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The contribution of nanoparticles is important to enhance energy resources and improve the efficiency of solar management systems. Owing to impressive thermal consequences, various applications of nanoparticles are observed in engineering processes, chemical and mechanical industries, thermal systems and many more. It is further emphasized that the decomposition of nanoparticles with non-Newtonian materials is more dynamic from an application point of view. The current research communicates the improvement in thermal transportation phenomenon due to interaction of nanoparticles along with decomposing of third-grade base fluid. The nanofluid is immersed with microorganism to justify the applications of bioconvection. The thermal observations are carried out with the existence of some extra thermal consequences like activation energy and radiative phenomenon with nonlinear approach. The modified relations of Fourier and Fick theories have been used to entertain the thermal results. The confined flow is due to the accelerated regime with stretching characteristics. The dynamical system is formulated with the attention of partial differential equations. The physical impact of parameters is addressed for specific range of parameters like 0. 3 ≤ M ≤ 0. 9 , 0. 2 ≤ α ≤ 0. 8 , 0. 1 ≤ Pr ≤ 1. 0 , 0. 3 ≤ Rb ≤ 0. 9 , 0. 2 ≤ δ T ≤ 1. 0 , 0. 2 ≤ Rd ≤ 1. 0 , 0. 2 ≤ Nr ≤ 1. 0 , 0. 2 ≤ Nb ≤ 1. 0 , 0. 3 ≤ β ≤ 1. 0 , 0. 2 ≤ S ≤ 0. 6 , 0. 2 ≤ Nt ≤ 1. 0 , 0. 2 ≤ θ w ≤ 0. 6. The analytical outcomes are listed via homotopy analysis scheme. The role of parameters fluctuating in the various profiles is graphically observed. The results conveyed via the current model are effective in enhancing the thermal processes, solar systems, heat transfer, control of cooling and heating phenomenon, biofuels, fertilizers, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improved thermal assessment of nano‐particles in presence of magnetic force, thermal radiation and activation energy involve dynamic applications in thermal engineering, industrial processes, and modern technologies. The bioconvection pattern in various nanoparticles attributes novel bio‐technology applications like bio‐fuels petroleum engineering, enzymes, bio‐sensors, and many more. On this end, present theoretical analysis endeavors to examine the thermal characteristics of time dependent Williamson nanofluid confined by an unsteady stretched radioactive Riga plate. Here, nanofluid bioconvection is developed by the combined aspects of buoyancy forces and magnetic field with collaboration of motile microorganisms and nanoparticles. Present analysis is further carried out in presence of activation energy, nonlinear thermal radiation and chemical reaction. The whole exploration is exposed to convective Nield constraints on boundary. The dimensionless form of formulated nonlinear system is achieved with utilization of apposite transformations and then approximate solution is elucidated by shooting technique. The graphical interpretation for numerous relevant parameters on velocity, concentration, temperature and motile microorganism profiles are displayed. The results reveal that an increasing variation in velocity is noticed with modified Hartmann. An increasing nanofluid temperature is associated with Williamson parameter and temperature ratio constant. Moreover, the motile microorganism distribution enhances with bioconvected Lewis and mixed convection constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel treatment of fractional-time derivative using the incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (ISPH) method is introduced to simulate the bioconvection flow of nano-enhanced phase change materials (NEPCM) in a porous hexagonal cavity. The fractional-time derivative is based on the Caputo style, which reflects the fractional order behavior in complex systems. In this work, the circular rotation of the embedded four-pointed star and the motion of oxytactic microorganisms in a hexagonal cavity are conducted. Due to the significance of fractional derivatives in handling real physical problems with more flexibility than conventional derivatives, the present scheme of the ISPH method is developed to solve the fractional-time derivative of the bioconvection flow in a porous hexagonal cavity. This study implicates the variations of a fractional-time derivative, a parametric of an inner four-pointed star, and the pertinent physical parameters on the behavior of a bioconvection flow of a nanofluid in a hexagonal-cavity containing oxytactic microorganisms. The presence of microorganisms has a significant role in many biological, engineering, and medical phenomena. From the present numerical investigation, it is well mentioned that the computational time of the transient processes can be reduced by applying a fractional-time derivative. The variable sizes of an inner fourpointed star enhance the bioconvection flow in a hexagonal cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioconvection aspect for the rate type nanomaterial under dynamic of induced magnetic force has been numerically worked out. The Oldroyd-B nonlinear model is incorporated to inspect the interesting rheological dynamic of rate type classifications. Following nonlinear models, the relaxation and retardation features are observed. The numerical proposed data is fundamentally achieved via the shooting method. After developing the dimensionless problem expressions, the shooting numerical algorithm is followed for the computations. The physical onset of parameters is graphically listed with interesting applications. It is observed that a more strong induced magnetic field profile has been observed due to the presence of bio-convective Lewis number and Rayleigh number. An enriched profile of thermal phenomenon due to Grashof number is observed. The composed reflected outcomes present importance in thermal management systems, extrusion systems, plasma physics, chemical processes, nuclear systems, extrusion mechanism, biofuels, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present research deals with the study of time-dependent pulsatile MHD (Magnetohydrodynamics) hybrid nanofluid with entropy optimization and electrokinetic force in a channel. The current mathematical model is formulated as the Cu − Au − blood (Casson fluid) hybrid nanofluids flow between the bottom and wavy top walls. The pulsatile flow is subjected to an inverse magnetic field of uniform force to study the effect of the resulting Lorenz force. Exact solutions for velocity, temperature, heat transfer rate, and streamlines are constructed by employing the perturbation approach to evaluate coupled nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). The velocity (u s) of the blood-based Cu − Au hybrid nanofluid increases with increasing values of the electro-osmotic parameter. The higher values of copper-gold nanoparticle volume fraction increase the entropy generation (N G) . This theoretical investigation helps estimate entropy in systems biology, which is used to treat cancer and improve the function of medical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, nanoengineering has evolved to utilize nanoparticles along with base liquids to enhance the thermal attributes of pure liquids. The industry today also highly relies upon thermal machine performances, and the use of nanomaterials is the key to serve this purpose. In this research, the applications of the slip phenomenon are addressed for bioconvection applications in a non-Newtonian "Eyring–Powell" nanofluid model confined by a stretching sheet. The activation energy and nonlinear thermal radiation are taken as novel impacts during the study. The flow has been saturated by Darcy–Forchheimer porous space. The fundamental laws are attributed to formulate the governing expressions. The numerical simulations are continued employing a shooting scheme to obtain the solutions. The executive and novel physical importance of parameters that governs the flow is addressed for nanofluid velocity, temperature, concentration, and microorganisms' profiles. The observations reveal that presence of slip parameter control the velocity but improve the heat and mass transportation phenomenon. The nanoparticles concentration increases with inertial forces and activation energy. Moreover, the bioconvection Lewis number declines the microorganism profile while increasing trend is noted for higher values of slip parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioconvective flow of non-Newtonian fluid induced by a stretched surface under the aspects of combined magnetic and porous medium effects is the main focus of the current investigation. Unlike traditional aspects, here the viscoelastic behavior has been examined by a combination of both micropolar and second grade fluid. Further thermophoresis, Brownian motion and thermodiffusion aspects, along with variable thermal conductivity, have also been utilized for the boundary process. The solution of the nonlinear fundamental flow problem is figured out via convergent approach via Mathematica software. It is noted that this flow model is based on theoretical flow assumptions instead of any experimental data. The efficiency of the simulated solution has been determined by comparing with previously reported results. The engineering parameters' effects are computationally evaluated for some definite range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the flow parameters of Reiner–Philippoff nanofluid flow with high‐order slip properties, activation energy, and bioconvection have been analyzed using artificial neural networks (ANNs). Local Nusselt number (LNN), local Sherwood number (LSN), and motile density number (MDN) are considered as flow parameters. Numerical values have been obtained by numerical methods using flow equations. To estimate the flow parameters, three different ANN models have been designed. The Levenberg–Marquardt training algorithm is used in multilayer perceptron network models with 10 neurons in the hidden layers. In all, 70% of the data set has been used for training the models, 15% for validation, and 15% for testing. The performance analysis of the network models has been made by calculating the determined performance parameters. The R values for the LNN, LSN, and MDN parameters have been calculated as 0.99261, 0.98769, and 0.99102, respectively, and the average deviation values are −0.65%, 0.06%, and −0.11%, respectively. The attained outcomes showed that the ANNs can predict the LNN, LSN, and MDN, which are the flow parameters of the Reiner–Philippoff nanofluid flow, with high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultra-high significances of thermal radiation, magnetic field and activation energy in thermal enhancement processes allow significant applications in chemical and mechanical engineering, modern technology and various thermal engineering eras. The improvement in energy resources and production became one of the major challenges for researchers and scientists for sustained development in industrial growths. Beside this, the bioconvection assessment in nanomaterials conveys prestigious applications in biotechnology like bio-sensors, enzymes, petroleum industry, bio-fuels and many more. In view of such renewable applications, present exploration discloses unsteady two-dimensional flow of third-grade nanomaterial accommodating gyrotactic microorganisms induced by unsteady stretched Riga sheet in porous medium. The formulated flow problem is further scrutinized by utilizing the chemical reaction, activation energy, thermal radiation and magnetic aspects. The convective Nield constraints are further subjected in the current investigation. Apposite transformations are used to condense the nonlinear developed problem into dimensionless ordinary form. The numerical solution of such similar flow problem is presented via shooting technique. The detailed graphical illustrations of the dimensionless temperature, nanoparticles concentration, velocity and motile microorganisms for physical significance of diverse relevant parameters are deliberated. Furthermore, numerical data of local Sherwood, Nusselt and motile density numbers is designated in tabular form. Study accentuated that velocity increases for higher modified Hartmann and material constants, while the effects of buoyancy ratio and bioconvected Rayleigh numbers are rather opposite. The temperature, microorganism and concentration distributions were enhanced for unsteady parameter. It is also acknowledged that the concentration distribution is enhanced for activating the energy number. Moreover, the microorganism distribution enhances for concentration difference and magneto-porous constants, while bioconvected Lewis and Peclet numbers show conflicting trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of nano-engineering, the decomposition of nanoparticles with base liquids enhances the thermal performances of such base materials. Owing to the tremendous demand for high thermal performances in industries, the use of nanoparticles becomes more fascinating. In most nanofluid analyses, the thermal inspection of non-Newtonian is based on the assumption of constant viscosity. However, considering viscosity as a function of temperature is more beneficial to improve the transportation of mass and heat transfer phenomenon. This theoretical analysis addresses the narrative role of partial slip and temperature-dependent viscosity in the bioconvection assessment of Maxwell nanofluid confined by a stretched surface. The nonlinear thermal radiation and activation energy applications are encounter as a novel impact. The formulated set of coupled and nonlinear flow problems is numerically presented with proper execution of shooting algorithm. The comparative task for verifications is done against previous investigations with excellent confirmation claim. The graphical exploration because of flow parameters is reported for the nanofluid velocity, temperature, concentration, and microorganisms. The observations are summarized in the conclusion part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here theoretical analysis of heat, mass and motile microorganisms transfer rates in Casson fluid flow over stretched permeable surface of cylinder is studied. Investigated is carried out in the presence of suspended nanoparticles and self-propelled gyrotactic microorganisms. The effects of buoyancy forces, magnetic field and thermal radiation are considered. The nanoparticles with suitable suspension are stabilized through mutual effects of buoyancy forces and bioconvection. Furthermore, activation energy and Darcy- Forchheimer effects on bio nanofluid flow are accounted. The constitutive theories are executed to develop the model formulation. The obtained model is made dimensionless trough appropriate transformations. The dimensionless flow model is tackled by built-in algorithm of shooting technique. Impact of flow controlling constraints parameters is physically elaborated by making graphical illustrations. The outcomes based on numerical data against essential engineering formulations like surface drag force, Nusselt, density and Sherwood numbers are tabulated. Main outcomes are successfully summarized in terms of closing remarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the growing evolution in nanotechnology and thermal sciences, nanoparticles are considered as an alternative solution for the energy depletion due to their ultra-high thermal effectives. Nanofluids reflect inclusive and broad-spectrum significances in engineering, industrial and bio-engineering like power plants, energy source, air conditioning systems, surface coatings, evaporators, power consumptions, nano-medicine, cancer treatment, etc. The present study describes the bio-convective peristaltic flow of a third-grade nanofluid in a tapered asymmetric channel. Basic conservation laws of mass, momentum, energy, and concentration as well as the microorganism diffusion equation are utilized to model the problem. The simplified form of the modeled expressions is accounted with long wavelength assumptions. For solving the resulting coupled and nonlinear equations, a well-known numerical method implicit finite difference scheme has been utilized. The graphical results describe the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles, and the density of motile microorganisms at the nanoscale. Furthermore, microorganism concentration lines are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the growing interest of bioconvection flow of nanomaterials, many investigations on this topic have been performed, especially in this decade. The bioconvection flow of nanofluid includes some novel significance in era of biotechnology and bio-engineering like bio-fuels, microbial enhanced oil recovery, enzymes, pharmaceutical applications, petroleum engineering, etc. The current analysis aims to explore the various thermal properties of Sutterby nanofluid over rotating and stretchable disks with external consequences of variable thermal conductivity, heat absorption/generation consequences, activation energy and thermal radiation. The considered flow problem is changed into dimensionless form with convenient variables. The numerical structure for the obtained non-dimensional equations is numerically accessed with built-in shooting technique. The consequences of various physical parameters are observed for enhancement of velocity, temperature, concentration and motile microorganism. It is noted that both axial and tangential velocity components decrease with Reynolds number and buoyancy ratio parameter. The nanofluid concentration improves with activation energy and concentration Biot number. Moreover, an improved microorganisms profile is noticed with microorganism Biot number and bioconvection Rayleigh number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical analysis is performed to analyze the bioconvective double diffusive micropolar non-Newtonian nanofluid flow caused by stationary porous disks. The consequences of the current flow problem are further extended by incorporating the Brownian and thermophoresis aspects. The energy and mass species equations are developed by utilizing the Cattaneo and Christov model of heat-mass fluxes. The flow equations are converted into an ordinary differential model by employing the appropriate variables. The numerical solution is reported by using the MATLAB builtin bvp4c method. The consequences of engineering parameters on the flow velocity, the concentration, the microorganisms, and the temperature profiles are evaluated graphically. The numerical data for fascinating physical quantities, namely, the motile density number, the local Sherwood number, and the local Nusselt number, are calculated and executed against various parametric values. The microrotation magnitude reduces for increasing magnetic parameters. The intensity of the applied magnetic field may be utilized to reduce the angular rotation which occurs in the lubrication processes, especially in the suspension of flows. On the account of industrial applications, the constituted output can be useful to enhance the energy transport efficacy and microbial fuel cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]