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Introduction: Exposure rates to Histoplasma species, the causative agent of equine epizootic lymphangitis (EL), are unknown amongst working equids in The Gambia. The primary aims of this study were to estimate anti-Histoplasma antibody seroprevalence in the equid population in rural The Gambia and to explore risk factors for seropositivity. Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted (February-July 2022), representing baseline measurements of a longitudinal cohort study. Horses (n = 463) and donkeys (n = 92) without EL signs were recruited in 18 study sites. Following informed owner consent, equid clinical and management data were recorded. Blood samples were collected by jugular venepuncture, and sera were subject to the IMMY Latex Agglutination Histoplasma test (LAT). Seropositivity risk factors were explored by multi-level, multivariable logistic regression analysis. Study site and household variance were described using a latent-variable approach. Whole blood DNA extractions were subject to nested ITS-PCR to detect Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum (HCF), and agreement with LAT results was measured using Cohen's kappa statistic. Results: Anti-Histoplasma antibody seroprevalence in horses and donkeys was 79.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) 76.0-83.5%] and 46.7% (95% CI 36.3-57.4%), respectively. In horses, two multivariable models explained the maximum amount of data variability. Model 1 demonstrated increased odds of seropositivity in mares [odds ratio (OR) = 2.90 95% CI 1.70-4.95, p < 0.001] and decreased odds in horses <2.5 years (OR = 0.46 95% CI 0.22-0.95, p = 0.04; reference: ≥4.5 years). Model 2 demonstrated increased odds in horses recruited during the rainy season (OR = 2.03 95% CI 1.08-3.84, p = 0.03) and those owned by farmers reporting previous EL in their equids (OR = 1.87 95% CI 1.04-3.37, p = 0.04). Decreased odds were measured in horses <2.5 years (OR = 0.37 95% CI 0.18-0.78, p = 0.01) and horses reported to transport firewood (OR = 0.45 95% CI 0.28-0.74, p = 0.001). On multivariable analysis of donkeys, decreased odds of seropositivity were demonstrated amongst donkeys owned by households which also owned horses (OR = 0.23 95% CI 0.06-0.85, p = 0.03). HCF infection prevalence in horses and donkeys was 22.0% (n = 102/463, 95% CI 18.3-26.1%) and 5.4% (n = 5/92, 95% CI 1.8-12.2%), respectively. No significant agreement was measured between LAT and nested ITS-PCR results (κ < 0.00). Conclusion: High Histoplasma spp. exposure was demonstrated amongst equids in The Gambia. Investigation of risk factors, including equid husbandry and management strategies, as well as geoclimatic variations, is warranted. Outcomes may inform sustainable and equitable EL control strategies in The Gambia and comparable settings worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nasal vaccination elicits a humoral immune response that provides protection from airborne pathogens1, yet the origins and specific immune niches of antigen-specific IgA-secreting cells in the upper airways are unclear2. Here we define nasal glandular acinar structures and the turbinates as immunological niches that recruit IgA-secreting plasma cells from the nasal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALTs)3. Using intact organ imaging, we demonstrate that nasal vaccination induces B cell expansion in the subepithelial dome of the NALT, followed by invasion into commensal-bacteria-driven chronic germinal centres in a T cell-dependent manner. Initiation of the germinal centre response in the NALT requires pre-expansion of antigen-specific T cells, which interact with cognate B cells in interfollicular regions. NALT ablation and blockade of PSGL-1, which mediates interactions with endothelial cell selectins, demonstrated that NALT-derived IgA-expressing B cells home to the turbinate region through the circulation, where they are positioned primarily around glandular acinar structures. CCL28 expression was increased in the turbinates in response to vaccination and promoted homing of IgA+ B cells to this site. Thus, in response to nasal vaccination, the glandular acini and turbinates provide immunological niches that host NALT-derived IgA-secreting cells. These cellular events could be manipulated in vaccine design or in the treatment of upper airway allergic responses.Nasal vaccination induces B cell expansion in the nasal-associated lymphoid tissues, followed by homing to the nasal turbinates and glandular acinar structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban sprawl leads to the degradation of aquatic environments and, consequently, to the destruction of biodiversity. With the aim of highlighting the distribution profile of benthic macroinvertebrates in the city of Yaoundé and its surroundings according to the level of degradation, this study was carried out in seven rivers. A total of 144 taxa of benthic macroinvertebrates, belonging to 74 families, 15 orders, five classes, and three phyla, were collected from seven rivers in urban, peri-urban, and forest environments on Yaoundé and its surroundings. The self-organizing map (SOM) analysis tool was used to group the collected taxa from all stations into three clusters or affinity cores. The indicator value analysis (IndVal) method was employed to determine, based on their ecological preferences, which organisms were most likely to belong to each group. Out of the 144 collected taxa, only 44 were indicated to represent the three different groups. Thus, three communities were defined: the Hydropsyche community, with Hydropsyche sp. as the predominant taxon in Group III, characterizing well-oxygenated and low-mineralized stations; the Hydrocyrius community, where the species Hydrocyrius sp. predominates in Group I, describing stations with low oxygenation and moderate mineralization; and the Lumbriculidae community, where Lumbriculidae is the taxon associated with environments with high mineralization and critical oxygenation. These two methods contribute to the biomonitoring of tropical aquatic environments, firstly by grouping organisms by affinity and then identifying those that reflect the environment conditions. This facilitates the detection of changes in the quality of hydrosystems and guides management and conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquitoes harbor a large diversity of eukaryotic viruses. Those viromes probably influence mosquito physiology and the transmission of human pathogens. Nevertheless, their ecology remains largely unstudied. Here, we address two key questions in virome ecology. First, we assessed the influence of mosquito species on virome taxonomic diversity and relative abundance. Contrary to most previous studies, the potential effect of the habitat was explicitly included. Thousands of individuals of Culex poicilipes and Culex tritaeniorhynchus, two vectors of viral diseases, were concomitantly sampled in three habitats over two years. A total of 95 viral taxa from 25 families were identified with meta-transcriptomics, with 75% of taxa shared by both mosquitoes. Viromes significantly differed by mosquito species but not by habitat. Differences were largely due to changes in relative abundance of shared taxa. Then, we studied the diversity of viruses with a broad host range. We searched for viral taxa shared by the two Culex species and Aedes vexans, another disease vector, present in one of the habitats. Twenty-six out of the 163 viral taxa were found in the three mosquitoes. These taxa encompassed 14 families. A database analysis supported broad host ranges for many of those viruses, as well as a widespread geographical distribution. Thus, the viromes of mosquitoes from the same genera mainly differed in the relative abundance of shared taxa, whereas differences in viral diversity dominated between mosquito genera. Whether this new model of virome diversity and structure applies to other mosquito communities remains to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peyer's patches (PPs) are lymphoid structures situated adjacent to the intestinal epithelium that support B cell responses that give rise to many intestinal IgA-secreting cells. Induction of isotype switching to IgA in PPs requires interactions between B cells and TGFβ-activating conventional dendritic cells type 2 (cDC2s) in the subepithelial dome (SED). However, the mechanisms promoting cDC2 positioning in the SED are unclear. Here, we found that PP cDC2s express GPR35, a receptor that promotes cell migration in response to various metabolites, including 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). In mice lacking GPR35, fewer cDC2s were found in the SED, and frequencies of IgA+ germinal center (GC) B cells were reduced. IgA plasma cells were reduced in both the PPs and lamina propria. These phenotypes were also observed in chimeric mice that lacked GPR35 selectively in cDCs. GPR35 deficiency led to reduced coating of commensal bacteria with IgA and reduced IgA responses to cholera toxin. Mast cells were present in the SED, and mast cell–deficient mice had reduced PP cDC2s and IgA+ cells. Ablation of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) in mast cells to prevent their production of 5-HIAA similarly led to reduced PP cDC2s and IgA responses. Thus, mast cell–guided positioning of GPR35+ cDC2s in the PP SED supports induction of intestinal IgA responses. Editor's summary: IgA production by B cells in the gut is required for host defense against mucosal pathogens. Isotype switching to IgA in the subepithelial dome (SED) of Peyer's patches (PPs) requires B cell interactions with conventional dendritic cells type 2 (cDC2s), but how cDC2s are positioned in the SED is not understood. De Giovanni et al. show that in mice, GPR35-expressing cDC2s are recruited to the SED by 5-HIAA produced by mast cells. Positioning of GPR35+ αvβ8+ cDC2s in the SED was required for IgA class switching and intestinal IgA responses. These findings identify mast cells as organizers of cDC2 positioning within the SED. —Hannah Isles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibody affinity maturation occurs in secondary lymphoid organs within germinal centers (GCs). At these sites, B cells mutate their antibody-encoding genes in the dark zone, followed by preferential selection of the high-affinity variants in the light zone by T cells. The strength of the T cell–derived selection signals is proportional to the B cell receptor affinity and to the magnitude of subsequent Myc expression. However, because the lifetime of Myc mRNA and its corresponding protein is very short, it remains unclear how T cells induce sustained Myc levels in positively selected B cells. Here, by direct visualization of mRNA and active transcription sites in situ, we found that an increase in transcriptional bursts promotes Myc expression during B cell positive selection in GCs. Elevated T cell help signals predominantly enhance the percentage of cells expressing Myc in GCs as opposed to augmenting the quantity of Myc transcripts per individual cell. Visualization of transcription start sites in situ revealed that T cell help promotes an increase in the frequency of transcriptional bursts at the Myc locus in GC B cells located primarily in the LZ apical rim. Thus, the rise in Myc, which governs positive selection of B cells in GCs, reflects an integration of transcriptional activity over time rather than an accumulation of transcripts at a specific time point. Editor's summary: After positive selection by T cells in the germinal center (GC) light zone, GC B cells express MYC that activates downstream cell cycle and metabolic gene programs. The half-life of MYC is short, and it is unclear how Myc accumulates in GC B cells to determine their fate. Kagan Ben Tikva et al. used a single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) approach to visualize the dynamics of Myc mRNA transcription in murine GC B cells receiving varying degrees of T cell help. T cell–derived signals enhanced the frequency of Myc transcriptional bursts in GC B cells rather than the abundance of transcripts per cell at a single time point, indicating that Myc expression in positively selected B cells is integrated over time. —Hannah Isles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Histology is the property of Egyptian Journal of Histology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The T cell receptor is generated by a process of random and imprecise somatic recombination. The number of possible T cell receptors which this process can produce is enormous, greatly exceeding the number of T cells in an individual. Thus, the likelihood of identical TCRs being observed in multiple individuals (public TCRs) might be expected to be very low. Nevertheless such public TCRs have often been reported. In this study we explore the extent of TCR publicity in the context of acute resolving Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in mice. We show that the repertoire of effector T cells following LCMV infection contains a population of highly shared TCR sequences. This subset of TCRs has a distribution of naive precursor frequencies, generation probabilities, and physico-chemical CDR3 properties which lie between those of classic public TCRs, which are observed in uninfected repertoires, and the dominant private TCR repertoire. We have named this set of sequences "hidden public" TCRs, since they are only revealed following infection. A similar repertoire of hidden public TCRs can be observed in humans after a first exposure to SARS-COV-2. The presence of hidden public TCRs which rapidly expand following viral infection may therefore be a general feature of adaptive immunity, identifying an additional level of inter-individual sharing in the TCR repertoire which may form an important component of the effector and memory response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Keywords: Antisynthetase syndrome; Myositis; Connective tissue diseases; Africa South of the Sahara EN Antisynthetase syndrome Myositis Connective tissue diseases Africa South of the Sahara 1 6 6 05/02/23 20230427 NES 230427 Introduction Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) or idiopathic-acquired myopathies represent a heterogeneous group of rare autoimmune diseases [[1]-[3]]. This classification, which is not unanimously accepted, includes dermatomyositis, inclusion myositis, autoimmune necrotising myositis and overlapping myositis and antisynthetase syndrome (ASS) and myositis associated with connective tissue disease [[2], [4]]. Abbreviations IIMs Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies MSAs Myositis-specific autoantibodies ASS Antisynthetase syndrome RNA Ribonucleic acid CRP C-reactive protein CK Creatine kinase Chest CT Chest computed tomography ILD Interstitial lung disease EMG Electromyogram ECG Electrocardiogram PE Patient education SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences MRI Magnetic resonance imaging C Corticosteroid therapy HQ Hydroxychloroquine AZA Azathioprine MTX Methotrexate RF Rheumatoid factors n.s.ILD Non-specific interstitial lung disease Fib Fibrosing non-specific ILD uILD Unclassifiable ILD ANA Antinuclear antibodies NA Not available Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Chest CT scans were performed in 12 patients (85.72%) and showed non-specific ILD in 9 patients (64.3%), fibrosing ILD in 2 patients (14.3%) and unclassifiable ILD in 1 patient (7.1%) (Fig. [Extracted from the article]

Background: South Sudan has experienced ongoing civil and environmental problems since gaining independence in 2011 that may influence childhood nutritional status. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of undernutrition among children in South Sudan in 2018 and 2019 compared to the prevalence in 2010. Methods: Data on height and weight were collected using a 2-stage stratified sample framework in which households were randomly selected at the county level and nutritional status was calculated for all children under 5 years of age to determine height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age Z-scores (HAZ, WHZ, and WAZ) and the prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with nutritional status and the odds ratio for nutritional outcomes. Results: In 2010, the mean HAZ, WHZ, and WAZ was −0.78, −0.82, and −1.15, respectively, and the prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight was 30%, 23%, and 32%, respectively. In 2018 and 2019, the mean HAZ, WHZ, and WAZ was −0.50, −0.70, −0.77 and −0.53, −0.77, −0.76, respectively. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight in 2018 and 2019 was 17%, 14%, 15% and 16%, 16%, 17%, respectively. Age was negatively associated with all nutritional indices and girls had higher HAZ, WHZ, and WAZ and a lower mid upper arm circumference (P <.01) compared to boys. The risk of poor nutritional outcomes was associated with vaccine status and varied by state of residence. Conclusions: Following independence in 2010, the prevalence of undernutrition in South Sudan decreased, but the risk for undernutrition varied by state and efforts to address food security and health need to ensure equitable access for all children in South Sudan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Folic acid can protect cells and tissues against the side effects of cytotoxic drugs by removing free radicals and prevention of oxidative damage. The aim of the present work is to demonstrate the teratogenic effects of cyclophosphamide on rat embryos and the possible protective effect of folic acid. Methods: 28 adult pregnant female albino rats were divided into groups as follows: Group I: (control group) 12 rats were further subdivided into two equal subgroups: Subgroup IA: (negative control group) received saline. Subgroup IB: (positive control group) received folic acid (2.4mg/kg/day). Group II: (experimental group) 10 rats received Cyclophosphamide (15 mg/kg) Intraperitoneally as a single dose on the 9th day of gestation. Group III: (protected group) 6 rats received folic acid (2.4 mg/kg/day) by orogastric tube from 1st to 19th gestational day. and Cyclophosphamide (15mg/kg) similar to the treated group. The skeletons were double stained by Alizarin red and Alcian blue stains and examined by Olympus SZ dissecting stereomicroscope. Results: various eye, ear, tongue and fusion defects were recorded. Skeletal anomalies were in the form of incomplete and un-ossified skull bones, open arch of atlas, incomplete ossification of sacral vertebrae, supernumerary sacral vertebra, supernumerary rib, and incomplete ossification of ribs, wavy ribs, incomplete ossification of sternum, and incomplete ossification of metacarpus, metatarsus and phalanges. Their incidence increased sign ificantly in the experimental group compared to the control group while it decreased significantly in the protected groups for all reported anomalies except for incomplete ossification of skull bones and vertebrae and supernumerary sacral vertebrae and ribs. Conclusion: Folic acid has a protective role from Cyclophosphamide inducedteratogenicity in albino rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sample surveys are the mainstay of surveillance for acute malnutrition in settings affected by crises but are burdensome and have limited geographical coverage due to insecurity and other access issues. As a possible complement to surveys, we explored a statistical approach to predict the prevalent burden of acute malnutrition for small population strata in two crisis-affected countries, Somalia (2014–2018) and South Sudan (2015–2018). Methods: For each country, we sourced datasets generated by humanitarian actors or other entities on insecurity, displacement, food insecurity, access to services, epidemic occurrence and other factors on the causal pathway to malnutrition. We merged these with datasets of sample household anthropometric surveys done at administrative level 3 (district, county) as part of nutritional surveillance, and, for each of several outcomes including binary and continuous indices based on either weight-for-height or middle-upper-arm circumference, fitted and evaluated the predictive performance of generalised linear models and, as an alternative, machine learning random forests. Results: We developed models based on 85 ground surveys in Somalia and 175 in South Sudan. Livelihood type, armed conflict intensity, measles incidence, vegetation index and water price were important predictors in Somalia, and livelihood, measles incidence, rainfall and terms of trade (purchasing power) in South Sudan. However, both generalised linear models and random forests had low performance for both binary and continuous anthropometric outcomes. Conclusions: Predictive models had disappointing performance and are not usable for action. The range of data used and their quality probably limited our analysis. The predictive approach remains theoretically attractive and deserves further evaluation with larger datasets across multiple settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentrations and distribution spectra of 14 stable rare earth elements (REE) were studied for surface waters (n = 30) and sediments (n = 30) of the tropical zone Mgoua watershed in southwest of Cameroon. Samples were analyzed using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) method. The ∑REE concentrations of the surface waters vary from 0.11 to 6.60 µg/L with an average value of 1.18 µg/L. This average is 150 times lower than the average values of the Post-Archean Australian Average Shale (PAAS). In the sediments, the concentrations range from 282.12 to 727.67 ppm with an average value of 550.05 ppm, making it 2.5 times higher than the PAAS. Rare earth spectra normalized to PAAS are spread out and show heavy rare earth enrichment; positive Eu anomalies; negative, low, or no Ce anomalies; and a gradual decrease in heavy earths in river and well waters and sediments, but are sawtooth with strong negative Ce anomalies in effluent waters and sediments. A low rare earth fractionation is noted in river and well waters [(La/Yb)N ~ 0.35–1.19], while it is high in effluent waters [(La/Yb)N ~ 0.42–56.99]; a slight depletion of rare earths in all environments [(La/Sm)N ~ 0.69–2.35], as well as a depletion of heavy rare earths [(Gd/Yb)N ~ 0.58–1.94]. In the sediments, the same characteristics are found with elemental ratio values differing slightly [(La/Yb)N ~ 1.15–1.99]; [(La/Sm)N ~ 0.75–1.36]; and [(Gd/Yb)N ~ 1.15–2.01]. This study shows that the Mgoua watershed does not have a high concentration of REE, although in the sediments they are well above the average PASS value while they are insignificant in the waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article evaluates Agriculture Risk Coverage (ARC) and Revenue Protection (RP) used in conjunction as an optimal risk management strategy for representative producers in the Corn Belt and Mississippi Delta. Using a simulation procedure to produce representative farm revenues, we find it is optimal under expected utility for producers to enroll in RP, despite having RP through ARC. Results are robust across alternative sampling methods and regions. These findings imply that ARC is better suited as a complementary program, and that it is optimal for a producer to enroll in higher coverage levels than we currently observe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Marking techniques are generally used to differentiate colony mosquitoes from wild ones in the implementation of vector control programs using the Sterile Insect Technique. Different mosquito marking techniques have been developed in the past years but need improvement due to the extensive handling that can affect the quality of mosquitoes. We present here a self-marking technique that can reduce the damage associated with mosquito handling in mass rearing. The marking technique consists of adding fluorescent powder (DayGlo: A-17-N Saturn yellow) directly to the surface water of the receptacle containing Aedes aegypti male pupae. The marking efficacy, powder persistence and mosquito survival were assessed for male mosquito. We observed a high marking rate that increased with increasing amounts of fluorescent powder. Fluorescent powder lasted long on the mosquito body and did not induce a negative effect on their survival. This self-marking method reduces human intervention and mosquito handling, improving the quality of marked mosquitoes. In the implementation of mosquito control strategy programs using Sterile Insect Technique and other rear and release strategies, knowledge on the dispersion, competitiveness and survival of mosquitos is considered essential. To assess these parameters, marking techniques are generally used to differentiate colony mosquitoes from wild ones. Most of the existing mosquito marking methods require numerous manipulations that can impact their quality. In this study, we have developed a self-marking technique that can reduce the damage associated with mosquito handling. The marking technique consisted of adding fluorescent powder (DayGlo: A-17-N Saturn yellow) directly to the surface water of the receptacle containing Aedes aegypti male pupae. Different quantities of powder were used, and marking efficacy, powder persistence and mosquito survival were assessed. The results show a mean marking rate of 98 ± 1.61%, and the probability of marking increased significantly (p < 0.001) with increasing concentrations of fluorescent powder. Fluorescent powder persisted up to 20 days and did not induce a negative effect on mosquito survival (χ2 = 5.3, df = 7, p = 0.63). In addition, powder transfer did not occur between marked and unmarked populations. This marking method significantly reduces human intervention and mosquito handling during the marking process, improving the quality of marked mosquitoes used to assess SIT programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Movimento (0104754X) is the property of Movimento, da Escola de Educacao, Fisica, Fisioterapia e Danca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We have clarified the microbiological characterization of Gambian traditional fermented milk (FM), “Kosam.” Two samples of FM were collected at two regions in The Gambia in 2019. The microbiota of these samples was analyzed by culture‐dependent methods and Illumina sequencing. The number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in FM from Central River Region (CRR) and Lower River Region (LRR) was 8.27 ± 0.08 log CFU/ml and 7.21 ± 0.09 log CFU/ml, respectively. While no coliforms and Escherichia coli were detected in CRR‐FM, LRR‐FM contained 5.73 ± 0.17 log CFU/ml of coliforms and 4.82 ± 0.13 log CFU/ml of E. coli. The dominant viable LAB in FM from CRR was Lactobacillus delbrueckii, followed by Streptococcus lutetiensis, while that from LRR was Lactococcus lactis. The metagenomic analysis also revealed that these species were dominant in these Gambian traditional FM. Furthermore, it also revealed the possibility of the presence of pathogens such as Klebsiella spp. This study enhanced the knowledge of Gambian FM and contributed to the elucidation of microbial communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our understanding of the viral communities associated to animals has not yet reached the level attained on the bacteriome. This situation is due to, among others, technical challenges in adapting metagenomics using high‐throughput sequencing to the study of RNA viromes in animals. Although important developments have been achieved in most steps of viral metagenomics, there is yet a key step that has received little attention: the library preparation. This situation differs from bacteriome studies in which developments in library preparation have largely contributed to the democratisation of metagenomics. Here, we present a library preparation optimized for metagenomics of RNA viruses from insect vectors of viral diseases. The library design allows a simple PCR‐based preparation, such as those routinely used in bacterial metabarcoding, that is adapted to shotgun sequencing as required in viral metagenomics. We first optimized our library preparation using mock viral communities and then validated a full metagenomic approach incorporating our preparation in two pilot studies with field‐caught insect vectors; one including a comparison with a published metagenomic protocol. Our approach provided a fold increase in virus‐like sequences compared to other studies, and nearly‐full genomes from new virus species. Moreover, our results suggested conserved trends in virome composition within a population of a mosquito species. Finally, the sensitivity of our approach was compared to a commercial diagnostic PCR for the detection of an arbovirus in field‐caught insect vectors. Our approach could facilitate studies on viral communities from animals and the democratization of metagenomics in community ecology of viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the efficacy of the Colombian institutional response to the COVID-19 crisis from a gender perspective. The Colombian Professional Women's League has been characterized by perpetual crisis since its launch in 2017. Far from the affirmative action needed to remedy its historic marginalization, an environment of conscious institutional inertia had already placed the league in severe doubt before the onset of COVID-19. It is argued that stark asymmetries of power underpin persistent gender differentiation and that an untenable development model has been laid bare and exacerbated by the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Movimento (0104754X) is the property of Movimento, da Escola de Educacao, Fisica, Fisioterapia e Danca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article considers the gendered institutional response to COVID‐19 in Brazilian football. It is argued that the asymmetries of power which shaped policy are rooted in the historical marginalisation of women's sports in the country along with socially constructed notions of hegemonic masculinity. The COVID‐19 pandemic has served to accentuate deeply embedded social and economic inequalities and may serve as a pretext for eroding precarious gains made in recent times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bluetongue is a non-contagious viral disease affecting small ruminants and cattle that can cause severe economic losses in the livestock sector. The virus is transmitted by certain species of the genus Culicoides and consequently, understanding their distribution is essential to enable the identification of high-risk transmission areas. In this work we use bioclimatic and environmental variables to predict vector abundance, and estimate spatial variations in the basic reproductive ratio R0. The resulting estimates were combined with livestock mobility and serological data to assess the risk of Bluetongue outbreaks in Senegal. The results show an increasing abundance of C. imicola, C. oxystoma, C. enderleini, and C. miombo from north to south. R0 < 1 for most areas of Senegal, whilst southern (Casamance) and southeastern (Kedougou and part of Tambacounda) agro-pastoral areas have the highest risk of outbreak (R0 = 2.7 and 2.9, respectively). The next higher risk areas are in the Senegal River Valley (R0 = 1.07), and the Atlantic coast zones. Seroprevalence rates, shown by cELISA, weren’t positively correlated with outbreak probability. Future works should include follow-up studies of competent vector abundancies and serological surveys based on the results of the risk analysis conducted here to optimize the national epidemiological surveillance system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutrophils provide first line of host defense against bacterial infections utilizing glycolysis for their effector functions. How glycolysis and its major byproduct lactate are triggered in bone marrow (BM) neutrophils and their contribution to neutrophil mobilization in acute inflammation is not clear. Here we report that bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or Salmonella Typhimurium triggers lactate release by increasing glycolysis, NADPH-oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species and HIF-1α levels in BM neutrophils. Increased release of BM lactate preferentially promotes neutrophil mobilization by reducing endothelial VE-Cadherin expression, increasing BM vascular permeability via endothelial lactate-receptor GPR81 signaling. GPR81−/− mice mobilize reduced levels of neutrophils in response to LPS, unless rescued by VE-Cadherin disrupting antibodies. Lactate administration also induces release of the BM neutrophil mobilizers G-CSF, CXCL1 and CXCL2, indicating that this metabolite drives neutrophil mobilization via multiple pathways. Our study reveals a metabolic crosstalk between lactate-producing neutrophils and BM endothelium, which controls neutrophil mobilization under bacterial infection. Lactate is a by-product of glycolysis that can function via its G protein receptor GPR81. Here the authors show that LPS or Salmonella infection enhances glycolytic metabolism in bone marrow neutrophils, resulting in lactate production, which increases endothelial barrier permeability and mobilization of these neutrophils by targeting endothelial GPR81. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enduring immunity against harmful pathogens depends on the generation of immunological memory. Serum immunoglobulins are constantly secreted by long‐lived antibody‐producing cells, which provide extended protection from recurrent exposures. These cells originate mainly from germinal center structures, wherein B cells introduce mutations to their immunoglobulin genes followed by affinity‐based selection. Generation of high‐affinity antibodies relies on physical contacts between T and B cells, a process that facilitates the delivery of fate decision signals. T‐B cellular engagements are mediated through interactions between the T cell receptor and its cognate peptide presented on B cell major histocompatibility class II molecules. Here, we describe the cellular and molecular aspects of these cognate T‐B interactions, and highlight exceptional cases, especially those arising at intestinal lymphoid organs, at which T cells provide help to B cells in an atypical manner, independent of T cell specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is endemic in northern Senegal, a Sahelian area characterized by a temporary pond network that drive both RVF mosquito population dynamics and nomadic herd movements. To investigate the mechanisms that explain RVF recurrent circulation, we modelled a realistic epidemiological system at the pond level integrating vector population dynamics, resident and nomadic ruminant herd population dynamics, and nomadic herd movements recorded in Younoufere area. To calibrate the model, serological surveys were performed in 2015–2016 on both resident and nomadic domestic herds in the same area. Mosquito population dynamics were obtained from a published model trained in the same region. Model comparison techniques were used to compare five different scenarios of virus introduction by nomadic herds associated or not with vertical transmission in Aedes vexans. Our serological results confirmed a long lasting RVF endemicity in resident herds (IgG seroprevalence rate of 15.3%, n = 222), and provided the first estimation of RVF IgG seroprevalence in nomadic herds in West Africa (12.4%, n = 660). Multivariate analysis of serological data suggested an amplification of the transmission cycle during the rainy season with a peak of circulation at the end of that season. The best scenario of virus introduction combined yearly introductions of RVFV from 2008 to 2015 (the study period) by nomadic herds, with a proportion of viraemic individuals predicted to be larger in animals arriving during the 2nd half of the rainy season (3.4%). This result is coherent with the IgM prevalence rate (4%) found in nomadic herds sampled during the 2nd half of the rainy season. Although the existence of a vertical transmission mechanism in Aedes cannot be ruled out, our model demonstrates that nomadic movements are sufficient to account for this endemic circulation in northern Senegal. Author summary: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is one of the most important vector borne disease in Africa, seriously affecting the health of domestic ruminants and humans and leading to severe economic consequences. This disease is endemic in northern Senegal, a Sahelian area characterized by a temporary pond network that drive both RVF mosquito population dynamics and nomadic herd movements. Two non-exclusive mechanisms may support this endemicity: recurrent introductions of the virus by nomadic animals, and vertical transmission of the virus (i.e. from infected female mosquito to eggs) in local Aedes populations. The authors followed resident and nomadic domestic herds for 1 year. They used the data thus obtained to model a realistic epidemiological system at the pond level integrating vector population dynamics, resident and nomadic ruminant herd population dynamics. They found that the best scenario explaining RVF remanence combined yearly introductions of RVFV by nomadic herds, with a viraemic proportion predicted to be larger in animals arriving during the 2nd half of the rainy season, which is consistent with an amplification of virus circulation in the area during the rainy season. Although the existence of a vertical transmission mechanism in Aedes cannot be ruled out, their results demonstrates that nomadic movements are sufficient to account for this endemic circulation in northern Senegal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micronutrient malnutrition is a challenge for women of reproductive age, who are particularly vulnerable due to greater micronutrient needs. The minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD‐W) indicator is a micronutrient adequacy's proxy for those women, but little is known about its relation to other dimensions. We assessed MDD‐W and its association with other socioeconomic, food security and purchasing practices in urban Burkina Faso. We conducted multi‐stage cluster sampling in two main cities of Burkina Faso, stratified by type of district, and interviewed 12 754 women in the 2009‐2011 period. We obtained food consumption data through unquantified 24 hour recalls and computed MDD‐W as consuming at least five out of ten predefined food groups. We constructed multivariable regression models with sociodemographic and food security covariates. MDD‐W in urban Burkina Faso was 31%, higher in Ouagadougou (33%) than in Bobo‐Dioulasso (29%), and lower in unstructured districts. The most frequently consumed food groups were 'all starchy', 'vitamin A rich dark green leafy vegetables' and 'other vegetables'. Household's expenses were associated with higher likelihood of MDD‐W, while the association with household food security indicators varied by year and type of district. Purchasing foods in markets and choosing the place of purchase based on large choice rather than proximity showed a positive association with the MDD‐W. Only one in three women in urban Burkina Faso reached the minimum dietary diversity, and although socioeconomic and food security variables had the greatest effect on MDD‐W, purchasing practices, like going to the market, also showed a positive effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vector-borne diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. In the Afrotropical region, some are transmitted by Culicoides, such as Akabane, bluetongue, epizootic haemorrhagic fever and African horse sickness viruses. Bluetongue virus infection has an enormous impact on ruminant production, due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Methods: A nationwide Culicoides trapping campaign was organized at the end of the 2012 rainy season in Senegal. A Maximum Entropy approach (MaxEnt), Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) method and Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) were used to develop a predictive spatial model for the distribution of Culicoides, using bio-climatic variables, livestock densities and altitude. Results: The altitude, maximum temperature of the warmest month, precipitation of the warmest quarter, mean temperature of the wettest quarter, temperature seasonality, precipitation of the wettest quarter and livestock density were among the most important factors to predict suitable habitats of Culicoides. Culicoides occurrences were, in most of the cases, positively correlated to precipitation variables and livestock densities; and negatively correlated to the altitude and temperature indices. The Niayes area and the Groundnut basin were the most suitable habitats predicted. Conclusion: We present ecological niche models for different Culicoides species, namely C. imicola, C. oxystoma, C. enderleini and C. miombo, potential vectors of bluetongue virus, on a nationwide scale in Senegal. Through our modelling approach, we were able to determine the effect of bioclimatic variables on Culicoides habitats and were able to generate maps for the occurrence of Culicoides species. This information will be helpful in developing risk maps for disease outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Host-vector contact is a key factor in vectorial capacity assessment and thus the transmission of mosquito-borne viruses such as Rift Valley Fever (RVF), an emerging zoonotic disease of interest in West Africa. The knowledge of the host-feeding patterns of vector species constitutes a key element in the assessment of their epidemiological importance in a given environment. The aim of this work was to identify the blood meal origins of the mosquito Aedes vexans arabiensis, the main vector of RVF virus in the Ferlo pastoral ecosystem of Senegal. Methodology/principal findings: Engorged female mosquitoes were collected in Younouféré in the pastoral ecosystem in the Ferlo region during the 2014 rainy season. CO2-baited CDC light traps were set at six points for two consecutive nights every month from July to November. Domestic animals present around traps were identified and counted for each trapping session. Blood meal sources of engorged mosquitoes were identified using a vertebrate-specific multiplexed primer set based on cytochrome b. Blood meal sources were successfully identified for 319 out of 416 blood-fed females (76.68%), of which 163 (51.1%) were single meals, 146 (45.77%) mixed meals from two different hosts and 10 (3.13%) mixed meals from three different hosts. Aedes vexans arabiensis fed preferentially on mammals especially on horse compared to other hosts (FR = 46.83). Proportions of single and mixed meals showed significant temporal and spatial variations according to the availability of the hosts. Conclusion: Aedes vexans arabiensis shows an opportunistic feeding behavior depending on the host availability. This species fed preferentially on mammals especially on horses (primary hosts) and ruminants (secondary hosts). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Summary: Establishment of effective immunity against invading microbes depends on continuous generation of antibodies that facilitate pathogen clearance. Long‐lived plasma cells with the capacity to produce high affinity antibodies evolve in germinal centers (GCs), where B cells undergo somatic hypermutation and are subjected to affinity‐based selection. Here, we focus on the cellular interactions that take place early in the antibody immune response during GC colonization. Clones bearing B‐cell receptors with different affinities and specificities compete for entry to the GC, at the boundary between the B‐cell and T‐cell zones in lymphoid organs. During this process, B cells compete for interactions with T follicular helper cells, which provide selection signals required for differentiation into GC cells and antibody secreting cells. These cellular engagements are long‐lasting and depend on activation of adhesion molecules that support persistent interactions and promote transmission of signals between the cells. Here, we discuss how interactions between cognate T and B cells are primarily maintained by three types of molecular interactions: homophilic signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) interactions, T‐cell receptor: peptide‐loaded major histocompatibility class II (pMHCII), and LFA‐1:ICAMs. These essential components support a three‐step process that controls clonal selection for entry into the antibody affinity maturation response in the GC, and establishment of long‐lasting antibody‐mediated immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Routinely collected hospital information could help to understand the characteristics and outcomes of care home residents admitted to hospital as an emergency. Methods This retrospective 2-year service evaluation included first emergency admissions of any older adult (≥75 years) presenting to Cambridge University Hospital. Routinely collected patient variables were captured by an electronic patient record system. Care home status was established using an official register of care homes. Results 7.7% of 14,777 admissions were care home residents. They were older, frailer, more likely to be women and have cognitive impairment than those admitted from their own homes. Additionally, 42% presented with an Emergency Department Modified Early Warning Score above the threshold triggering urgent review, compared to 26% of older adults from their own homes. Admission from a care home was associated with higher 30-day inpatient mortality (11.1 vs 5.7%), which persisted after multivariable adjustment (hazard ratio: 1.42; 95% confidence interval: 1.09-1.83; p = 0.008). Conclusion Care home residents admitted to hospital as an emergency have high illness acuity and inpatient mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protective immune responses depend on the formation of immune synapses between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The two main LFA-1 ligands, ICAM-1 and ICAM-2, are co-expressed on many cell types, including APCs and blood vessels. Although these molecules were suggested to be key players in immune synapses studied in vitro, their contribution to helper T cell priming in vivo is unclear. Here, we used transgenic mice and intravital imaging to examine the role of dendritic cell (DC) ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 in naive CD4 T cell priming and differentiation in skin-draining lymph nodes. Surprisingly, ICAM deficiency on endogenous CD40-stimulated lymph node DCs did not impair their ability to arrest and prime CD4 lymphocyte activation and differentiation into Th1 and Tfh effectors. Thus, functional T cell receptor (TCR)-specific helper T cell synapses with antigen-presenting DCs and subsequent proliferation and early differentiation into T effectors do not require LFA-1-mediated T cell adhesiveness to DC ICAMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many zoonotic infectious diseases have emerged and re-emerged over the last two decades. There has been a significant increase in vector-borne diseases due to climate variations that lead to environmental changes favoring the development and adaptation of vectors. This study was carried out to improve knowledge of the ecology of mosquito vectors involved in the transmission of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in Senegal. Methods: An entomological survey was conducted in three Senegalese agro-systems, Senegal River Delta (SRD), Senegal River Valley (SRV) and Ferlo, during the rainy season (July to November) of 2014 and 2015. Mosquitoes were trapped using CDC light traps set at ten sites for two consecutive nights during each month of the rainy season, for a total of 200 night-traps. Ecological indices were calculated to characterize the different populations of RVFV mosquito vectors. Generalized linear models with mixed effects were used to assess the influence of climatic conditions on the abundance of RVFV mosquito vectors. Results: A total of 355,408 mosquitoes belonging to 7 genera and 35 species were captured in 200 night-traps. RVFV vectors represented 89.02% of the total, broken down as follows: Ae. vexans arabiensis (31.29%), Cx. poicilipes (0.6%), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (33.09%) and Ma. uniformis (24.04%). Comparison of meteorological indices (rainfall, temperature, relative humidity), abundances and species diversity indicated that there were no significant differences between SRD and SRV (P = 0.36) while Ferlo showed significant differences with both (P < 0.001). Mosquito collection increased significantly with temperature for Ae. vexans arabiensis (P < 0.001), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (P= 0.04) and Ma. uniformis (P=0. 01), while Cx. poicilipes decreased (P = 0.003). Relative humidity was positively and significantly associated with the abundances of Ae. vexans arabiensis (P < 0.001), Cx. poicilipes (P = 0.01) and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (P = 0.007). Rainfall had a positive and significant effect on the abundances of Ae. vexans arabiensis (P = 0.005). The type of biotope (temporary ponds, river or lake) around the trap points had a significant effect on the mosquito abundances (P < 0.001). Conclusions: In terms of species diversity, the SRD and SRV ecosystems are similar to each other and different from that of Ferlo. Meteorological indices and the type of biotope (river, lake or temporary pond) have significant effects on the abundance of RVFV mosquito vectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performance and safety are impaired in employees engaged in shift work. Combat divers who use closed-circuit oxygen diving apparatus undergo part of their training during the night hours. The greatest risk involved in diving with such apparatus is the development of central nervous system oxygen toxicity (CNS-OT). We investigated whether the switch from day-to-night activity may be a risk factor for the development of CNS-OT using a diurnal animal model, the fat sand rat (Psammomys obesus). Animals were kept on a 12:12 light–dark schedule (6 a.m. to 6 p.m. at 500 lx). The study included two groups: (1) Control group: animals were kept awake and active during the day, between 09:00 and 15:00. (2) Experimental group: animals were kept awake and active during the night, between 21:00 and 03:00, when they were exposed to dim light in order to simulate the conditions prevalent during combat diver training. This continued for a period of 3 weeks, 5 days a week. On completion of this phase, 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (6-SMT) levels in urine were determined over a period of 24 h. Animals were then exposed to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO). To investigate the effect of acute melatonin administration, melatonin (50 mg/kg) or its vehicle was administered to the animals in both groups 20 min prior to HBO exposure. After the exposure, the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase was measured, as were the levels of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and overall nitrotyrosylation in the cortex and hippocampus. Latency to CNS-OT was significantly reduced after the transition from day-to-night activity. This was associated with alterations in the level of melatonin metabolites secreted in the urine. Acute melatonin administration had no effect on latency to CNS-OT in either of the groups. Nevertheless, the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase, as well as nitrotyrosine and nNOS levels, were altered in the hippocampus following melatonin administration. On the basis of these results, we suggest that a switch from diurnal to nocturnal activity may represent an additional risk factor for the development of CNS-OT. Utilizing a diurnal animal model may contribute to our understanding of the heightened risk of developing CNS-OT when diving with closed-circuit oxygen apparatus at night. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: the clinical frailty scale (CFS) was validated as a predictor of adverse outcomes in community-dwelling older people. In our hospital, the use of the CFS in emergency admissions of people aged 75 years was introduced under the Commissioning for Quality and Innovation payment framework. Aim: we retrospectively studied the association of the CFS with patient characteristics and outcomes. Design: retrospective observational study in a large tertiary university National Health Service hospital in UK. Methods: the CFS was correlated with transfer to specialist Geriatric ward, length of stay (LOS), in-patient mortality and 30- day readmission rate. Results: between 1st August 2013 and 31st July 2014, there were 11 271 emergency admission episodes of people aged 75 years (all specialties), corresponding to 7532 unique patients (first admissions); of those, 5764 had the CFS measured by the admitting team (81% of them within 72 hr of admission). After adjustment for age, gender, Charlson comorbidity index and history of dementia and/or current cognitive concern, the CFS was an independent predictor of in-patient mortality [odds ratio (OR)¼1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.48 to 1.74, P<0.001], transfer to Geriatric ward (OR¼1.33, 95% CI: 1.24 to 1.42, P<0.001) and LOS 10 days (OR¼1.19, 95% CI: 1.14 to 1.23, P<0.001). The CFS was not a multivariate predictor of 30-day readmission. Conclusions: the CFS may help predict in-patient mortality and target specialist geriatric resources within the hospital. Usual hospital metrics such as mortality and LOS should take into account measurable patient complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Findings regarding blood glucose level (BGL) on exposure to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) are contradictory. We investigated the influence of HBO on BGL, and of BGL on latency to central nervous system oxygen toxicity (CNS-OT). The study was conducted on five groups of rats: Group 1, exposure to oxygen at 2.5 atmospheres absolute (ATA), 90 min/day for 7 days; Group 2, exposure to oxygen once a week from 2 to 6 ATA in increments of 1 ATA/wk, for a period of time calculated as 60% of the latency to CNS-OT (no convulsions); Group 3, exposure to 6 ATA breathing a gas mixture with a pO2 of 0.21; Group 4, received 10 U/kg insulin to induce hypoglycemia before exposure to HBO; Group 5, received 33% glucose to induce hyperglycemia before exposure to HBO. Blood samples were drawn before and after exposures for measurement of BGL. No change was observed in BGL after exposure to oxygen at 2.5 ATA, 90 min/day for 7 days. BGL was significantly elevated after exposure to oxygen at 6 ATA until the appearance of convulsions, and following exposure to 4, 5, and 6 ATA without convulsions (P < 0.01). No change was observed in BGL after exposure to 6 ATA breathing a gas mixture with a pO2 of 0.21. Hypoglycemia shortened latency to CNS oxygen toxicity, whereas hyperglycemia had no effect. Our results demonstrate an influence of HBO exposure on elevation of BGL, starting at 4 ATA. This implies that BGL may serve as a marker for the generation of CNS-OT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over the past decade, a sharp decline of malaria burden has been observed in several countries. Consequently, the conventional entomological methods have become insufficiently sensitive and probably underestimate micro-geographical heterogeneity of exposure and subsequent risk of malaria transmission. In this study, we investigated whether the human antibody (Ab) response to Anopheles salivary gSG6-P1 peptide, known as a biomarker of Anopheles exposure, could be a sensitive and reliable tool for discriminating human exposure to Anopheles bites in area of low and seasonal malaria transmission. Methods: A multi-disciplinary survey was performed in Northern Senegal where An. gambiae s.l. is the main malaria vector. Human IgG Ab response to gSG6-P1 salivary peptide was compared according to the season and villages in children from five villages in the middle Senegal River valley, known as a low malaria transmission area. Results: IgG levels to gSG6-P1 varied considerably according to the villages, discriminating the heterogeneity of Anopheles exposure between villages. Significant increase of IgG levels to gSG6-P1 was observed during the peak of exposure to Anopheles bites, and decreased immediately after the end of the exposure season. In addition, differences in the season-dependent specific IgG levels between villages were observed after the implementation of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets by The National Malaria Control Program in this area. Conclusion: The gSG6-P1 salivary peptide seems to be a reliable tool to discriminate the micro-geographical heterogeneity of human exposure to Anopheles bites in areas of very low and seasonal malaria transmission. A biomarker such as this could also be used to monitor and evaluate the possible heterogeneous effectiveness of operational vector control programs in low-exposure areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: interventions to prevent hospital readmission depend on the identification of patients at risk. The LACE index predicts readmission (and death) and is in clinical use internationally. The LACE index was investigated in an older UK population.Methods: randomly selected alive-discharge episodes were reviewed. A LACE score was calculated for each patient and assessed using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. A logistic regression model was constructed, compared with the LACE and validated in a separate population.Results: a total of 507 patients were included with a mean (SD) age of 85 (6.5) years; 17.8% were readmitted and 4.5% died within 30 days. The median LACE score of those readmitted compared with those who were not was 12.5 versus 12 (P = 0.13). The Lace index was only a fair predictor of both 30-day readmission and death with c-statistics of 0.55 and 0.70, respectively. Only the emergency department visit was an independent predictor of readmission, with a c-statistic of 0.61 for readmission. In a validation cohort of 507 cases, the c-statistic of the regression model was 0.57.Conclusion: the LACE index is a poor tool for predicting 30-day readmission in older UK inpatients. The absence of a simple predictive model may limit the benefit of readmission avoidance strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a vaccine-preventable respiratory disease caused by Bordetella pertussis infection, against which Senegalese children are immunized with the diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis vaccine (DTwP). Seroepidemiology of pertussis has been widely described in industrialized countries, but rare are the studies referring to it in developing countries. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal survey in Northern Senegal to investigate the epidemiology of B. pertussis by evaluating the IgG antibody (Ab) response against pertussis toxin (PT). A cohort of 410 children aged 1 to 9 from five villages in the Middle Senegal River Valley were followed-up for 18 months. During that period, five visits were made to assess the immunological status of the children. Principal Findings: PT-specific IgG responses were significantly different according to age. Until the age of 3, there was a decrease in the Ab response, which then increased in the older groups. Assessment of IgG antibodies to PT (IgG-PT) suggested evidence of recent exposures to the pathogen. Surprisingly, in one of the five villages the average Ab response to PT was very low at all ages during the first 6 months of the study. At the third visit, IgG-PT concentrations peaked to very high levels, to slightly decline at the end of the survey. This indicates an outbreak of B. pertussis, whereas in the other villages a pertussis endemic profile could be observed. Conclusions: Pertussis is endemic in Northern Senegal despite the introduction of vaccination. The circulation of the bacteria seems to differ between geographic locations and over time. A more complete understanding of the epidemiology of pertussis and its environmental determinants could provide information to adapt vaccination programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]