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We developed a reaction–diffusion model to describe the spatio-temporal dynamics of the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman), based on adult abundance data collected by the Regional Phytosanitary Service during the monitoring activities in the infested area in Lombardy (northern Italy), from 2015 to 2021. The model simulated the abundance of the pest, with a discrete time step of one year along linear trajectories departing from an initial point of establishment. The model allowed the determination of the rate of expansion (i.e. the speed at which the leading edge of a population wave moves over time) of the pest along 13 different trajectories, ranging from 4.5 to 13.8 km/y, with a mean value of 8.2 km/y. Finally, we developed a land suitability index that summarises the effect of land use on the trajectory-specific rate of expansion of P. japonica. Specifically, the model revealed an increase in the rate of expansion of 260 m per year for each additional percentage point in the land suitability index. The model presented and the knowledge acquired in this work represent an important step forward in the comprehension of P. japonica population dynamics, and they represent important elements for the development of a decision support tool for pest risk managers to design and implement scientifically driven management actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using sous-vide technology in combination with essential oils offers the potential to extend the preservation of food items while preserving their original quality. This method aligns with the growing consumer demand for safer and healthier food production practices. This study aimed to assess the suitability of minimal processing of game meat and the effectiveness of vacuum packaging in combination with Piper nigrum essential oil (PNEO) treatment to preserve red deer meat samples inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes. Microbial analyses, including total viable count (TVC) for 48 h at 30 °C, coliform bacteria (CB) for 24 h at 37 °C, and L. monocytogenes count for 24 h at 37 °C, were conducted. The cooking temperature of the sous-vide was from 50 to 65 °C and the cooking time from 5 to 20 min. Additionally, the study monitored the representation of microorganism species identified through mass spectrometry. The microbiological quality of red deer meat processed using the sous-vide method was monitored over 14 days of storage at 4 °C. The results indicated that the TVC, CB, and L. monocytogenes counts decreased with the temperature and processing time of the sous-vide method. The lowest counts of individual microorganism groups were observed in samples treated with 1% PNEO. The analysis revealed that PNEO, in combination with the sous-vide method, effectively reduced L. monocytogenes counts and extended the shelf life of red deer meat. Kocuria salsicia, Pseudomonas taetrolens, and Pseudomonas fragi were the most frequently isolated microorganism species during the 14-day period of red deer meat storage prepared using the sous-vide method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern lifestyles have increased the focus on food stability and human health due to evolving industrial goals and scientific advancements. Pathogenic microorganisms significantly challenge food quality, with Salmonella enterica and other planktonic cells capable of forming biofilms that make them more resistant to broad-spectrum antibiotics. This research examined the chemical composition and antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of the essential oil from Eugenia caryophyllus (ECEO) derived from dried fruits. GC-MS analyses identified eugenol as the dominant component at 82.7%. Additionally, the study aimed to extend the shelf life of sous vide deer meat by applying a plant essential oil and inoculating it with S. enterica for seven days at 4 °C. The essential oil demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against S. enterica. The ECEO showed significant antibiofilm activity, as indicated by the MBIC crystal violet test results. Data from MALDI-TOF MS analysis revealed that the ECEO altered the protein profiles of bacteria on glass and stainless-steel surfaces. Furthermore, the ECEO was found to have a beneficial antibacterial effect on S. enterica. In vacuum-packed sous vide red deer meat samples, the anti-Salmonella activity of the ECEO was slightly higher than that of the control samples. These findings underscore the potential of the ECEO's antibacterial and antibiofilm properties in food preservation and extending the shelf life of meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The genus Oscheius includes species with different habits and some of them have been shown to kill some insect pests. The occurrence of Oscheius in hay meadow soils from the area recently invaded by the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica in Lombardy, Italy, has been surveyed. Oscheius myriophilus was detected at five out of 18 sites resulting positive to entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), either alone or together with other genera of EPN, indicating a widespread occurrence. The morphological analysis of the strains retrieved showed that they are morphologically in agreement with those of the type population and with other populations recently described. The phylogenetic analysis supported the sub-grouping of all sequences of O. myriophilus from Lombardy with those present in the databases and a close relationship with O. safricana was observed. The capacity to kill the laboratory host Galleria mellonella was similar to that observed in a previous study related to isolates from P. japonica , although O. myriophilus did not cause significant mortality in laboratory trials with the invasive beetles. The isolates of O. myriophilus from Lombardy were characterised in relation to their infectivity to G. mellonella and response to environmental stress, such as heat tolerance and desiccation. Overall, O. myriophilus appears to be an important component of the EPN community of hay meadow soil in Lombardy and might play a role in the containment of the invasive P. japonica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illicium verum, commonly known as star anise, represents one of the notable botanical species and is recognized for its rich reservoir of diverse bioactive compounds. Beyond its culinary application as a spice, this plant has been extensively utilized in traditional medicine. Given the contemporary emphasis on incorporating natural resources into food production, particularly essential oils, to enhance sensory attributes and extend shelf life, our study seeks to elucidate the chemical composition and evaluate the antibacterial (in vitro, in situ) and insecticidal properties of Illicium verum essential oil (IVEO). Also, microbiological analyses of pumpkin sous vide treated with IVEO after inoculation of Salmonella enterica were evaluated after 1 and 7 days of study. GC/MS analysis revealed a significantly high amount of (E)-anethole (88.4%) in the investigated EO. The disc diffusion method shows that the antibacterial activity of the IVEO ranged from 5.33 (Streptococcus constellatus) to 10.33 mm (Citrobacter freundii). The lowest minimal inhibition concentration was found against E. coli and the minimum biofilm inhibition concertation was found against S. enterica. In the vapor phase, the best antimicrobial activity was found against E. coli in the pears model and against S. sonei in the beetroot model. The application of the sous vide method in combination with IVEO application decreased the number of microbial counts and eliminated the growth of S. enterica. The most isolated microbiota identified from the sous vide pumpkin were Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. cereus, B. licheniformis, and Ralstonia picketii. Modifications to the protein composition of biofilm-forming bacteria S. enterica were suggested by the MALDI TOF MS instigations. The IVEO showed insecticidal potential against Harmonia axyridis. Thanks to the properties of IVEO, our results suggest it can be used in the food industry as a natural supplement to extend the shelf life of foods and as a natural insecticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The lateral thoracic area is a known source for perforator flaps for partial breast reconstruction. In this paper, we report our experience in designing and harvesting lateral thoracic perforator flaps for partial and total breast reconstruction with the introduction of the "propuller" concept. Patients and Methods: Between September 2013 and August 2021, 95 flaps were performed for immediate, partial and total breast reconstruction. On a total of 95 flaps, 30 (19 thoracodorsal artery perforator(TDAP) flaps, 10 lateral intercostal artery perforator(LICAP) flaps and 1 lateral thoracic artery perforator(LTAP) flap) were harvested in the traditional fashion (control group) and 65 (57 LICAP, 2 LTAP and 6 TDAP flaps) according to the propeller concept (study group). All cases were preoperatively planned with Color-Coded Duplex Ultrasound. Results: No flap losses were experienced in both groups. The mean operative time was 156 minutes (range 118–234) for the control group and 75 minutes (range 53–125) for the study group (p < 0.0001). A significantly higher number of LICAP flaps were chosen in the study group compared to control group. None of the patients had donor site complications. Patients' and Surgeons' satisfaction was high to very high. Conclusion: The ultrasound preoperative planning led to the development of an easier and safer method of local perforator flap harvesting, that we named as propuller design. Its novelty lies in that perforator intraoperative selection and fully skeletonization are not needed and a more efficient flap movement (propeller plus advancement) which transfers more tissue into the new breast can be achieved safely, faster and easier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Concerted efforts by scientists and researchers are still being made to ensure the medicinal plants will be available on a continuing basis as a result of their medicinal, pharmaceutical, food, and other uses and to meet the increasing demands for them globally. Satureja montana is one of the multi-use medicinal plants that was introduced to Egypt to study the effect of planting dates, nitrogen, phosphorus, and fertilizers, and their interaction on the production of fresh herb and essential oil. Planting in the autumn gave the highest fresh herb, with 55 kg of nitrogen/ha and 37 kg of phosphorus/ha fertilization. For the highest essential oil production, spring planting with 55 kg of nitrogen/ha and 74 kg of phosphorus/ha was used. Much of the knowledge on its use as raw material in traditional medicine has been reported. Also, this study's emphasis has been put on essential oil composition. This study highlights that the cultivated species belongs to S. montana L., a carvacrol chemotype. There is antioxidant, antimicrobial, and insecticidal activities shown by S. montana essential oil. Due to the limited information recorded about the influence of different agronomic factors on the plant, there needs to be agronomic studies conducted on S. montana, and a selection of the best ones in order to maximize its production. The rising demand for safe plant compounds and herbal products that contribute positively to human health is in line with current market trends. Plants belonging to the Satureja genus, particularly the aromatic medicinal S. montana L. from the Lamiaceae family, are well suited to these trends as they serve as pharmaceutical raw materials. This research aimed to assess the influence of sowing date and fertilization doses, as well as their interaction, on the fresh weight, essential oil content, and composition of S. montana. Experimental cultivation involved varying nitrogen and phosphorus levels. The second cut had the highest fresh weight and oil production compared to the first cut. The highest total plant biomass was achieved with autumn sowing and fertilization at 55 kg N/ha and 37 kg P/ha, whereas Spring sowing exhibited higher essential oil production, with the maximum oil % with 74 kg P/ha and oil yield after applying 55 kg N/ha and 74 kg P/ha. The GC-MS analysis revealed that carvacrol was the predominant compound, with it being recommended to grow S. montana in Spring at doses of 55 kg N/ha and 74 kg P/ha for the superior oil yield. Additionally, S. montana essential oil demonstrated notable biological and antimicrobial activity, positioning it as a potential alternative to chemical food preservatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) is the most widespread diagnostic tool for upper-airway endoscopic evaluation of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, a consensus on the effectiveness of DISE on surgical outcomes is still lacking. This study aimed to quantify the effect of DISE on surgical outcomes and to compare DISE with awake examination using the Müller Maneuver (MM). Methods: This systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Published studies from the last 30 years were retrieved from the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and PubMed databases. Studies comparing DISE with awake examination, or MM were included. Surgical success rate was defined according to Sher's criteria, achieving a postoperative apnoea-hypopnea index (AHI) value < 20 events per hour and a 50% improvement from preoperative AHI. Outcomes are presented in terms of surgical success, pre- and postoperative AHI, Epworth sleepiness score (ESS), oxygen desaturation index (ODI) and lowest oxygen saturation (LOS). Results: This review included 8 studies comprising 880 patients. DISE group showed a higher LOS increase, ODI decrease, ESS decrease than non-DISE group (6.83 ± 3.7 versus 3.68 ± 2.9, p<0.001; 19.6 ± 11.2 versus 12.6 ± 10.4, p<0.001; 6.72 ± 4.1 versus 3.69 ± 3.1, p<0.001). Differences in surgical success rate were significant only between DISE and MM (64.04% versus 52.48%, p = 0.016). AHI decrease resulted higher in non-DISE than in DISE group (39.92 ± 24.7 versus 30.53 ± 21.7, p<0.001). Conclusion: Results of this systematic review suggest that the evidence is mixed regarding a positive effect of DISE on surgical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, virological surveillance focused on coronaviruses in marmots in the Alpine region in 2022, captured as part of a population control reduction program in the Livigno area. Seventy-six faecal samples were randomly collected from marmots at the time of capture and release and tested for genome detection of pan-coronavirus, pan-pestivirus, canine distemper virus, and influenza A and D virus. Nine faecal samples were positive in the Pan-CoV RT-PCR, while all were negative for the other viruses. Pan-coronavirus positives were further identified using Illumina's complete genome sequencing, which showed the highest homology with Bovine Coronavirus previously detected in roe deer in the Alps. Blood samples (n.35) were collected randomly from animals at release and tested for bovine coronavirus (BCoV) antibodies using competitive ELISA and VNT. Serological analyses revealed that 8/35 sera were positive for BCoV antibodies in both serological tests. This study provides molecular and serological evidence of the presence of BCoV in an alpine marmot population due to a likely spillover event. Marmots share areas and pastures with roe deer and other wild ruminants, and environmental transmission is a concrete possibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), is a major pest of turfgrasses, pastures and hay meadows in the invaded areas of North America and Europe. This study evaluated the efficacy of two biocontrol agents (the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin and the nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar) and the insecticide chlorantraniliprole against P. japonica larvae using a soil seeder modified for soil injection with minimum grass disturbance (“Eco Defender 25”). In 2021, trials were carried out at two hay meadows in the Lombardy region of Italy, using water and undisturbed plots as controls. Both biological agents and the insecticide reduced larval densities at one or the other site, but not at both sites, compared to the control. In the following spring, drone surveys conducted over the hay meadows did not show differences in grass quality between treatments, including the undisturbed plots. Overall, the soil injector demonstrated efficacy under distinct conditions, highlighting the need for further optimization according to soil properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New goals for industry and science have led to increased awareness of food safety and healthier living in the modern era. Here, one of the challenges in food quality assurance is the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. As planktonic cells can form biofilms and go into a sessile state, microorganisms are now more resistant to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Due to their proven antibacterial properties, essential oils represent a potential option to prevent food spoilage in the search for effective natural preservatives. In this study, the chemical profile of Citrus limon essential oil (CLEO) was evaluated. GC-MS analysis revealed that limonene (60.7%), β-pinene (12.6%), and γ-terpinene (10.3%) are common constituents of CLEO, which prompted further research on antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values showed that CLEO generally exhibits acceptable antibacterial properties. In addition, in situ antimicrobial research revealed that vapour-phase CLEO can arrest the growth of Candida and Y. enterocolitica species on specific food models, indicating the potential of CLEO as a preservative. The antibiofilm properties of CLEO were evaluated by MIC assays, crystal violet assays, and MALDI-TOF MS analysis against S. enterica biofilm. The results of the MIC and crystal violet assays showed that CLEO has strong antibiofilm activity. In addition, the data obtained by MALDI-TOF MS investigation showed that CLEO altered the protein profiles of the bacteria studied on glass and stainless-steel surfaces. Our study also found a positive antimicrobial effect of CLEO against S. enterica. The anti-Salmonella activity of CLEO in vacuum-packed sous vide carrot samples was slightly stronger than in controls. These results highlight the advantages of the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of CLEO, suggesting potential applications in food preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a globally widespread infectious disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The bacterium is excreted in the feces and is characterized by high environmental resistance. The new Animal Health Law (Regulation EU 2016/429) on transmissible animal diseases, recently in force throughout the European Union, includes paratuberculosis within the diseases requiring surveillance in the EU, listing some domestic and wild Bovidae, Cervidae, and Camelidae as potential reservoirs. Taking advantage of a culling activity conducted in the Stelvio National Park (Italy), this study investigated MAP infection status of red deer (Cervus elaphus) between 2018 and 2022, and evaluated the probability of being MAP-positive with respect to individual and sampling-level variables. A total of 390 subjects were examined macroscopically and tested for MAP, using different diagnostic tools: IS900 qPCR, culture, histopathology, and serology. Twenty-three of them were found positive for MAP by at least one test, with an overall prevalence of 5.9% (95% CI 4.0-8.7), that, respectively, ranged from 12.4% in the first culling season to 2.0 and 2.1% in the 2019-2020 and 2021-2022 culling seasons. Quantitative PCR assay on ileocecal valve and mesenteric lymph nodes detected the highest number of MAP positive animals. The results of the study showed the increased probability of being MAP-positive with increasing age and that red deer with lower body mass values were more likely to be infected with MAP. Overall, the absence of signs of clinical paratuberculosis and gross lesions together with the low level of shedding witness early phases of the disease among the positive red deer and support an improvement of the paratuberculosis status of this population, as shown by the decreased prevalence of the disease over the years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: During postharvest dehydration, grapes are subject to metabolic changes including ethanol anabolism and catabolism. These changes affect the quality of the final product and ethanol production is a key step. Ethanol dissipation has never been measured during postharvest wine grape dehydration. Thus, the present study aimed to: (i) monitor ethanol dissipation and (ii) investigate chemical–biochemical changes in berries during dehydration. RESULTS: Ethanol dissipation from Raboso grapes, under controlled postharvest dehydration, was found to comprise up to 36% of weight loss (w.l.). Moreover, the activity of enzymes involved in the anaerobic metabolism of grapes was investigated. Ethanol dissipation was highly correlated with grape weight loss (r2 = 0.989). Alcohol dehydrogenase activity, responsible for the reduction of ethanol to acetaldehyde, declined significantly with w.l. Similarly, pyruvate decarboxylase and lactate dehydrogenase reduced their activity. High lipoxygenase activity was measured at 27% w.l., whereas polyphenol oxidation was constant and declined in the last sampling. CONCLUSION: Ethanol dissipation during postharvest dehydration allows for reducing anaerobic metabolism and promotes oxidative metabolism. The sensor used can be a useful commercial tool for monitoring berry metabolism. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tick-borne encephalitis was limited to northeast portions of Italy. We report in Lombardy, a populous region in the northwest, a chamois displaying clinical signs of tickborne encephalitis virus that had multiple virus-positive ticks attached, as well as a symptomatic man. Further, we show serologic evidence of viral circulation in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Airflow is an important issue to favor postharvest dehydration keeping wine grape quality. The aim of this experimental work was to analyze the grape quality during postharvest dehydration: (i) in a commercial facility ('fruttaia') by monitoring the efficiency of the ventilation system and (ii) at laboratory level, studying the influence of crate type and airflow direction. RESULTS: In the fruttaia, the airflow was provided by an air duct hanging from the ceiling, and by floor fans. A great gap in air speed from 0 up to 3.7 m s−1 was measured in different sectors of the fruttaia, leading to a different weight loss and grape quality in crates, depending on crate stack height and sector. At the laboratory level, two tunnels, with exhaust or supply fans, were used and four crate types with different percentages of vent‐holes were adopted. A decrease of about 5% delayed the weight loss rate depending on the type of crate, and the exhaust fan guaranteed a faster dehydration. CONCLUSION: The results clarified the inefficiency of the commercial ventilation system in ensuring homogeneous grape weight loss in all crates. In addition, the exhaust fan guaranteed a more uniform air distribution around crates, and a slightly higher air speed. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Biodynamic agriculture is a management approach that aims to reduce the reliance on agrochemicals for production by emphasizing the use of specific natural preparations. A 2-year field trial spanning 2019–2020 was conducted in an established vineyard (Vitis vinifera L., cv. Cesanese d'Affile) to elucidate the impact of the cow horn silica biodynamic preparation (BD-501) on leaf vine physiology, potential resistance via chitinase activity, and analysis of secondary metabolites. The vineyard under biodynamic management was divided into two plots: one treated with BD-501 (BD-501) and the other untreated (BD). Throughout the vine growth season, measurements of carotenoid and chlorophyll levels, polyphenols, and chitinase activity were taken around key phenological phases (BBCH scale). During the ripening phase, a fluorometer was employed to assess chlorophyll fluorescence in the leaves. Results: Leaves treated with BD-501 exhibited elevated concentrations of polyphenols and increased chitinase activity during the later phenological phases. In contrast, the untreated BD samples demonstrated high values primarily in the central phase of the observation period but not consistently throughout. At the time of harvest, chlorophyll concentration and quantum yield exhibited no statistically significant differences. BD-501 triggered a distinct response in terms of potential defense mechanisms (elevated polyphenols and chitinase activity) during the veraison phase. However, conversely, lower levels of chlorophylls and carotenoids were observed. Conclusions: Nevertheless, a further round of experimental work is required to thoroughly comprehend the regulatory mechanisms behind this adaptive response and to ascertain the efficacy of BD-501. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When bottled wine is opened, a completely different scenario occurs that can accelerate the oxidation of the product. This is called the secondary shelf life (SSL), which is generally shorter and less predictable than the primary shelf life (PSL). In this context, the research aim was to evaluate the changes that occur in two types of red wine during two tests to evaluate the secondary shelf life as a function of the packaging systems. The variation of Total SO2 and Free SO2 and the other chemical parameters (polyphenols, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, color, and volatile acidity) were used to assess the oxidation rate of the packaging samples after opening during the SSL. In both tests and for the two types of stored red wine, the polymeric cap showed the best results. The other types of closure (screw cap, natural cork, crow cap, and Tetra Brik) showed a negative trend and a reduced SSL for both red wines. Finally, the sensory results confirmed that with the polymeric cap, the SSL increases considerably compared to other capping systems. These results may be due to the technical characteristics of polymeric materials, which tend to vary slightly in shape after repeated usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shelf-life of bread is influenced by flour components, such as starch, composed of amylose and amylopectin. The aim was to test the effect of different balances of N (45, 90, 135 kg/ha) and P (48, 96 kg/ha) fertilizers on the flour characteristics and consequently the shelf-life of PDO Tuscan bread, stored in different modified atmosphere packaging (Ar, N2, Air). The amylose and phytochemical compounds were increased by N and decreased by the addition of P, but excessive doses of N (135 kg/ha) had a negative effect on flour quality. In the bread, the study highlighted the tendency of N2 and Ar, as storage filler gases, to reduce water loss, slow down the staling process, and prolong shelf-life. However, the most significant influence on shelf-life was related to the different fertilizations of wheat. In fact, when N was present in equal dose to P (90/96 or 45/48 kg/ha) or slightly higher (90/48 kg/ha), the bread tended to last longer over time. Instead, when these ratios were unbalanced in favor of N (135/48 or 135/96 kg/ha) and in favor of P (45/96 kg/ha), the shelf-life decreased considerably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The application of 3D exoscopic technology is spreading worldwide, in several surgical scenarios. In this study, we present the first-time use of the exoscopic system (VITOM® and Versacrane™) in a cadaver simulation of transoral Snore Surgery. Methods: All participants (n = 14) were asked to perform 2 exercises that simulate tasks required in Snore Surgery, they were then administered a questionnaire assessing their evaluation of the applied exoscopic technology. Participants were divided into groups according to age and experience. Results: Mean zooming and focusing time was higher in young surgeons than in seniors, and similar results were obtained for mean procedural times. The responses to the questionnaire showed that in the vast majority (86%), the exoscopic technology was well rated. Conclusion: The exoscope can be considered a useful tool, thanks to its magnifying power and high-definition images, as well as for its indirect ability to enhance staff involvement in the procedure and for educational purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Avanzi 3-Grano 23" (G23) is an old variety of Triticum aestivum from the mountain areas of Lunigiana (north Tuscany, Italy), where traditional farming communities have contributed to its success and on-farm conservation. G23 flour, traditionally used for typical food products, is characterized by particular nutritional and sensory traits but has technological properties which limit its suitability for breadmaking. The aim of this work was to evaluate how to promote the use of G23 through the optimization of bread formulation by leveraging both flour blending and the leavening system. During the preliminary test, three different mixes of G23 flour and a strong flour (C) were tested in terms of their leavening power as a function of leavening agent (baker's yeast or sourdough). The selected M2 flour, composed of G23:C (1:1 w/w), was used for further breadmaking trials and 100% C flour was utilized as a control. The sourdough bread obtained with the M2 flour (SB-M2) showed an improved sensory profile compared with the related control (SB-C). Furthermore, SB-M2 exhibited the best aromatic (high content in aldehydes, pyrazines and carboxylic acids) and phytochemical profile (total polyphenols and flavonoids content and antioxidant activity). In contrast, the use of baker's yeast, although optimal from the point of view of breadmaking, did not result in the same levels of aromatic complexity because it tends to standardize the product without valorizing the sensory and nutritional qualities of the flour. In conclusion, in the experimental conditions adopted, this old wheat variety appears to be suitable for the production of sourdough bakery products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two innovative soft maceration techniques of vinification based on red grape Cabernet Sauvignon were compared in 2020 and 2021 vintages with the most used system of maceration (pump-over and delestage) in today's wine sector in order to verify the efficiency in polyphenol extraction and fermentation rate. Fermentation kinetics and final wine characteristics were evaluated as the main parameters for comparing the systems. The AIR MIX (AIRMIXING M.I.™) technique is based on the use of a fixed sequential small injections of compressed air (3 jets) from the bottom of the tank, aimed at creating waves (resonance waves) able to prevent the cap formation. The ADCF (NECTAR-ADCF™) technique uses the overpressure produced by carbon dioxide in the wine tank during alcoholic fermentation to keep the cap submerged and to favor its disruption by the CO2 outside release through a valve. As a reference, the control vinification consisted of the use of "delestage" and pump-over to facilitate the extraction and good management of the cap. ADCF, at the end, extracted a greater quantity of polyphenols and anthocyanins. AIR MIX speeded up the fermentation, which ended 4–7 days before the control and, initially, provoked a greater extraction of phenols and anthocyanins as ADCF. By the end, the concentration of polyphenols and anthocyanins was the highest in ADCF, followed by control and AIR MIX approximately at the same amount. The control wine had a slightly higher volatile acidity. AIR MIX consumed more than 60% less energy because the nonuse of pump-over and delestage, and also, no personnel was requested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Barbed snore surgery (BSS) was recently introduced for the management of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with optimistic clinical outcomes associated with a low complication rate. The purpose of the present study was to describe the surgical learning curve of the BSS to determine the effect of surgeon experience on surgical procedure time and complication rates. Methods: Patients who underwent tonsillectomy with barbed lateral pharyngoplasty were divided in two different groups based on surgeon experience. Operative time, intraoperative blood loss, intra- and post-operative complications, and hospitalization time were compared. Results: A total of 144 consecutive patients (F: 27; mean age: 47.5 years, SD 9.7) were included. All procedures were successfully completed in 37.0 min (IQR 29.0–47.0). Senior surgeons completed the procedure in 33.0 min (IQR 27.0–41.0), while junior surgeons needed 52.0 min (IQR 36.5–64.5) (p <.05). No intra-operative complications were observed, and intra-operative blood loss was minimal in both groups. No difference was measured in terms of hospitalization time. Only one post-operative bleeding resolved with conservative treatment was detected in both groups. Junior surgeons showed a positive trend in the reduction of operative time (r = − 2.32, 95% CI: − 2.74 to − 1.90; p <.05). Conclusions: The findings suggest that BSS may be safely performed by inexperienced surgeons with no increased risk of intra- and post-operative complications. The surgical LC is short and the junior surgeon can reach the ability of senior surgeons after a few number of procedures with a progressive reduction of the operative time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The short shelf-life of PDO Tuscan bread limits its distribution to markets close to the production area, affecting its commercial success and the economic return by supply chain operators. While the application of MAP to store bread is widely accepted, the suitability of this technique to extend the shelf life of the PDO Tuscan bread is still to be explored. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge no data are available in the literature about the use of argon as filling gas neither in pure atmosphere nor in combination with CO2. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different modified packaging atmospheres on the shelf-life of sourdough bread. Slices of bread were stored individually in plastic bags at 23 °C in five different atmospheres (Ar (100%), N2 (100%), CO2 (100%), Mix CO2/N2 (70% CO2, 30% N2), Mix CO2/Ar (70% CO2, 30% Ar)), and Air was selected as a control. To select the best storage conditions, both chemical-physical, rheological, and organoleptic features were evaluated. Results showed that pure gases (CO2, N2, Ar) displayed good qualities as storage atmospheres compared to Air. In contrast, both Mix CO2/N2 and Mix CO2/Ar were the best in slowing down the staling process, thus doubling the shelf-life of bread, compared to other atmospheres. In conclusion, argon, as a preservation atmosphere, seems to be the best solution to extend the shelf-life of PDO Tuscan bread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent invasion of the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in northern Italy offered the opportunity to explore the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) associated with the soil of hay meadows.A total of 61 sites were considered for nematode sampling, and from 17 of them (27.9%) EPNs were isolated and further characterized with molecular and morphological techniques as well as with laboratory bioassays.Two main species, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) and Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) were recorded with the same frequency together with a few other species (Rhabditida: Oscheius sp. and Phasmarhabditis sp.).The newly isolated EPN populations were characterized for their activity (penetration rate) and infectivity to P. japonica grubs.EPNs occurrence was related to the time of beetle invasion at each sampling site and there was evidence of a density‐dependent response of the EPNs community to P. japonica density.The invasion of P. japonica apparently did not significantly affect the occurrence of native grubs, although a tendency to a decline was observed and should be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Japanese beetle (JB) Popillia japonica (Newman), has been detected for the first time in Northern Italy in 2014. This alien species is spreading fast Eastwards and Westwards, and this calls for mandatory restrictions within infested areas. To forecast spreading dynamics of P. japonica over years, an iterative spatially based model was conceived and developed. Five years of trapping data by the Regional Plant Protection Organization (RPPO) of Lombardy region were used to build up the model: 2015–2016 observations were used for model parametrization; 2017–2019 for validation. Model includes: a source dilution factor (SF) describing the rate of P. japonica moving away from a given position, based upon variograms; a value G, quantifying the increase in P. japonica population at the same location along years; a mortality factor (MF) based on literature data; three land cover classes quantifying the probability of colonization of new areas. The model proved to perform from fair to good; validation showed that determination coefficient (R²) ranged between 0.39 and 0.87. Variograms from both trapping data and model simulations, suggested a range of spatial autocorrelation of P. japonica ranging from 7.5 to 15 km. Prediction maps indicate a potential spread of P. japonica mainly Southwards and South-eastwards, matching the distribution of suitable land covers (e.g. meadows, croplands, woods). As a result, this model can be retained operationally useful to predict the spread of P. japonica year-per-year, although a periodic/continuous calibration with new field data is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The modern concept of lymphatic transfer includes vascularised lymph node transfer (VLNT), lymphatic vessels transfer (lymph interpositional flap transfer, LIFT) and lymphatic system transfer (vascularised lymph nodes and afferent lymphatics, LYST). The aim of this paper was to report our experience with different types of lymphatic transfer. Patients and Method: From June 2016 to June 2020, 30 consecutive patients affected by extremity lymphedema and 15 patients affected by post-traumatic lower extremity soft tissue defects, underwent lymphatic transfer (VLNT, LYST or LIFT). All cases were preoperatively evaluated by both high frequency and ultra-high frequency ultrasound. Flap features were recorded, as well as qualitative and quantitative outcomes at 1 year postoperative. Results: The mean postoperative lymphedema index reduction was 7.2 ± 5.7 for upper extremity and 20.7 ± 7.1 for lower extremity. No dismission of compression garments occurred, 12 patients (26%) referred more stable results of physical treatment and 1 case showed a 1-class compression reduction. All the LIFTs aimed as preventive did not develop post-traumatic lymphedema. In all cases of distal placement of VLNT and/or LYST, patients were dissatisfied with the aesthetic appearance of reconstruction, while no donor site scar disappointment was referred. Conclusion: When LVA is not feasible, LTT may represent a valid treatment option. This report was aimed at comprehensively describing and assessing how different lymphatic tissue transfer modalities may fulfil the different reconstructive needs of lymphedema patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Epiglottis collapse; epiglottis surgery; floppy epiglottis; sleep apnea; snoring; OSAS; sleep endoscopy EN Epiglottis collapse epiglottis surgery floppy epiglottis sleep apnea snoring OSAS sleep endoscopy 1455 1458 4 06/17/22 20220701 NES 220701 INTRODUCTION Treatment of primary epiglottis collapse (EC) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) still represents a challenge. Furthermore, in the case of the omega-shaped epiglottis, a horizontally extended cauterization leads to a simultaneous epiglottis opening and stiffening. OSAS, sleep endoscopy, snoring, Epiglottis collapse, epiglottis surgery, floppy epiglottis, sleep apnea. [Extracted from the article]

Background  The lymphaticovenular anastomosis (LVA) has three components, lymphatics, venules, and anastomosis, and all of them influence the anastomotic pressure gradient. Although it has been demonstrated that venule flow dynamics has an independent impact on the outcomes regardless the degeneration status of lymphatic vessels, recipient venules (RV) have been mainly neglected in literature. Methods  From January 2016 to February 2020, 232 nonconsecutive patients affected by extremity lymphedema underwent LVA, for a total of 1,000 LVAs. Only patients with normal-to-ectasic lymphatic collectors were included to focus the evaluation on the RV only. The preoperative collected data included the location, diameter, and continence of the selected venules, the expected number, the anastomoses configuration, and their flow dynamics according to BSO classification. Results  The 232 patients included 117 upper limb lymphedema (ULL) and 115 lower limb lymphedema (LLL). The average size of RV was 0.81 ± 0.32 mm in end-to-end (E-E), 114 ± 0.17 mm in end-to-side (E-S), 0.39 ± 0.22 mm in side-to-end (S-E), and 0.76 ± 0.38 mm in side-to-side (S-S) anastomoses. According to the BSO classification, on a total of 732 RV, 105(14%) were backflow venules, 136 (19%) were slack, and 491 (67%) were outlet venules. Also, 824 (82%) were E-E, 107 (11%) were E-S, 51 (5%) were S-E, and 18 (2%) were S-S anastomoses. Conclusion  Based on 1,000 LVAs with similar lymphatic characteristics, we propose our algorithm that may aid the lymphatic microsurgeon in the selection of RV and the consequent anastomosis configuration, in order of obtain the best flow dynamic through the LVA. This therapeutic study reflects level of evidence IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus Longhorn Beetle (CLB), Anoplophora chinensis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a highly polyphagous species native to eastern and south‐eastern Asia. In 2000, an outbreak of A. chinensis was detected in Lombardy Region (Italy). In 2017, an extensive trapping experiment was conducted at three infested sites in order to evaluate the effectiveness of three variables: trap model (Econex soft cross‐vane trap, Witasek cross‐vane trap and Witasek multi‐funnel trap), trap position (on a wooden pole in an open space or in the canopy of a host tree) and type of lure (ChemTica, Synergy and Glabriwit pheromones). Each combination of variables was replicated five times at each site, giving a total of 270 traps. At the end of the study, 162 adults had been caught, with catches gradually increasing during the month of June to peak in early July. The two cross‐vane traps outperformed the multi‐funnel traps and the Econex traps captured more females than the Witasek traps, probably due to the structure of the collecting funnel. The three lures had similar catch performance, although the best combination was the Econex trap with Synergy blend, due to the remarkable variability in catches observed with Glabriwit blend. Finally, traps set in the tree canopy outperformed traps set on wooden poles. In conclusion, the best protocol was the use of Econex cross‐vane traps baited with Synergy blend and deployed on the canopy of the host trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mediterranean diet has, among its cornerstones, the use of olive oil for its nutraceutical and organoleptic properties. Despite the numerous merits, olive-oil mill wastewater (OMWW), which is generated by the olive-oil extraction process, is one of the most serious environmental pollutants in the Mediterranean countries. The polluting potential of OMWW is due to its high content of tannins, polyphenols, polyalcohols, pectins and lipids. In order to close the recovery cycle of a fortified citrus olive oils previously developed, we tested the ability of five microalgae of the Chlorella group (SEC_LI_ChL_1, CL_Sc, CL_Ch, FB and Idr) in lowering the percentage of total phenolic compounds in vegetation water. This was obtained with three different extraction processes (conventional, and lemon and orange peels) at three concentrations each (10%, 25% and 50%). The results showed that strains Idr, FB and CL_Sc from the Lake Massaciuccoli can tolerate vegetation water from conventional and lemon peel extractions up to 25%; these strains can also reduce the phenolic compounds within the tests. The application of microalgae for OMWW treatment represents an interesting opportunity as well as an eco-friendly low-cost solution to be developed within companies as a full-scale approach, which could be applied to obtain a fortified microalgal biomass to be employed in nutraceutical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the various existing techniques, enzymatic degumming represents a process that is establishing itself as a valid alternative to the more classic chemical processes. Moreover, vegetable oils of various origins have been gaining more consideration as sustainable and affordable protectants for cereals and pulses against the attack of several insect pests. Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the key pests of cereal crops in the field and in stored and processed cereal products. Based on these highlighted issues, the overall aim of this research was twofold: (i) firstly, the effectiveness of the enzymatic degumming process was evaluated through the use of three different enzymes in order to verify the possible industrial application within the SALOV company as an alternative to the conventional chemical process; (ii) in a second phase, the possible use of the innovative refined oils was explored for sustainable stored grain protection towards S. zeamais. The results obtained confirm the strong possibility of applying the enzymatic process, which is innovative and, in a chemical way, more sustainable than the classical one. Regarding the toxicity towards S. zeamais, the crude peanut oil and the chemically refined peanut oil had lower LC50 values (1.836 and 1.372 g kg−1, respectively) than the oils rectified through enzymatic degumming (LC50 from 2.453 to 4.076 g kg−1), and, therefore, they can be suggested as sustainable stored grain protectants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Winemaking variables and techniques are known to affect the composition of wines. To obtain a rapid and safe fermentation course, with a reduced risk of proliferation of unwanted microbial species, frequent recourse is made to the use of selected microorganisms, which can greatly simplify the complex management of the fermentation process. In particular, selected strains of lactic acid bacteria are used, which are much more sensitive than yeasts to the operating conditions of the medium. In this regard, the overall aim of this research was to verify whether the early inoculation of homolactic acid bacteria for hexoses (Lactobacillus plantarum) carried out after 24 h, compared with that of saccharomycetes operating alcoholic fermentation, could be advantageous compared with a traditional innoculation with a different heterolactic bacterial strain for hexoses (Oenococcus oeni) operated at the end of alcoholic fermentation. The grape variety chosen was Sangiovese, the protagonist of Tuscan oenology. The evaluation focused on different aspects such as the management of winery operations, and the quality and longevity of the product; was carried out in all phases of winemaking; and analysed both from a chemical and sensory point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When bottled white wine is opened a “traumatic” event occurs that can accelerate the oxidation of the product because of the uncontrolled access of oxygen inside the package. Starting from the bottle uncorking a completely different scenario opens, called secondary shelf-life (SSL), generally shorter and less predictable than the primary shelf-life (PSL). In this context, the aim of this research activity was to evaluate the changes that take place in white wine during its secondary shelf-life as a function of the packaging and capping systems used. Two different simulation tests were carried out: Test 1 - static way - without air exchange during storage after the first opening; Test 2 - dynamic way - with air exchange during storage after the first opening. In both tests, the polymeric stopper proved to be the best for storing white wine during its secondary shelf-life if single or repeated cycles operations of opening and closing of bottle were carried out. These results may be due to the technical characteristics of the polymeric material, which tends to vary to a limited extent in its shape also after repeated solicitations (low susceptibility to deformations, lacerations, oxygen tightness, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many types of brachioplasty techniques have been described in the literature, and the main focus has been scar aesthetics, reproducibility and safety. Little attention has been given to other two aspects of the procedure: overall aesthetic with a focus on the torso-brachial angle and on the lymphatic distress related to the procedure. In this paper, we described a novel technique of brachioplasty called lipobrachiopexy, a lymph-sparing procedure which includes tendon suspension suture to improve cosmetics. Patients and Methods: Over 18 months, 22 consecutive patients underwent bilateral lipobrachioplasty with circumferential liposuction sparing brachial artery perforators, J-scar dermolipectomy and superficial fascia suspension to the pectoralis major tendon. Aesthetic outcomes, lymphatic function, sensory function and patient's satisfaction were evaluated at 1-year follow-up. The correction of the bat wing deformity and the shape of the transition of the upper arm to the chest was evaluated by quantifying the torso-brachial angle using Photoshop. Lymphatic function was analysed pre-operatively at 1, 6 and 12 months after surgery by indocyanine green lymphography (PDE, Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan). Results: An average of 447.5 cc (range, 350–550 cc) of fat was aspirated for each side. No major complications were experienced. Patients' and surgeons' satisfaction was high to very high in all cases. The lymphatic function was found preserved, with the same physiological linear patterns and tracer progression pre-operatively and 1 year after surgery. The torso-brachial angles showed significant improvements (86.7 ± 14.7–100.7 ± 10.2 right side and 85.4 ± 16.3–101.5 ± 9.9 left side). Conclusion: Lipobrachiopexy is a safe and effective technique that adds to the recent trends in brachioplasty, a reestablishment of the brachial fascial systems and addressing the anatomical etiological factor of the bat wing deformity. Level of Evidence IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a mechanistic, stage-structured model simulating the phenology of Popillia japonica. The model simulates the influence of soil temperature on the larval diapause termination and on the development rate function of post-overwintering larvae and pupae. Model parameters are estimated based on literature evidence for pupae development and on a parameterisation process that allows estimating parameters for larval diapause termination and for the development rate function (and the related uncertainty) of post-overwintering larvae. Data used for model parameterisation and validation refer to time-series adult trap catches collected during the P. japonica monitoring programme performed by the Phytosanitary Service of Lombardy Region within the infested area in Lombardy (Italy) from 2015 to 2019. A total of 12 randomly selected locations are used to estimate biologically realistic model parameters (parameterisation dataset). We applied a Jackknife nonparametric resampling procedure on the parameterisation dataset to quantify uncertainty associated with parameters' estimates. Parameterised model is then validated on time-series adult trap catches data referring to a different set of 12 randomly selected locations (validation dataset) surveyed in Lombardy. The model successfully predicted the beginning of adult emergence and the overall curve of adult emergence in the validation dataset. The model presented can support the definition of the best timing for the implementation of monitoring and control activities for the local and the area-wide management of P. japonica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background  Preoperative knowledge of themicrovascular anatomy of a patientmay improve safetyand efficacy and reduce morbidity. Today, with the advancement in technology, ultrasound can provide minute details of the structures within the body, which makes this technology very helpful in preoperative evaluation of the traditional perforator flaps as well as thin, superthin, and pure skin perforator flaps. Methods  In this article, we will describe the design of one of the most popular perforator flaps, the anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap, using high-frequency and ultrahigh-frequency ultrasound technology. Results  Ultrasound technology allows to study preoperatively the ALT donor-site and its microvascular anatomy by using different US modalities in order to provide a virtual surgical plan to the operating surgeon. Conclusion  Ultrasound technology allow to expand preoperative knowledge of flap microvascular anatomy and its course within the subcutaneous tissue up to and within the dermis, allowing to select the best perforator for the given reconstruction and the plane of elevation for thin, superthin and pure skin perforator flap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To date, bariatric surgery has been proposed as the most effective treatment to resolve morbid obesity, a multifactorial chronic disease with an epidemic and increasing tendency. The purpose of this study was to determinate the impact of the laparoscopy on weight loss parameters in morbid obese patients who underwent surgery according to Scopinaro's biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) and evaluate early and late complications related to the open and laparoscopic approach of this technique. Materials and methods: This is a longitudinal retrospective study in consecutive patients undergoing BPD due to morbid obesity between 1999 and 2015. From 2006 the laparoscopic technique was introduced in our group for obesity surgery. In both approaches, open and laparoscopic surgery, the procedure performed consists of a proximal gastric section with a long Roux-en-Y reconstruction. The following variables were assessed in the two groups: intervention duration (min), estimated blood loss (mL), conversions to open approach (%), preoperative stay, postoperative and global stay (days). Complications were divided into early and late postoperative complications. The early surgical complications were catalogued according to the Clavien–Dindo classification. Results: Two hundred seventy-seven patients were consecutively enrolled and divided in two groups: open BPD and laparoscopic BPD. There were no significant differences in the comparison of the two groups and the mean age was 43.9 years (19–60) with a mean BMI of 52.5 kg/m2. A statistically significant reduction was observed in favor of the laparoscopic group with respect to the reduction in hospital stay and in the incidence of incisional hernia as a late complication. No statistically significant difference were found with respect to early postoperative complications. Conclusions: Laparoscopic BPD is a safe technique that allows a shorter hospital stay compared to open surgery and that allows a drastic reduction in the incidence of incisional hernias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Coronavirus infection disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes in 10% of patients a severe respiratory distress syndrome managed with invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), sometimes difficult to wean. The role of tracheotomy is debated for the possible risks for patients and staff. We are going to describe here our experience with surgical tracheotomy in COVID-19 positive patients. Methods: We enrolled all intensive care unit (ICU) patients requiring longer than 10 days of IMV. Demographic, clinical, respiratory, complications, and outcomes data were collected, in a particular length of weaning from sedation and IMV, in-ICU and in-hospital mortality rate. All healthcare operators involved were tested for SARS-CoV2 by pharyngeal swab and blood test (antibody test). Results: 13 out of 68 ICU patients (19.1%) underwent surgical tracheotomy after a median intubation period of 14 days. The mean age was 60 (56–65) years. 85% were male patients. Postoperative mild bleeding was seen in 30.7%, pneumothorax in 7.7%. Mean weaning from sedation required 3 days, 19 days from IMV. In-ICU and in-hospital COVID-infection-related mortality was 23.1% and 30.7%, respectively. None of the healthcare operators was found SARS-CoV2 positive during the period of the study. Conclusions: In COVID-19 pandemic surgical tracheotomy enables to wean from sedation and subsequently from IMV in a safe way for both patients and personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic nose (E-nose) devices represent one of the most trailblazing innovations in current technological research, since mimicking the functioning of the biological sense of smell has always represented a fascinating challenge for technological development applied to life sciences and beyond. Sensor array tools are right now used in a plethora of applications, including, but not limited to, (bio-)medical, environmental, and food industry related. In particular, the food industry has seen a significant rise in the application of technological tools for determining the quality of edibles, progressively replacing human panelists, therefore changing the whole quality control chain in the field. To this end, the present review, conducted on PubMed, Science Direct and Web of Science, screening papers published between January 2010 and May 2021, sought to investigate the current trends in the usage of human panels and sensorized tools (E-nose and similar) in the food industry, comparing the performances between the two different approaches. In particular, the focus was mainly addressed towards the stability and shelf life assessment of olive oil, the main constituent of the renowned "Mediterranean diet", and nowadays appreciated in cuisines from all around the world. The obtained results demonstrate that, despite the satisfying performances of both approaches, the best strategy merges the potentialities of human sensory panels and technological sensor arrays, (i.e., E-nose somewhat supported by E-tongue and/or E-eye). The current investigation can be used as a reference for future guidance towards the choice between human panelists and sensorized tools, to the benefit of food manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MRN complex (MRX in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, made of Mre11, Rad50 and Nbs1/Xrs2) initiates double-stranded DNA break repair and activates the Tel1/ATM kinase in the DNA damage response. Telomeres counter both outcomes at chromosome ends, partly by keeping MRN-ATM in check. We show that MRX is disabled by telomeric protein Rif2 through an N-terminal motif (MIN, MRN/X-inhibitory motif). MIN executes suppression of Tel1, DNA end-resection and non-homologous end joining by binding the Rad50 N-terminal region. Our data suggest that MIN promotes a transition within MRX that is not conductive for endonuclease activity, DNA-end tethering or Tel1 kinase activation, highlighting an Achilles' heel in MRN, which we propose is also exploited by the RIF2 paralog ORC4 (Origin Recognition Complex 4) in Kluyveromyces lactis and the Schizosaccharomyces pombe telomeric factor Taz1, which is evolutionarily unrelated to Orc4/Rif2. This raises the possibility that analogous mechanisms might be deployed in other eukaryotes as well. Telomeres suppress the DNA damage response at chromosome ends. Here the authors show that in budding yeast the activity of the MRX complex in DNA repair and DNA damage signaling is inhibited by telomeric protein Rif2 via a short motif at the N-terminus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of hepatitis E, an emerging public health infection which has an increasing incidence across Europe. Because of the apparent lack of species barriers, HEV was characterized as a zoonotic agent. Swine are recognized as the main reservoir, but HEV is also found in wild animals such as ungulates, lagomorphs, and bats. Our work aimed at detecting the HEV presence in wild fauna in two hunting areas of Northern Italy (Parma and Sondrio areas) with different environmental and anthropic characteristics to investigate its possible role as reservoir. Liver samples were collected from wild boars, red deer, roe deer and chamois, and viral identification was carried out by One-Step RT Real-time PCR. Positive samples were genotyped, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. The virus was found only in the wild boar population, with different prevalence and subtypes in the two areas (14% HEV3a and 1.2% close to HEV3f in Parma and Sondrio, respectively). Wild ruminants seem otherwise to pose a marginal risk. Given the high pig farm density in the Parma area, and expansion of the wild boar population, continuous monitoring of the strains circulating in wildlife is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As is widely accepted, the quality decay of freshly baked bread that affects product shelf life is the result of a complex multifactorial process that involves physical staling, together with microbiological, chemical and sensorial spoilage. In this context, this paper provides a critical review of the recent literature about the main factors affecting shelf life of bread during post‐baking. An overview of the recent findings about the mechanism of bread staling is firstly provided. Afterwards, the effect on staling induced by baker's yeasts and sourdough as well as by the extra ingredients commonly utilized for bread fortification is also addressed and discussed. As inclusion/exclusion criteria, only papers dealing with wheat bread and not with long‐life bread or gluten‐free bakery products are taken into consideration. Despite recent developments in international scientific literature, the whole mechanism that induces bread staling is far from being completely understood and the best analytical methods to be adopted to measure and/or describe in depth this process appear still debated. In this topic, the effects induced on bread shelf life by the use of biological leavening agents (baker's yeasts and sourdough) as well as by some extra ingredients included in the bread recipe have been individuated as two key issues to be addressed and discussed in terms of their influence on the kinetics of bread staling. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutraceutical and organoleptic quality of the extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) depends on a process that begins with the olive ripening and ends with the packaging and storage. As the EVOO quality decay is mainly induced by the oxidation process, the gaseous composition of the atmosphere during both malaxation and storage can play a key role. Because of that, the aim of this research work is to determine the influence of the gaseous composition of the atmosphere used during malaxation and storage on an unfiltered EVOO shelf life, and to individuate the best "malaxation atmosphere × storage atmosphere" combination to adopt to more effectively slow down the oil quality decay rate during storage. The combined experimental conditions used during malaxation and storage significantly affect the quality decay rate of the EVOO over one year of storage for all the evaluated parameters. In conclusion, the gaseous composition of the atmosphere used during both malaxation and storage deeply affects the shelf life of the unfiltered EVOO as regards its chemical and sensory features, especially when air is used. On the contrary, the best results are obtained when an inert gas (nitrogen or argon) is used during both phases. Practical Applications: The regular consumption of EVOO represents one of the main cornerstones of the Mediterranean diet. According to the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), this product can be considered as a healthy food because of its extraordinary nutraceutical and organoleptic properties, so that if consumers consume half a tablespoon of olive oil per day—without increasing their daily calorie intake—they can significantly reduce the incidence of several degenerative diseases as well as the risks associated with them. The knowledge of the impact of different "malaxation atmosphere × storage atmosphere" combinations on the quality decay rate during storage of an unfiltered EVOO can allow to identify the best operating conditions to be used during its production and storage, in order to preserve the nutraceutical and organoleptic properties of this product over time, thus extending its commercial life in terms of both quality parameters and healthy properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the multidisciplinary therapeutic approach to obesity, bariatric surgery is considered the most effective treatment in weight reduction and the decrease in associated comorbidities. The objective of this work is to describe the long-term clinical and metabolic results in obese patients undergoing biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) according to Scopinaro's technique. Materials and Methods: Patients undergoing surgery were followed by the same multidisciplinary team in a study period of 15 years (1999–2015). A retrospective study based on a prospective database was designed, where data on the evolution of obesity-related diseases and nutritional parameters were studied. Results: Two hundred seventy-seven patients were collected; 75.5% were women. The preoperative body mass index (BMI) decreased from 52.5 kg/m2 to 34.9 kg/m2 10 years after surgery. A resolution or improvement of diabetes has been observed in 85.38% of the patients; a decrease in arterial hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome were in 65.61% and 89.14%, respectively. Throughout the monitoring of the sample, protein malnutrition increased, from 1.8% after the first year of surgery to 4.5% 10 years after the operation. Conclusion: Even if Scopinaro's technique is beginning to be replaced by other malabsorptive techniques, it can still be considered as an effective surgical procedure in terms of weight loss, quality of life, and evolution of obesity-related diseases. In order to avoid nutritional deficiencies, the operated patients need a strict follow-up and a supplementation adjusted to the technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The increasing demand for further aesthetic outcome improvement in implant-based breast reconstruction after nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) leads to major novelties, including endoscopic and robotic NSM with the aim to limit scar visibility. In this paper, we report our experience with a novel and simplified surgical approach—single-axillary-incision non-endoscopic NSM and node surgery followed by an endoscopic DTI breast reconstruction—by focusing on reconstructive indications, technical refinements and aesthetic outcomes. Methods: Between June 2016 and October 2019, 14 women underwent this novel technique using definitive anatomical silicone gel filled, totaling 20 breasts. Reconstructive evaluation methods were clinically and photography-based assessment. Breast-Q has been used to quantify patient satisfaction. Feasibility and safety data are also provided. Results: The average follow-up time was 11 months (range 3–42 months). No local–regional recurrence occurred during follow-up. Median operation time was 340 min; mean hospital stay was 4.1 days. The average mastectomy specimen weight was on average 139 g (ranging from 98 to 182 g). The average implant volume for the reconstructed side was 306 cc (ranging from 165 to 550 cc). Patients' satisfaction was high to very high. Conclusion: Authors' experience suggests that non-endoscopic transaxillary NSM, node surgery and endoscopic direct-to-implant breast reconstruction is a valid, oncological safe, aesthetically sound scarless option in breast cancer patients with small to moderate breast size. It should represent the incision of choice in patient with previous breast surgery with scars that may compromise flap/NAC vascularity using traditional NSM incisions. Level of Evidence IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]