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Summary: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is considered one of the most economically important diseases in the cattle industry. Ultimately, the selection of cattle that are less susceptible to disease will allow producers to reduce the prevalence of BRD and lessen its economic impact. The objective of this study was to validate previously identified loci associated with susceptibility to BRD in an independent population of 140 pre‐weaned Holstein calves from Wisconsin (WI). Using the McGuirk health scoring system, calves were classified as either clinically affected with BRD (n = 35) or healthy (n = 105). Additive genotypic tests were performed for genomic regions previously associated with susceptibility to BRD in calves from California (CA) and New Mexico (NM). Using this method, 4 loci (P < 0.01) consisting of 10 SNP were validated in the WI population, including 2 loci from CA, 1 locus from NM, and 1 locus from a combined CA + NM population. Most of the positional candidate genes and transcription factor binding site motifs associated with these loci have functions related to innate and adaptive immune responses. The validation of loci associated with susceptibility to BRD in independent populations allows producers to more reliably select cattle that are less susceptible to BRD, improving animal welfare, decreasing the annual revenue losses, and lowering the prevalence of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Henry Smeathman (1742-1786), best known for his essay on the west African termites, travelled to Sierra Leone in 1771 to collect naturalia for a group of wealthy sponsors. One of these sponsors, Dru Drury (1724-1803), was keen on African insects. Drury later described and illustrated many of these in the third volume of his Illustrations of natural history (1782). Two years after Drury died, his collection was auctioned in London. A key purchaser at this sale was Alexander Macleay (1767-1848), later appointed Colonial Secretary to New South Wales. His insects travelled with him to Sydney and are now in the Macleay Museum, University of Sydney. A number of these insects, collected by Smeathman and despatched from Sierra Leone, appear to be extant in the Macleay Museum. Chief of our discoveries is the type specimen for Goliathus drurii originally figured by Drury in Illustrations of natural history, volume 3, plate XL (1782). By matching other extant insects to the text and illustrations in the same volume we believe we have found type specimens for Scarabaeus torquata , and Papilio antimachus . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To estimate the 'real-world effectiveness of statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and for lipid modification in people with severe mental illnesses (SMI), including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Design: Series of staggered cohorts. We estimated the effect of statin prescribing on CVD outcomes using a multivariable Poisson regression model or linear regression for cholesterol outcomes. Setting: 587 general practice (GP) surgeries across the UK reporting data to The Health Improvement Network. Participants: All permanently registered GP patients aged 40-84 years between 2002 and 2012 who had a diagnosis of SMI. Exclusion criteria were pre-existing CVD, statin-contraindicating conditions or a statin prescription within the 24 months prior to the study start. Exposure: One or more statin prescriptions during a 24-month 'baseline' period (vs no statin prescription during the same period). Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was combined first myocardial infarction and stroke. All-cause mortality and total cholesterol concentration were secondary outcomes. Results: We identified 2944 statin users and 42 886 statin non-users across the staggered cohorts. Statin prescribing was not associated with significant reduction in CVD events (incident rate ratio 0.89; 95% CI 0.68 to 1.15) or all-cause mortality (0.89; 95% CI 0.78 to 1.02). Statin prescribing was, however, associated with statistically significant reductions in total cholesterol of 1.2 mmol/L (95% CI 1.1 to 1.3) for up to 2 years after adjusting for differences in baseline characteristics. On average, total cholesterol decreased from 6.3 to 4.6 in statin users and 5.4 to 5.3 mmol/L in non-users. Conclusions: We found that statin prescribing to people with SMI in UK primary care was effective for lipid modification but not CVD events. The latter finding may reflect insufficient power to detect a smaller effect size than that observed in randomised controlled trials of statins in people without SMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary Dementia is a progressive illness that to date has no cure and currently affects over 35 million people worldwide. This figure is predicted to increase significantly over the next two decades., There is growing interest in identifying non-pharmacological therapies effective in improving quality of life and reducing challenging behaviours with a dementia client group., Our objective is to identify if music therapy is a beneficial therapy for use with dementia patients., We conducted a review of the literature and concluded that the studies show promising results, but because of poor methodological quality further research would be recommended., Abstract Dementia is an organic mental health problem that has been estimated to affect over 23 million people worldwide. With increasing life expectancy in most countries, it has been estimated that the prevalence of dementia will continue to significantly increase in the next two decades. Dementia leads to cognitive impairments most notably short-term memory loss and impairments in functioning and quality of life ( QOL). National policy in the UK advocates the importance of early diagnosis, treatment and social inclusion in maintaining a good QOL. First-line treatment options often involve drug therapies aimed at slowing down the progression of the illness and antipsychotic medication to address challenging behaviours. To date, research into non-pharmacological interventions has been limited. In this manuscript, we review the literature that has reported evaluations of the effects of music therapy, a non-pharmacological intervention. The results of six studies reviewed suggest that music therapy may have potential benefits in reducing anxiety, depression and agitated behaviour displayed by elderly people with dementia as well as improving cognitive functioning and QOL. Furthermore, music therapy is a safe and low-cost intervention that could potentially be offered by mental health nurses and other carers working in residential settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the association between antibiotic resistance of bacteria causing neonatal bloodstream infection (BSI) and neonatal age to inform empirical antibiotic treatment guidelines. Antibiotic resistance data were analysed for 14 078 laboratory reports of bacteraemia in neonates aged 0–28 days, received by the Health Protection Agency's (now Public Health England) voluntary surveillance scheme for England and Wales between January 2005 and December 2010. Linear and restricted cubic splines were used in logistic regression models to estimate the nonlinear relationship between age and resistance; the significance of confounding variables was assessed using likelihood ratio tests. An increase in resistance in bacteria causing BSI in neonates aged <4 days was observed, which was greatest between days 2–3 and identified an age (4–8 days, depending on the antibiotic) at which antibiotic resistance plateaus to almost unchanging levels. Our results indicate important age-associated changes in antibiotic resistance and support current empirical treatment guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Unlabelled: Received 29 November 2012; returned 20 February 2013; revised 16 May 2013; accepted 18 May 2013 OBJECTIVES: Raised vancomycin MICs have been associated with poor outcomes for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia in the USA and mainland Europe. We investigated if this also applies in the UK, where EMRSA-15 (clonal complex 22) dominates. Methods: Isolates from UK patients receiving vancomycin therapy for MRSA bacteraemia in 2008-10 were collected, along with clinical details. Outcomes (i.e. patient survival or bacteraemia resolution) were reported 28 days after vancomycin therapy ended. The relationship between clinical outcome and MIC--as determined by CLSI and BSAC agar dilution methods--was assessed. Results: Among 228 MRSA bacteraemias, 82% were caused by EMRSA-15; 65% of the patients were male and the median age was 70.5 years. MICs correlated between methods, but CLSI agar dilution testing gave a mode at 1 mg/L with only 12% of results either side, whereas the BSAC method gave a mode straddling 0.7-1 mg/L with <4% outliers. Twenty-three percent of patients died, with MRSA contributory in half; another 17% had unresolved bacteraemia at 28 days. Neither death nor unresolved bacteraemia was significantly associated with higher vancomycin MICs by either method. Rifampicin co-therapy had no quantifiable effect on outcome. The patient's age was the only significant correlate of patient outcome (P < 0.01); the underlying medical condition of the patient was important for the resolution of bacteraemia (P < 0.01), though not for overall mortality. Conclusions: Subtle vancomycin MIC differences did not correlate with worse outcomes for vancomycin monotherapy or for vancomycin/rifampicin co-therapy in MRSA bacteraemia. Regardless of the exact MIC-outcome relationship, detecting such small MIC differences seems unlikely to be reliable in routine laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Received 29 November 2012; returned 20 February 2013; revised 16 May 2013; accepted 18 May 2013Objectives Raised vancomycin MICs have been associated with poor outcomes for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia in the USA and mainland Europe. We investigated if this also applies in the UK, where EMRSA-15 (clonal complex 22) dominates. Methods Isolates from UK patients receiving vancomycin therapy for MRSA bacteraemia in 2008–10 were collected, along with clinical details. Outcomes (i.e. patient survival or bacteraemia resolution) were reported 28 days after vancomycin therapy ended. The relationship between clinical outcome and MIC—as determined by CLSI and BSAC agar dilution methods—was assessed. Results Among 228 MRSA bacteraemias, 82% were caused by EMRSA-15; 65% of the patients were male and the median age was 70.5 years. MICs correlated between methods, but CLSI agar dilution testing gave a mode at 1 mg/L with only 12% of results either side, whereas the BSAC method gave a mode straddling 0.7–1 mg/L with <4% outliers. Twenty-three percent of patients died, with MRSA contributory in half; another 17% had unresolved bacteraemia at 28 days. Neither death nor unresolved bacteraemia was significantly associated with higher vancomycin MICs by either method. Rifampicin co-therapy had no quantifiable effect on outcome. The patient's age was the only significant correlate of patient outcome (P < 0.01); the underlying medical condition of the patient was important for the resolution of bacteraemia (P < 0.01), though not for overall mortality. Conclusions Subtle vancomycin MIC differences did not correlate with worse outcomes for vancomycin monotherapy or for vancomycin/rifampicin co-therapy in MRSA bacteraemia. Regardless of the exact MIC–outcome relationship, detecting such small MIC differences seems unlikely to be reliable in routine laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones that are perceived at the cell surface by a membrane-bound receptor kinase, BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1). BRI1 interacts with BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE1 (BAK1) to initiate a signal transduction pathway in which autophosphorylation and transphosphorylation of BRI1 and BAK1, as well as phosphorylation of multiple downstream substrates, play critical roles. Detailed mechanisms of BR signaling have been examined in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but the role of BRI1 and BAK1 phosphorylation in crop plants is unknown. As a foundation for understanding the mechanism of BR signaling in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to identify multiple in vitro phosphorylation sites of the tomato BRI1 and BAK1 cytoplasmic domains. Kinase assays showed that both tomato BRI1 and BAK1 are active in autophosphorylation as well as transphosphorylation of each other and specific peptide substrates with a defined sequence motif. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the highly conserved kinase domain activation loop residue threonine-1054 was essential for tomato BRI1 autophosphorylation and peptide substrate phosphorylation in vitro. Furthermore, analysis of transgenic lines expressing full-length tomato BRI1-Flag constructs in the weak tomato bril allele, curl3-abs1, demonstrated that threonine-1054 is also essential for normal BRI1 signaling and tomato growth in planta. Finally, we cloned the tomato ortholog of TGF-β Receptor Interacting Protein (TRIP1), which was previously shown to be a BRIl-interacting protein and kinase domain substrate in Arabidopsis, and found that tomato TRIP1 is a substrate of both tomato BRI1 and BAK1 kinases in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current status of the Texas A&M superconducting magnet R&D program is reported. The program is implementing a design philosophy in which Lorentz stress is managed within the coils of a block-coil geometry, isostatic preload is delivered using an arrangement of pressurized Wood's metal filled bladders, insulation utilizes fine-filament Silane-sized S-glass, and low-field multipoles are constrained by a flux plate integrated with the coil package. Construction progress on TAMU3 is reported and plans for a full-aperture dipole TAMU5 are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Solanum tuberosum clone G8107(1) is highly resistant to Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) accumulation following graft inoculation and to PLRV infection by aphids. In glasshouse/insectary experiments, plants were inoculated with viruliferous aphids ( Myzus persicae); infection was detectable in some inoculated leaves (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) but not in petioles, stems or non-inoculated leaves of inoculated plants. Secondary infection in tuber-progeny plants of inoculated plants was rare in G8107(1) (detected in only one of 86 tuber-progeny plants of 24 inoculated plants), while universal in susceptible controls. This resistance did not break down when tuber sprouts were inoculated or when a more efficient M. persicae vector clone was used. Aphids were able to acquire and transmit PLRV infection from infected plants of G8107(1) to test plants but at a lower frequency than from the susceptible cv. Maris Piper. We suggest that an important element of the very strong resistance of this clone to PLRV infection is resistance to virus movement within leaves or from leaves to petioles, thus preventing spread to the rest of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A second phase of a high field dipole technology development has been tested. A Nb3Sn block-coil model dipole was fabricated, using magnetic mirror geometry and wind/react coil technology. The primary objective of this phase was to make a first experimental test of the stress-management strategy pioneered at Texas A&M. In this strategy a high-strength support matrix is integrated with the windings to intercept Lorentz stress from the inner winding so that it does not accumulate in the outer winding. The magnet attained a field that was consistent with short sample limit on the first quench; there was no training. The decoupling of Lorentz stress between inner and outer windings was validated. In ramp rate studies the magnet exhibited a remarkable robustness in rapid ramping operation. It reached 85 % of short sample(ss) current even while ramping 2–3 T/s. This robustness is attributed to the orientation of the Rutherford cables parallel to the field in the windings, instead of the transverse orientation that characterizes common dipole designs. Test results are presented and the next development phase plans are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight ( Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode ( Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second phase of development of a new high-field dipole technology has been completed. A model dipole employing wind/react Nb3Sn cable and stress-managed block coil geometry was fabricated and will soon be tested at LBNL. The dipole features stress-strain management in its internal windings and metal-filled bladder preload. Pending validation of performance of these new features, the new technology should result in improved cost-effective fabrication of dipoles for 16 T and beyond. Construction experience and plans for the next phase of development are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to dye blends of cotton and polyamide fibers has attracted much interest, especially in the case of wool/cotton blends, with success having typically been achieved using complicated procedures. In this work samples of wool/cotton, silk/cotton, and nylon/cotton fabrics were pretreated using a long liquor exhaustion method using different pretreatment agents and subsequently dyed with several 1:2 metal complex acid dyes. The pretreated dyeings showed excellent dye uptake with respect to their untreated counterparts. The blended fabrics that had been pretreated showed only slight difference in color or in depth of shade between the cotton portion and the polyamide portion. The color difference visible between the two fibers and the overall color strength of the dyeing was dependent upon the pretreatment agent used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two samples of the microporous titanosilicate ETS-10 synthesised by different preparation procedures were compared for their ability to take up uranium from aqueous solutions using a batch-type technique. The ETS-10 samples were synthesised using either TiO2 or TiCl3 as a titanium source. The uptake of uranium on the materials was compared by determining the distribution coefficient and percentage sorption as a function of contact time, uranium concentration, and sorbent concentration. It was found that the difference in the synthesis procedures of the materials had a significant influence on the uptake of uranium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the work of family members in the domestic economy. The terms domestic labour and housework are used to refer solely to work done in the home and for the family or household. Modern technology may have led to a simplification of domestic work, but every family has to carry a significant load. In agricultural and pre-industrial economies, the pattern of family working was, and is, often quite different from the contemporary industrial societies. The fact that labour power is not traded for a wage in the market does not mean there is no payment involved. An important feature of the payment of domestic labour is that it tends to be inversely proportional to effort. In the labour market, differences of income and life style between employers and workers are often far far greater than differences within families. Since the market economy is dominant, almost all economic analysis and social analysis of economic issues is focused on the market economy. The present aim is to bring some realism into the notion of unpaid work. The twentieth century has seen some very substantial changes in the world of work and in gender relations. Financial returns to housework may be heavily dependent on a partner's market wage, but they are real and crucially important.

The effects of i.m. administered cadmium on growth rate and nephromorphology were studied in young pullets. The growth rate of pullets treated with 0.6 mg Cd/kg at 48-h intervals was severely retarded, reaching only 50% of normal growth by 21 days. Such a decrease in growth rate was prevented when cadmium was given with either ferric or magnesium EDTA chelate. Electron micrographs of kidney tissue from cadmium intoxicated birds revealed massive intracellular disorganisation of proximal tubular cells, showing increased vacuolation and dilated endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria were few and swollen with reduced cristae. Some disorganisation was noted in the group treated with MgEDTA in conjunction with cadmium, with normal morphology observed in the group treated FeEDTA plus cadmium. In general, glomerular morphology of intoxicated pullets appeared normal, except that a 25% increase in thickness of the glomerular basement membrane was evident. No such membrane thickening was observed in any of the chelate treated groups. These findings indicate that both chelates can provide certain levels of protection, in terms of growth rate and morphology, from cadmium intoxication. The possible mechanisms by which chelates offer protection have been discussed, but many questions remain unanswered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progeny tests for resistance to potato leafroll virus using true seedlings in a glasshouse in Scotland ranked progenies by the percentages of seedlings showing primary symptoms, in accordance with the known phenotypes of their parents. Symptoms were more obvious in seedlings grown under sodium lamps than in those grown under fluorescent strip lights. These glasshouse seedling progeny tests were then evaluated by comparing them with field clonal trials. The progeny tests were found to identify effectively those progenies most resistant to potato leafroll virus but were not effective for identifying the most resistant clones within progenies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Technopoles of the World: The Making of 21st Century Industrial Complexes, M. CASTELLS and P. HALL, Routledge, London (1994). x+275 pp. £14.99 (pbk). ISBN 0 415 10015 1. Urban Policy in Britain: The City, the State and the Market, R. ATKINSON and G. MOON, Macmillan, Basingstoke (1994). xiii+306 pp. £11.99 (pbk). ISBN 0 333 56747 1. Small Business Growth in Contrasting Environments, P. VAESSEN, Netherlands Geographical Studies, Utrecht (1993). 221 pp. No price given. ISBN 90 6809 178 6. Small Business Dynamics: International, National and Regional Perspectives, C. KARISSON, B. JOHANNISSON and D. STOREY (Eds), Routledge, London (193). xiv+249 pp. £40.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 415 09625 1. A Place Called Teesside: A Locality in a Global Economy, H. BENYON, R. HUDSON and D. SADLER, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh (1994). xi+209 pp. £35.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 7486 0468 5. Academic Links and Communications, K. BUTTON, P. BROWN, M. FISCHER, R. MAGGI, H. OUWERSLOOT, C. RAMMER, P. RIETVELD and I. SALOMON, Avebury, Aldershot (1993). vii+117 pp. £32.50 (hbk). ISBN 1 85628 546 4. The Geography of the European Community, J. COLE and F. COLE, Routledge, London (1993). xxv+318 pp. £12.99 (pbk). ISBN 0 415 07993 4. The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, S. CASTLES and M. J. MILLER, Macmillan Press, Basingstoke (1993). x+307 pp. £10.99 (pbk). ISBN 0 333 53492 1. The Factory and the City: The Story of the Cowley Automobile Workers in Oxford, T. HAYTER and D. HARVEY (Eds), Mansell, London (1994). xii+308 pp. £40.00 (hbk). ISBN 0 7201 2139 6. Recycling Waste: An Exploration of Contemporary Environmental Policy, M. GANDY, Avebury, Aldershot (1993). xx+322 pp. £37.50 (hbk). ISBN 1 85628 542 1. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents the nature of the social structure as a structure of inequality. The author examines the coherence and regularity of stratification systems, arguing that the results of many previous studies, as a consequence of their methodologies, have led to the conclusion that there is less regularity and stability than is, in fact, the case. In considering the relationship between methods and findings in some attempts to measure prestige scales, the author shall be concerned with implications, which can be drawn for the structure of stratification. He believes that previous approaches to the explanation of social stability in systems of inequality have contained too large an element of voluntarism. This has been true not only of the consensus theorists, for whom a positive moral evaluation of the system by the individuals implicated in it is necessary for its continuance, but also of some conflict theorists. One form of conflict theory outlines a situation of stability as a sort of armed neutrality where the deprived have condemned the social arrangements of their deprivation, but feel powerless to change them, at least for the time being.

The article discusses the importance of part time education. The article states that a large portion of the British population continue their education after they leave schools. Furthermore, part-time education is an integral part of many career structures and the qualifications obtained through it are strongly related to occupational attainment. It discusses the research findings concerned with a variety of issues related to part time education. Part-time education is particularly important for those who leave school with moderate or no advantages of background or qualifications. It is particularly important for those people who want to continue their studies, who because of certain valid facts left the regular studies in the past. For these people, the part-time route is an extremely valuable alternative to nothing. Similarly the part-time system is valuable to men of working class origins. For the working class group, the qualifications they gain from part-time study are extremely significant.

The purpose of this article is to take a single concept, unionateness, and to illustrate the way in which theoretical and operational considerations interact in leading to its refinement and elaboration. A distinction is introduced between enterprise and society unionateness, and the problems associated with the operationalization and measurement of each of these new concepts are discussed. The importance of measurement procedures as an intrinsic part of the problem of conceptualization is emphasized, particularly in relation to certain techniques of measurement which are not widely used. In a concluding section there is a brief presentation of findings which demonstrate the value of the distinction introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentration of potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), as measured by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in the foliage of potato plants ( Solanum tuberosum) of cv 'Maris Piper' with secondary infection was 2900 ng/g leaf, whereas in clones G7445(1) and G7032(5) it was 180 ng/g leaf and 120 ng/g leaf, respectively. To examine the genetic control of resistance to PLRV multiplication, reciprocal crosses were made between the susceptible cultivar 'Maris Piper' and the two resistant clones, and the three parents were selfed. Seedling progenies of these families were grown to generate tubers of individual genotypes (clones). Clonally propagated plants were graft-inoculated, and their daughter tubers were collected and used to grow plants with secondary infection in which PLRV concentration was estimated. The expression of resistance to PLRV multiplication had a bimodal distribution in progenies from crosses between 'Maris Piper' and either resistant clone, and also in progeny from selfing the resistant parents, with genotypes segregating into high and low virus titre groups. Only the progeny obtained from selfing 'Maris Piper' did not segregate, all genotypes being susceptible to PLRV multiplication. The pattern of segregation obtained from these progenies fits more closely with the genetical hypothesis that resistance to PLRV multiplication is controlled by two unlinked dominant complementary genes, both of which are required for resistance, than with the simpler hypothesis that resistance is conferred by a single dominant gene, as published previously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the extent to which the use of the concept as a diagnostic category of psychopathic personality identifies a homogeneous category. The author notes that the concept of psychopathic personality has clearly varied both in specificity and content. He adds psychopathic disorder and sociopathic personality have referred to heterogeneous category identified predominantly by socially objectionable behavior. He mentions that the prominence of secondary psychopaths and of borderline, histrionic and narcissistic disorders clearly shows that there is no single type of abnormal personality that is prone to chronic rule violation. He concludes that the concept of psychopathic or antisocial personality remains a mythical entity.

When mass spectrometry (MS) is used to study protein primary structure, it is used in a “static” mode. That is, the information is derived from a single MS or MS-MS spectrum. Information about more complex protein structure or protein interactions can also be gained via MS. If a series of mass spectra is collected as something else in the experiment is changing, we increase the “dimensionality” of the MS data. For example, measuring mass spectra as a function of time after exposure of a protein to deuterated solvents can provide information about protein structure. Likewise, by measuring mass spectra of a protein as the concentration of a binding ligand is changed, one can infer the stoichiometry of the complex. Another important, but fundamentally different way of increasing the dimensionality of mass spectral data is by coupling the mass spectrometer to a one- or two-dimensional separation technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality profiles of 79 non-psychotic male offenders admitted to a security hospital were subjected to a cluster analysis. Four profile types were generated, classifying four-fifths of the sample, and differences were found between the types in previous antisocial behaviour. Two of the types were identifiable as primary and secondary psychopaths, while the remaining two showed little resemblance to the concept of the psychopathic personality. The primary psychopaths were extraverted but not neurotic, while the secondary psychopaths were neurotic, but not extraverted. Both were highly impulsive but distinguished by a dimension of sociability-withdrawal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]