 12–90%). The findings indicated that all single subgingival irrigations resulted in a temporary change of the subgingival microflora while povidone iodine produced the longest lasting antimicrobial effect. Any clinical advantage of this situation should be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although vital plaque micro-organisms are part of the natural ecosystem in the oral cavity they are also the key factor in the development of diseases induced by the human dental plaque. In a previous study (9) the portion of vital bacteria related to the total number of plaque micro-organisms (i.e. the microbial vitality) appeared low in small plaque samples. The objective of this investigation was to determine the exact relationship of microbial vitality and age of supragingival plaque during the early phases of human dental plaque formation Between intervals of optimal oral hygiene, thirteen participants refrained from all oral hygiene measures for periods of 1, 2. 4, 8, 24 and 72 h. Plaque was completely sampled from a defined area situated on the vestibular surface of the teeth 13, 14, 15, 23, 24 and 25. The pooled plaque from these areas was immediately processed Total bacterial counts (BC) as enumerated by darkfield microscopy, and colony-forming units (CFU) were recorded The microbial vitality was calculated indirectly as plating efficiency (PE=CFU per BC) and directly assessed using a vital fluorescence VF technique. In the 1 h old plaque samples the median values of PE and VF were 29% and 18%, respectively. Thereafter, the microbial vitality increased significantly with plaque age. The 24 h old plaque, samples yielded values of 77% (PE) and 62% (VF). It was concluded that the microbial vitality of the early dental plaque investigated was considerably lower compared to that of a mote mature plaque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparisons between plaque index (PII) and bacterial counts have been made already, however, these did not take into account the area used for plaque sampling. The objective of the present study was to determine the correlation between the PII score, the number of bacteria and the bacterial plaque vitality when dental plaque was repeatedly sampled from the same area in each subject during early plaque accumulation. Between intervals of optimal oral hygiene, 10 participants refrained from all oral hygiene measures for periods of 1, 2. 3, 4 and 5 days. The PII was recorded on the vestibular surface of all first premolars as local PII:LS. For statistical reasons, the scores of the independent variable LS were added for each subject giving LS* values ranging from 0 to 8. The plaque sampled from this specific surface was circumscribed by the marginal gingiva and an acrylic splint, giving reproducible areas for plaque collection. Total microscopic bacterial counts (BC), colony farming units ot anaerobes (CFUan) and aerobes (CFUae), and proportions of vital bacteria (VF) were compared with LS* values. BC and LS* values were strongly correlated. CFUan and CFUae increased significantly with LS*, but this increase was higher for LS* 0 to 4 than for LS* 4 to 8. The ratio between vital and dead microorganisms, assessed by two different methods, was low when an LS* of 0 was recorded, with higher ratios registered for LS* values 4 and 8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PMN elastase concentration of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was investigated in 11 healthy volunteers before professional tooth cleaning and after a 5-week period of intensive oral hygiene. GCF was collected using filter paper strips and the enzyme concentration was evaluated by the ELISA-technique. Intensive daily oral hygiene led to a considerable improvement in the clinical indices and to a reduction in the concentration of clastase in GCF Despite the changes in the oral hygiene status, functional elastase was still present in the samples at the end of the experiment. This could mean that even at clinically healthy sites there is a lack of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, the major serum protein inactivating PMN elastase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been suggested that the vascular alterations found in inflamed gingiva may be of significance in the enhanced extension of the pathological process into the periodontium. The purpose of this investigation was to measured the changes in blood vascular volume occurring in gingiva with the onset of gingivitis and its resolution. Twenty-six individuals participated in this study. Gingival biopsies were taken following a 21-day experimental gingivitis, following resolution of a 21-d experimental gingivitis and during a 6-month experimental gingivitis and a 6-month period of optimal oral hygiene. A total of 126 biopsies was obtained, from which 378 sections were cut at 2 μm lot stereological analysis. At low magnification, reference volumes were estimated using point counting procedures and expressed as mm3 of gingiva per mm length of vestibular gingiva, in a vestibulo-lingual plane. At higher magnification the ratio between the volume of vessels and connective tissue was calculated. The final results were expressed as mm3 of vessels per mm length of vestibular gingiva, in a vestibulo-lingual plane. The mean vessel volume expressed per unit length of vestibular gingiva ranged from 0.010 to 0.024 mm3/mm. No statistically significant differences in vestibular volumes were found between inflamed and non-inflamed gingiva. It was concluded that the changes in vascular architecture during early gingivitis described in the literature had either taken place in the subjects prior to the time of experimentation or that any vascular changes (cytologie or functional) which had taken place may be compensatory for the changes in architecture described in the literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After prophylaxis, 5 dent hygienists optimal oral hygiene under supervision for 6 months. At months 0,1,4 and 6, Plaque Index Gingival Extudate Flow Rate and Gingival Index were assessed and a buccal biopsy of their gingiva taken. Point counting procedures were performed at 2 different levels of maginification to estimate the volume densities of epithelium, infiltrated and non infiltrated connective tissue and collagen. The percentage of fibroblasts, polymorphonuclear nutropholic granulocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages were estimated by counting the number of profiles of these cells in the connective tissue area close to the apical end of the junctional epithelium. All the changes insides the tissue occurred slowly. During the 6-month period there was a continuos increase of the volume density of the epithelium in the gingiva. An increase in the percentage of fibroblasts were observed between months 1 and 4 with a decrease in the percentage of lymphoocytes and in the volume density of the infiltrated connective tissue. Between months 4 and 6 an increase of the volume density of the collagen was found together with a further increase in the percentage of fibroblast and a further decrease in the percentage of lymphocytes. After 6 months of perfect oral hygine no more plasma cells visible. This study has shown that even in presence of clinically healthy gingiva subclinical changes may take place. It appear realistic to accept the presence of a very mild gingivitis localized in an area adjacent to the attachment as compatible with gingival health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of chlorhexidine and Octapinol® on early plaque formation in humans was assessed in vivo. Three subjects with healthy gingiva were used. Plastic films were applied to the buccal surfaces of the maxillary right first premolars and plaque was allowed to form for either 4 or 24 hours. After 1 minute of plaque development, a drop of water, 1 % chlorhexidine or 1 % Octapinol was gently applied in situ; in the 24-h experiment an additional drop was added at 12 h. In total, 76 films were obtained, with a comparable number of specimens in each of the 6 groups. The samples were processed for light and transmission electron microscopy, using standardized techniques for area sampling and cell counting. All control films were covered by a surface coating of a cellular material in or on which bacteria, epithelial cells and leukocytes were observed. The controls and to a lesser extent the Octapinol samples exhibited a significant increase in bacterial count between 4 and 24 h. However, the number of bacteria in the chlorhexidine samples showed only a slight increase within this period. Some microorganisms in the chlorhexidine samples appeared to be undergoing degeneration. In the Octapinol specimens the bacterial morphology was generally intact with many extracellular areas of high electron density. Chlorhexidine and Octapinol both had a qualitative effect on early plaque formation, hut only the former had a detectable quantitative effect at this initial stage of plaque accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comparison between histological and clinical parameters during human experimental gingivitis. The purpose of this investigation was to study stereologically the histopathologic alterations occurring during a human experimental gingivitis, and to establish a relationship between clinical parameters and histologic findings. Eight dental students volunteered for the study. After a prophylaxis they performed optimaI oral hygiene For 3-4 weeks to reach mean plaque and gingival indices approaching zero.

The experimental gingivitis model was used to compare the antigingivitis, antiplaque, and antimicrobial efficacies of two commercially available (a phenolic and a plant alkaloid) compounds used as mouthrinses with those of a mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine digluconate. Thirty-one male and female volunteers with healthy gingivae and clean teeth ceased all oral hygiene procedures for 21 days during which they rinsed twice daily with: a) a phenolic compound (Listerine®), b) sanguinarine (Viadent®), c) 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate, or d) a placebo mouthrinse. After 21 days of rinsing, virtually no signs of clinical gingivitis were observed in the chlorhexidine group. Subjects rinsing with Listerine, Viadent, or placebo developed clinical signs of gingivitis as measured by gingivitis occurrence, severity, and the proportion of gingival bleeding sites. At the same time, plaque accumulation was only slightly higher than at baseline in the chlorhexidine group, while the Listerine, Viadent, and placebo groups had significantly greater plaque accumulations, particularly during the initial period of treatment between day 0 and day 7. Microbiological enumeration of supragingival plaque collected at the end of the treatment period showed that chlorhexidine digluconate reduced plaque bacteria by 62-99% compared to the placebo group. No significant reductions in plaque bacteria were found among subjects using Listerine or Viadent. This study demonstrated that 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate was superior to Listerine and Viadent in its ability to maintain optimal gingival health during the entire three weeks of mouthrinse use. It was of particular interest to note these effects during the final 14 to 21-day period of extreme challenge in this experimental model when gingivitis severity and bleeding site occurrence are most pronounced in the placebo group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron microscopic observations were made on naturally occurring gingivitis, on gingivitis at non-ligated sites of an experimental animal, and on ligature-induced periodontitis in a periodontal disease model using female cynomolgus monkeys. For bath types of gingivitis specimens, a plaque associated chronic inflammatory reaction was observed, comparable to that described for the human established lesion. Bacterial accumulations on tooth surfaces were separated from the epithelium by neutrophils which exhibited variations in fine structure and extent of bacterial phagocytosis related to their proximity to the plaque. In the inflamed connective tissue of the papillac, collagen was reduced to strands extending between the cellular elements. The plasma cell was the most common inflammatory cell and had three major variations in form. With ligature-induced periodontitis, similar inflammatory features were observed in the gingiva. A complex flora like that encountered in human periodontitis was observed around and within the ligature as well as more apically in the pocket. As compared to the flora in gingivitis, more spirochetes were encountered, a larger proportion of the microorganisms appeared to be in a living state, and bacteria were in contact with the epithelial surface, rather than being walled off by the neutrophils. This seemingly more aggressive plaque was associated with an advanced lesion characterized by changes that indicated sequential destruction of the collagenous attachment to cementum and concommitant apical migration or the epithelial attachment. No bacteria were observed in the soft tissues, even in the wide intercellular spaces between the epithelial cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histological observations were made on ligature-induced periodontitis in two adult female monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Silk ligatures were placed around posterior teeth and the shift from gingivitis to periodontitis was followed radiographically and bacteriologically for eight and nine weeks, respectively. Fifteen tissue blocks with ligatures in situ were obtained. Following decalcification with EDTA and epon embedding, sections one micron in thickness were prepared in the mesio-distal plane to study the interproximal regions. Two additional blocks were processed for routine histology. Radiographically, progressive bone loss was observed in the interproximal regions that had a ligated tooth surface. Histologically, prominent features included supragingival and subgingival plaque (with dense accumulations of bacteria around and within the ligature), apical migration of the junctional epithelium, loss of collagen and connective tissue attachment, and osteoclastic bone resorption. A chronic inflammatory reaction was evidenced by a dense infiltration of leukocytes in the connective tissue, with a high proportion of plasma cells. Numerous polymorphonuclear leukocytes were seen in pathways between epithelial cells and in a zone around the plaque-laden ligature. These morphological observations, similar to descriptions of human periodontitis, lend support for the usefulness of this model in the study of human periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histologic observations were made on the primate Macaca fascicularis in order to describe the features of both naturally-occurring gingivitis and gingivitis present at non-experimental sites when selected teeth were ligated to induce periodontitis. Semi-thin sections of glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde fixed, EDTA-decalcified, and epon-embedded specimens were used, supplemented by routine histologic methods. The microscopic picture of the interdental areas was identical for the two types of gingivitis specimens and consisted of a chronic inflammatory reaction resembling the established lesion in humans. The highly infiltrated gingival tissue exhibited a predominance of plasma cells. Leukocytes were seen in pathways from the connective tissue, through the epithelium and to the surface of the plaque, and many neutrophils were interposed between the plaque and soft-tissue. The apical extent of the junctional epithelium was at or slightly below the cemento-enamel junction. Although perivascular inflammation was observed in the transseptal fiber region, the alveolar crest exhibited only evidence of normal bone remodelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Periodontology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract The use of mouthrinses is increasing, especially as adjuncts to the daily mechanical oral hygiene. Different test systems may and can be used to test their antibacterial and clinical effects: bacteriology in vitro, substantivity in vivo , 4-day plaque re-growth, experimental gingivitis and long-term use. The plaque re-growth investigations of a few days are not only of limited use but may also be dangerous because often too extensive conclusions have been drawn from their design. The ‘gold standard’ test is the experimental gingivitis model to reveal the antiplaque as well as the antigingivitis effects of any mouthrinse preparation during 3 weeks. The last kind of investigations are of several months' duration, where the substances are used as supplements to mechanical oral hygiene measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]