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Background: It is presently considered that Corynebacterium especially Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii (CK) infection, is one of the important causes of granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM). However, the pathogen of mastitis in the past two years has been identified as a newly discovered Corynebacterium. But it is unclear whether the pathogen associated with the occurrence of GLM is also this bacterium. Methods: GLM female patients with positive bacterial culture in pus specimens from February 2023 to February 2024 who were identified as CK infection by mass spectrometer were selected as the research objects in this study, and the clinical isolates were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing technology to identify the specific pathogen of GLM-related bacterial infection. Subsequently, the clinical characteristics of the patients were compared with those of GLM patients without bacterial infection during the same period, to explore the effect of this particular type of Corynebacterium infection on disease development in GLM patients. Finally, we tested the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of antibiotics when inhibiting these separation strains in vitro through the E-Test experiment, to evaluate their medicine sensitivity. Results: A total of 31 GLM patients initially diagnosed with Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii (CK) infection via MALDI-TOF MS were enrolled in the study. However, subsequent 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that 28 isolates (90.32%) were actually identified as the newly recognized Corynebacterium parakroppenstedtii (CPK). This discovery challenges the conventional belief that CK is the primary pathogen of GLM, suggesting instead that CPK is the predominant pathogen associated with GLM bacterial infections. Comparative analysis of the clinical characteristics between the two groups revealed a significantly higher recurrence rate among CPK-infected GLM patients compared to those without CPK infection, along with elevated prolactin levels (P < 0.05). The sensitivity test results indicated high sensitivity of the isolates to vancomycin, linezolid, and rifampicin. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study highlights that Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii strains isolated from GLM specimens were Corynebacterium parakroppenstedtii, serving as the primary pathogen closely linked to GLM's occurrence. CPK infection significantly increases the risk of recurrence in GLM patients, with elevated prolactin levels potentially playing a pivotal role in this process. In clinical antimicrobial treatment, antimicrobials other than penicillin and ciprofloxacin may be empirically administered when sensitivity test results are inconclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate bacterial contamination of indirect ophthalmoscopes and condensing lenses used in three UK veterinary referral centers, and the impact of an implemented cleaning protocol. Methods: Bacteriology samples from 10 indirect ophthalmoscopes and 10 condensing lenses were taken at each center (n = 30 T0), before initiating one of three cleaning frequencies (every 2 weeks/once weekly/daily) for 28 days. The most contaminated indirect ophthalmoscope and condensing lens from each center were re‐sampled 30 min prior to (T1; n = 9) and 30 min after (T2; n = 9) the final clean. Sensitivity testing was completed using MIC. Results: Seventy‐three isolates representing 15 different bacterial populations (genus/species) were cultured from 36 of 48 (75%) swabs tested. The most frequently cultured isolates were Staphylococcus spp. 30%, Micrococcus 22%, and Bacillus 14%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pantoea, and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius demonstrated resistance to >50% of antibiotics against which they were tested. Eighty‐three percent of T0 samples (54 isolates across 11 species, median 2 isolates/swab), all T1 samples (15 isolates across 8 species, median 2 isolates/swab), and 22% of T2 samples (4 isolates across 4 species, median 0 isolates/swab) were contaminated. Head contact points were most contaminated irrespective of time point. A T1 sample was 57 times more likely (95% CI: 2.4–1376) to have a positive culture than a T2 sample (p =.01). Conclusions: Baseline contamination was high, representing a potential source of nosocomial infection in ophthalmic patients and handlers of diagnostic equipment. No center implemented a cleaning protocol prior to this study. Routine cleaning reduces bacterial contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bile cultures are often sent with blood cultures in patients with acute bacterial cholangitis. Aims: To assess the yield of blood and bile cultures in patients with cholangitis and the clinical utility of bile cultures in guiding therapy. Methods: All patients diagnosed with cholangitis, based on the Tokyo 2013/2018 guidelines were recruited retrospectively over ten years. The clinical and investigation details were recorded. The results of bile and blood cultures including antibiotic sensitivity patterns were noted. The concordance of microorganisms grown in blood and bile cultures and their sensitivity pattern were assessed. Results: A total of 1063 patients with cholangitis were included. Their mean age was 52.7 ± 14 years and 65.4% were males. Blood cultures were positive in 372 (35%) patients. Bile culture was performed in 384 patients with 84.4% being positive, which was significantly higher than the yield of blood culture (p < 0.001). Polymicrobial growth was more in bile (59.3%) than in blood cultures (13.5%, p < 0.001). E.coli, Klebsiella, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas were the four most common organisms isolated from both blood and bile. Extended spectrum betalactamase producing organisms were isolated in 57.7% and 58.8% of positive blood and bile cultures, respectively. Among 127 patients with both blood and bile cultures positive, complete or partial concordance of organisms was noted in about 90%. Conclusion: Bile and blood cultures have a similar microbial profile in most patients with cholangitis. As bile cultures have a significantly higher yield than blood cultures, they could effectively guide antimicrobial therapy, especially in those with negative blood cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CONTEXT: Adequate management of chronic dacryocystitis is an essential prerequisite before any intraocular surgery owing to a grave risk of endophthalmitis. The knowledge of bacteriology of chronic dacryocystitis would accentuate the choice of effective antimicrobial agents and thus help in reducing the irrational use of antimicrobial agents and subsequent development of drug resistance. AIMS: We aimed to identify the causative bacterial flora and study the antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance pattern in cases of chronic dacryocystitis. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional observational study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Conjunctival swabs were obtained from both eyes from 102 patients with clinical evidence of chronic dacryocystitis. Specimens for microbiological analysis were obtained, either from the conjunctival cul-de-sac and everted puncta by applying pressure over the lacrimal sac area or from the refluxing material after irrigating the lacrimal sac with sterile saline. The specimens were sent for culture and sensitivity in the department of microbiology. Ethical approvals were duly obtained. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Percentage assessment was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The cultures showed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in 50% of bacterial isolates obtained from the involved eyes, followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in 11.53% of isolates and Enterococcus also in 11.53% of isolates. It was observed that cefoxitin was the most sensitive antibiotic against Gram-positive organisms, followed by vancomycin and clindamycin, whereas maximum resistance was seen for penicillin and ofloxacin. For Gram-negative organisms, imipenem was found to be most sensitive, followed by gentamicin and co-amoxiclav, whereas maximum resistance was seen for ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that Gram-positive bacteria predominantly S. aureus was the most commonly isolated bacteria in cases of chronic dacryocystitis as compared to Gram-negative bacteria and cefoxitin was found to be the overall most effective antibiotic for Gram-positive bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic infection that causes production losses and death in the chicken industry. A cross-sectional study was conducted on exotic chicken breeds reared at the Jigjiga poultry farm from November 2022 to May 2023 to estimate the occurrence, associated risk factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The chickens were selected using systematic random sampling techniques. A total of 384 cloacal swabs were collected aseptically and transported to the laboratory for analysis. For statistical analysis, STATA® version 14.0 statistical software was used. Results: From 384 examined faecal samples, 258 (67.2%) prevalences of Klebsiella pneumoniae were found. Furthermore, the association of the study's risk factors with the prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae was explored, and no statistically significant association was identified between sex and age. Nonetheless, relative prevalence at the age level was higher in chickens aged 12 months (67.6%) and Sasso breeds (90.0%). Similarly, male chickens and those raised for meat and egg production had a high prevalence rate of 72.5 and 75.8%, respectively. A total of 30 isolated Klebsiella pneumoniae colonies were tested in vitro for antibiotic sensitivity for six drugs, and it was shown that Klebsiella pneumoniae is moderately sensitive to Penicillin G (43.3%) while having higher resistance to Oxytetracycline (80.0%). Conclusions: The current findings revealed that the research area had the highest prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and the isolates were resistant to commonly used drugs in the study area. Thus, a long-term intervention plan, thorough research to determine a nationwide status, as well as further multi-drug resistance patterns and molecular characterization, were urged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis), a member of the Pasteurellaceae family, normally inhabits the upper respiratory and lower genital tracts of poultry. However, under certain circumstances of immunosuppression, co-infection (especially with Escherichia coli or Mycoplasma), or various stressors, G. anatis caused respiratory, reproductive, and systemic diseases. Infection with G. anatis has emerged in different countries worldwide. The bacterium affects mainly chickens; however, other species of domestic and wild birds may get infected. Horizontal, vertical, and venereal routes of G. anatis infection have been reported. The pathogenicity of G. anatis is principally related to the presence of some essential virulence factors such as Gallibacterium toxin A, fimbriae, haemagglutinin, outer membrane vesicles, capsule, biofilms, and protease. The clinical picture of G. anatis infection is mainly represented as tracheitis, oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis, while other lesions may be noted in cases of concomitant infection. Control of such infection depends mainly on applying biosecurity measures and vaccination. The antimicrobial sensitivity test is necessary for the correct treatment of G. anatis. However, the development of multiple drug resistance is common. This review article sheds light on G. anatis regarding history, susceptibility, dissemination, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnosis, and control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Skin and Soft Tissue Infections (SSTIs) Surveillance Network of S. aureus In Pediatrics in China was established in 2009 to routinely report epidemiological changes. We aimed to monitor the present antibiotic sensitivity and molecular characteristics of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) from SSTIs in children nationwide and track the changes over the past decade. Methods: Patients diagnosed with SSTIs from the dermatology departments of 22 tertiary pediatric hospitals in seven geographical regions of China were recruited continuously from May 2019 to August 2021. S. aureus was isolated, and its sensitivity to 15 antimicrobials was evaluated using the broth microdilution method. The molecular characteristics of the MRSA isolates were determined through multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. The presence of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene (pvl) was determined. Results: The detection rate of S. aureus was 62.57% (1379/2204), among which MRSA accounted for 14.79% (204/1379), significantly higher than the result in previous study in 2009-2011 (2.58%, 44/1075). Compared with previous study, the sensitivity to cephalosporins and fusidic acid decreased to varying degrees, while that to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, penicillin, and tetracycline increased significantly. The sensitivity to mupirocin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TRISUL), and rifampicin still maintained at a high level (97.90%, 99.35% and 96.66% respectively). The leading multidrug resistance pattern of MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) were erythromycin-clindamycin-tetracycline (55.84%; 43/77)and erythromycin-clindamycin-chloramphenicol (27.85%, 44/158) respectively. 12 high-level mupirocin-resistant strains were detected, and notable differences in geographical distribution and seasonal variation were observed. The main types of MRSA were ST121 (46.08%, 94/204), followed by ST59 (19.61%, 40/204). SCCmec V (65.69%, 134/204) and SCCmec IV (31.86%, 65/204) were dominant epidemic types. ST121-V, ST59-IV, and ST22-V were the most prevalent clones nationwide. The detection rate of pvl had increased markedly from 9.09% (4/44) in 2009-2011 to 22.55% (46/204) in 2019-2021 (P<0.05). Conclusion: The antibiotic sensitivity and molecular characteristics of S. aureus from pediatric SSTIs has changed significantly over the past decade. To standardize medical care, provide timely and reasonable clinical treatment, and effectively manage infection control, Chinese pediatric SSTIs guidelines are urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Diabetes patients have a higher risk of urinary tract infection (UTI). The present study was aimed at determining the clinical profile, microbial pattern, antibiotic sensitivity, and follow-up of UTI in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Materials and methods: Two hundred consecutive T2D patients admitted with a diagnosis of UTI were selected for this study. Midstream urine specimens were collected and the culture tests were done by a quantitative method; antimicrobial sensitivity was determined by using the Kirby-Bauer method. After discharge from the hospital, patients were followed for 6 months. Results: Women (n=162) outnumbered men (n=38), with 76% being postmenopausal. Pyelonephritis was present in 44.5% (n=89) and emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) in 9.5% (n=19). Longer duration of diabetes, high body mass index, and prior UTI were risk factors for symptomatic UTI. Gram-negative bacilli were leading causes of UTI, with E. coli being the most common pathogen. Gram-negative pathogens were mostly sensitive to amikacin, imipenem, and piperacillin/tazobactam. Around 40% patients had recurrent UTI. The presence of renal calculi, poor glycemic control, and chronic kidney disease were significant predictive factors for recurrence. Conclusion: In patients with T2D, UTI was more common and severe in postmenopausal women. More than one-third of patients had a recurrence of UTI on follow-up for 6 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The pathogen like staphylococcus spp. associated with multidrug resistance is one of the major concerns. Prompt diagnosis of staphylococcal Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI) with its antibiogram plays a vital role in better outcomes of treatment and reducing the cost of hospital stay of patients. Aim: To find out incidence of staphylococcal LRTIs. Materials and Methods: This prosprective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, SMBT Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Nashik, Maharashtra, India. The duration of the study was 23 months, from June 2017 to May 2019. The specimens were screened for staphylococcal species as per the standard bacteriological procedure. The gram-positive, catalase-positive isolates were further subjected to detection of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The data was analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPPS) version 20.0. Results: The majority of the patients were of old age groups and the average mean age was 57.95±6.18 years. A total of 22/421 Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were isolated from the patients suffering from LRTIs. High incidence was noted in male patients 21/22 (95.5%) than in females 1/22 (4.5%) and 100% of patients were hospitalised with a complaint of LRTIs. The majority of strains were isolated from sputum sample 18/22 (81.8%), followed by 3/22 (13.6%) from pleural aspiration, and 1/22 (4.5%) from endotracheal secretion. Almost 18/22 (81.8%) patients were of pneumonia, followed by 3/22 (13.6%) were of empyema and 1/22 (4.5%) were of sinusitis. All the isolates were sensitive to linezolid, vancomycin, and ceftaroline. Conclusion: In the present study, LRTI associated with S. aureus was found to be (5.22%). It was also observed that, all strains were sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid, and ceftaroline which is unique. Hence, the staphylococcal infection can be treated with low cost and hospital stay if diagnosed in time by microbiological profile, as the clinical presentation and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents vary in different geographical areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

aimed to analyse the antimicrobial susceptibility of common bacteria and explore the significance in treatment and research of infections induced by Enterobacteriaceae. Methods: We retrospectively analysed 10,775 antimicrobial susceptibility test results acquired over a 6-year period in the affiliated hospital of Chengde Medical University. We divided the data based on specimen type (blood, sputum, pus, or urine), and population characteristics (age bracket and sex) for analysis. We mainly analysed the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli (Eco), Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kpn), and Enterobacter cloacae (Ecl). Results: In our study, it was found that the resistance rates of Eco, Kpn, and Ecl to most antimicrobial agents were significantly different (P < 0.05) on specimen type and age bracket. The Eco from sputum had the highest resistance rates except ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin (LVX), and gentamicin (GEN); the Kpn from urine had the highest resistance rates to all antimicrobial agents; the Ecl from urine had the highest resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents. The Eco from geriatric patients had the highest resistance rates except GEN and SXT; the Kpn from adult patients had the lowest resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents except LVX. The Eco isolated from males had higher resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents except CIP, LVX, and NIT than those isolated from females; the Kpn showed significant differences in antimicrobial susceptibility to only 5 out of 22 antimicrobial agents (P < 0.05); the Ecl showed significant differences in susceptibility only to two antimicrobial agents, LVX and TOB (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae was significantly different among specimen type, age bracket and sex of patients, which is of great significance for the treatment and research of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THE RATE of Candida- induced infections has been increasing significantly. The magnitude of the problem is aggravated by the emerging antifungal resistance among various Candida species. Our study aimed to assess the antifungal susceptibility profiles of Candida isolates causing infections at Ain Shams University Hospitals from 2018 to 2022. A cross-sectional observational study of all cases of positive growth of Candida and antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using VITEK 2 compact automated system. Out of 342 specimens, Candida albicans (C. albicans) was the most common species (40.4%). Candida non albicans (CNA) was predominating (59.6%) and was mainly composed of C. tropicalis (36.3%) and C. parapsilosis (8.8%). Among total Candida isolates, 24 (7%) were resistant to Flucytosine, 20 (5.8%) were resistant to Amphotericin B as well as Caspofungin, 12 (3.5%) were resistant to Fluconazole, 5 (1.5%) were resistant to both Micafungin and Voriconazole. Candida non albicans which express decreased susceptibility to antifungals have been emerging as a serious cause of infection among hospitalized patients. Resistance was common to Flucytosine, Amphotericin B and Caspofungin, with low resistance rate to Fluconazole, Micafungin and Voriconazole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: P. aeruginosa is a gram negative bacterium which is an opportunistic pathogen and causes infection of various severities depending upon the immune status of the individual. Nowadays the emergence of resistance to various antimicrobials is increasing and it is because of many enzymes that are produced by this bacteria. Knowledge of this enzyme production and its frequency in different drug resistant strains can help better treatment of the patients. Material & methodology: This study was carried out in the department of microbiology of a tertiary care center in Haryana for 3 years. Out of all the clinical samples P. aeruginosa was identified and further analyzed for antimicrobial sensitivity and for production of the enzyme AmpC β-lactamase. Results: The overall isolation rate of P. aeruginosa was 12.21%. Ceftazidime resistance (71%) was most commonly observed in P. aeruginosa isolates. Out of 68% cefoxitin resistant P. aeruginosa 11 (16.18%) isolates show AmpC production. Conclusion: The current study showed that no AmpC β-lactamase enzymes were detected in 83.82% of cefoxitin resistant P. aeruginosa isolates. This may be due to the presence of either silent genes or that there might be low expression of AmpC genes which was not detected by the present method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Ankara University Faculty of Medicine / Ankara Üniversitesi Tip Fakültesi Mecmuasi is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many years ago most human infections caused by aerobic streptococci, were attributed to Lancefield groups A and D or to the so called non-groupable viridans streptococci. The first human isolates of the Group B Streptococci (GBS) were isolated from the vagina of post-partum women. This study is aimed at assessing GBS colonization of some clinical and common non-clinical surfaces. This study utilized a total of 615 samples (300 clinicals and 315 non-clinicals). Samples were from neonates and women who were respectively seen at the Institute of Child Health, of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital and Amblim Reference Laboratory in Enugu. The 300 clinical samples were cultured from 119 pregnant and 79 non-pregnant women, 52 neonates and 25 (7 primary and 18 secondary infertility) infertile couples (50 individuals). All samples were cultured on a modified Islam medium and identification carried out using standard bacteriological methods. Characterizations of the GBS isolates were carried out using sodium hippurate reactions, aesculin reactions, Christie, Atkin Muchin-Patterson (CAMP) test and definite hydrolysis on blood agar. The overall GBS isolation of 15.8% was observed in the clinical and non-clinical surfaces assessed. For the clinical subjects, GBS colonization of 11.9%, 7.6%, 9.6% and 17.0% were observed in the pregnant women, non-pregnant women, neonates and couples admitted for infertility. Prevalence of GBS isolation on inflamed cattle udder and milk products were 4.0% and 83.3%, respectively. Gestational period was associated with GBS colonization in pregnant women. All the GBS isolates were susceptible to penicillin and methicillin while all were resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline and sulphafurazole. GBS colonization of vagina was found and this poses a risk for neonatal sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are rich in different secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids and alkaloids which have been found in- vitro to have antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study was to determine the in-vitro antimicrobial potential of the methanolic and aqueous extracts of dried leaves of Gongronema latifolium and Piper guineense plants on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Soxhlet extractor was used for the methanolic solvent while cold maceration was used for the aqueous extraction. The phytochemical constituents of these extracts were screened thereafter the extracts were tested for their antimicrobial activity. The technique of agar well diffusion was employed. Wells was made on nutrient agar media and the extracts were placed in the well. Concentration of 1.25mg/ml, 2.5mg/ml, 5mg/ml and 10mg/ml were used. Surface of agar is inoculated (using sterile swab dipped into standardized broth culture of the test organism). Thereafter, the wells were bored into the inoculated agar and the extracts delivered into the well. After allowing for diffusion, the plates were incubated, after which the zones of inhibition around the well measured with the aid of vernier caliper. Activity of the extract against the test organism was expressed in terms of size (mm) of inhibition zone diameter around the well. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenol in both plant extracts was observed. The aqueous extract of P. guineense and G latifolium showed more presence of phytochemical constituents than the methanolic extract and this is evidenced by higher zones of inhibition. Methanolic extracts of Piper guineense showed visible clearance suggestive of antibacterial activities by the extract only at 10mg/ml on S. aureus, but no form of inhibition on E. coli. Both extracts have concentration dependent antimicrobial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and this may be due to phytochemicals found in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency of common bacterial isolates and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern in patients with neonatal sepsis. Moreover, to assess the clinical profile of neonates with culture positivity. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at emergency department of National Institute of Child Health, Karachi from September 2017 to March 2018. All clinical suspected neonates with sepsis of either gender were consecutively enrolled. All those neonates already taking antibiotic were excluded. Positive specimens were sub-cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar and incubated at 37°c for 24hr. Isolated colonies was gram stained and biochemically identified. Common bacterial Isolates was also noted. This information along with certain important neonatal and maternal characteristics were noted. Results: Of 151 neonates, the mean neonatal age was 11.41 ±6.76 days. There were 87 (57.6%) females and 64 (42.4%) males. Culture positivity was observed in 41 (27.15%) patients. Among 41 culture positive cases, Klebsiella Specie was found positive in majority 14 (34.1%) patients followed by staphylococcus aureus 13 (31.7%), Escherichia coli 8 (19.5%), Coagulative negative staphylococci 5 (12.2%) and group B streptococci 1 (2.4%). A significant association of culture positivity was observed with gestational age (p-value 0.002), low birth weight (p-value 0.039), low Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration (APGAR) score (p-value 0.018), urinary tract infection in mother (p-value 0.026), and chorioamnionitis (p-value 0.005). Conclusion: Culture positivity was observed in considerable number of suspected neonates. Current magnitude of common bacterial Isolates are Klebsiella Species and Staphylococcus Aureus while Meropenum and Amikacin are common antibiotics sensitivity pattern in patients with neonatal sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bloodstream infection remains one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality globally, specifically among intensive care unit patients. This prospective observational study included 887 blood culture samples collected cases admitted to intensive care unit suspected of having sepsis. Samples were cultured and evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility patterns: 202 (22.78%) blood cultures were positive and yielded microbial growth with 132 (14.88%) having mono-microbial growth. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 45.2% cases, with Escherichia coli being the most common; Gram positives accounted for 43.9% with Staphylococci haemolyticus being most common and 10.9% were fungal isolates. Gram-negative isolates were sensitive to colistin and tigecycline and 77.3% of isolates were extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers. Gram-positive isolates were sensitive to tigecycline, linezolid, vancomycin and teicoplanin with 97.5% being methicillin-resistant Staphylococci (MRSA). Most of the blood culture isolates from critically ill patients in intensive care unit were multidrug-resistant, ESBL producers and MRSA which raises a serious concern about the development of serious antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shigellosis is an infectious disease caused by various species of the Shigella genus as it is transmitted by a fecal-oral path. Characteristic symptoms include diarrhea, often blood-like, fever and abdominal pains. Aim. In this study we aimed at tracing the course of severe Shigellosis affecting children from the area of the city of Sofia and the Sofia Dis-trict for a 9-month period. Materials and Methods. In the period March-December 2019, 46 children hospitalized with diarrheic syndrome and a proven Shigella spp. infection with an average age of 5.5 years were studied. The methods of direct microscopy, cultivation technique, biochemical identification, serotyping and determination of antimicrobial sensitivity were used. The clinical features of the disease in children was described. Results. All studied children had acute diarrhea but no admixtures of blood were found in 12 (26%). From the biochemical and serological tests of the Shigella isolates, two main groups were demonstrated - S. flexneri (71.1%) and S. sonnei (28.3%). A serious antimicrobial resistance to some of the most used antimicrobial agents, particularly in S. flexneri, was found. Conclusion. In cases of acute diarrhea, no matter if admixtures of blood can be seen, also Shigellosis has to be suspected. Antibiotic treatment has to be postponed until the obtainment of antibiogram due to the serious resistance, which is demonstrated by Shigella in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aim of this study was to characterize Staphylococcusaureus isolates of food origin (dairy and meat products, pastries and sandwiches) determining the carriage in enterotoxin genes and the antimicrobial resistance pheno/genotypes. Methods and results: A total of 300 food samples were collected and analysed for the detection of S. aureus. The presence of enterotoxin genes was investigated by multiplex PCRs. Resistance of isolates to 11 antimicrobials was determined using disc diffusion method and molecular characterization of methicillin‐resistant S. aureus was carried out by spa typing and multilocus sequence typing. Overall, 51 out of 300 samples (17%) were contaminated with S. aureus, and 104 isolates were recovered. In all, 65 of these isolates (62·5%) harboured one or more genes encoding for staphylococcal enterotoxins, being seg and sei the most observed genes. The highest resistance profile was ascribed to penicillin G (95·19%). Five isolates were methicillin‐resistant (MRSA) harbouring the mecA gene. All MRSA isolates belonged to the sequence type ST5 and to two different spa types (t450 and t688); the MRSA‐t450 isolate carried the scn gene (specific marker of the immune evasion cluster system), but the four MRSA‐t688 isolates were scn negative. The MRSA isolates carried enterotoxin genes but were negative for the genes of the Panton Valentine leukocidine (lukF/S‐PV). Conclusion: The presence of enterotoxigenic S. aureus isolates, including MRSA, in food samples can represent a risk for public health. Significance and Impact of this Study: This work describes the molecular characteristics of MRSA strains isolated from foods in Algeria and it can contribute to an extended database concerning the S. aureus isolated from food origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine / Zhongguo Yufang Shouyi Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Bacterial meningitis is a serious inflammation of the meninges. Antimicrobial therapy on early cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination has an important role in diagnosis. The disease is still challenging in developing countries because of poor (diagnostic set-up, socioeconomic conditions, management), and misuse of antimicrobial therapy results in emerging antimicrobial-resistant strains. Therefore, this hospital based cross sectional study was aimed to assess the antimicrobial sensitivity profile and bacterial isolates among patients suspected of pyogenic meningitis at Hawassa University Hospital from February 2017 to 2018. Results: A total of 394 patients suspected as meningitis were included. Of these 210 (53.3%) were males and 184 (46.7%) were females. The carriage rate of bacterial pathogens was 27(6.9%). The common clinical presentations were fever 330 (83.8%), headache 205 (52.0%) and neck stiffness 179(45.4%) followed by altered mental status 125(31.7%). Neck stiffness P = 0.001 (AOR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.06–6.53), Hx of seizure P = 0.043, (AOR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.15–5.99), Nuchal rigidity P = 0.001* (AOR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.06–4.48) were significantly associated with culture positivity. The pathogens isolated in this study were N. meningitidis the most frequent isolate 12(44.4%) followed by S. pneumoniae 5 (18.5%), E. coli 4(14.8%), H. influenza 3(13.6%), S. aureus 2(11.1%) and K. pneumoniae 1(3.7%). S. pneumoniae was (100%) resistance to penicillin, (80%) amoxicillin, and (20%) Cefotaxime. S. aureus was (100%) resistant to penicillin, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin. N. meningitidis was (100%) resistant to penicillin, (66.7%) Ceftriaxone and (41.7%) chloramphenicol. In this study a single isolate was also resistant to a different antibiotic. Conclusion: The prevention of bacterial meningitis needs serious attention since the isolated bacteria showed single and multiple antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and the variable nature of isolated etiological agents makes it reasonable to provide continuous future updates on local resistance of common antibiotics and optimize the most frequent bacteria associated with meningitis in the hospital. Therefore; further, survey study with a better design of antimicrobial susceptibility at large scale to control the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the change in the causative organism of bacterial meningitis in the study area and at a national level is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, infection with Shewanella putrefaciens has emerged as a serious problem in freshwater aquaculture. In the present study, we report large‐scale mortality in farmed tilapia Oreochromis niloticus from Hisar, North India. The diseased tilapia exhibited lethargy, swimming near the water surface, fin rot, hemorrhages on the operculum, and approximately 40% mortality. Gram‐negative, motile, catalase, and oxidase‐positive bacilli were isolated from the kidney of affected tilapia and confirmed as S. putrefaciens on the basis of biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The antimicrobial sensitivity test revealed that S. putrefaciens strains were sensitive to quinolone, nitrofuran, tetracycline, aminoglycoside, cephalosporin, aminocyclitol, sulphonamide, and macrolide antibiotics, but resistant to beta‐lactam and glycopeptide antibiotics. The histopathological examination revealed degenerative changes in the kidney, liver, spleen, and intestine suggesting systemic infection. In experimental infection studies, the disease was reproduced in naive tilapia, and the clinical signs resembled those observed in natural cases. Further more, S. putrefaciens was re‐isolated from the kidney of challenged tilapia, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Therefore, the mortality in tilapia was attributed to S. putrefaciens infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose  Blood is one of the most important connective tissues of human body. Bloodstream infection can range from inapparent bacteremia till fulminant septic shock with high mortality. Presence of microbes in blood whether continuously, intermittently, or transiently is a grave risk to every organ of body. Culture of blood is a vital tool to diagnose such infections. Drug susceptibility patterns help in rationalizing therapy. Objective  The aim of the study is to perform bacteriological analysis and assess drug sensitivity patterns of blood culture isolates and compare in light of other associated variables. Design  Retrospective observational study was conducted from January 2009 to December 2013 at a tertiary care hospital at Shillong, India. Blood samples were collected with aseptic guidelines and cultured for 7 days. Growths were identified by standard biochemical tests and subjected to sensitivity testing according to Modified Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Data for source of blood collection and duration of incubation were noted and compared. Results  A total of 658 (11.2%) pathogens were isolated from 5,867 bacteremia-suspected patient blood specimens. Contamination was observed at the rate of 1.21%. Gram-negative organisms were the predominant pathogens recovered, Klebsiella pneumoniae being the most common. No significant difference was observed between the number of organisms isolated within or beyond 48 hours. Acinetobacter baumannii and K. pneumoniae have significantly higher chances (p < 0.05) of isolation from central line catheters compared with peripheral venipuncture. Conclusion  Successful treatment of sepsis depends on early diagnosis and proper antimicrobial therapy. Local knowledge of bacteriological profile and antimicrobial sensitivity patterns helps rationalize empiric treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the government of China, reported cases of pertussis have increased remarkably and are still increasing. To determine the genetic relatedness of Bordetella pertussis strains, we compared multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) results for isolates from China with those from Western countries. Among 335 isolates from China, the most common virulence-associated genotype was ptxA1/ptxC1/ptxP1/prn1/fim2-1/fim3A/tcfA2, which was more frequent among isolates from northern than southern China. Isolates of this genotype were highly resistant to erythromycin. We identified 36 ptxP3 strains mainly harboring ptxA1 and prn2 (35/36); ptxP3 strains were sensitive to erythromycin and were less frequently from northern China. For all isolates, the sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim MIC was low, indicating that this drug should be recommended for patients infected with erythromycin-resistant B. pertussis. MLVA of 150 clinical isolates identified 13 MLVA types, including 3 predominant types. Our results show that isolates circulating in China differ from those in Western countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of 13 Salmonella enterica isolated from chicken eggs from various areas of Metro Manila, Philippines were determined. Results showed that Salmonella isolates had the highest resistance to erythromycin (92.31%), doxycycline (53.85%), sulphamethoxazole--trimethoprim (53.85%), tetracycline (46.15%), streptomycin (38.46%) and spectinomycin (38.46%); and highest antibiotic susceptibilities to amikacin (92.31%), ciprofloxacin (84.62%), gentamicin (84.62%), kanamycin (84.62%), norfloxacin (84.62%), amoxicillin clavulanic acid (76.92%), neomycin (69.23%) and ofloxacin (61.54%) using the standard disk diffusion method. Multidrug resistance was observed in eight (61.54%) isolates, in which two (15.38%) isolates were resistant to at least 10 different antimicrobials and one (7.69%) isolate was resistant to at least eight different classes of antimicrobials tested in the study. Based on WHO classification system, high antimicrobial susceptibilities were observed for most of the Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials (61.54%-84.62%) and High Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials (69.23%- 92.31%), however, low antimicrobial susceptibilities were observed for Highly Important Antimicrobials (0 to 46.15%) and Important Antimicrobials (38.46%). PCR analysis showed that all isolates were negative for the mcr-1 resistance gene. Data obtained in this study may serve as a guide for poultry clinicians and farm owners in their selection of effective antimicrobials against Salmonella and formulation of more effective control programs against Salmonella infection in layer chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Wassit for Science & Medicine is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To study the spectrum and antimicrobial sensitivity of bacterial pathogens causing neonatal sepsis, in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. Study Design: Prospective cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: This was a prospective cross sectional study, conducted at NICU of Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, from Jul 2017 to Dec 2017. Material and Methods: All neonates admitted to our department who underwent evaluation for sepsis, from Jul 2017 to Dec 2017. Results: Out of 2,480 admitted neonates, 733 were suspected with sepsis, making an incidence of suspected neonatal sepsis to be 29.5%. 421 (57.4%) babies were suspected with early onset sepsis (EOS) and 312 (42.6%) with late onset sepsis (LOS). Majority of the babies (70.3%) were preterm. In 281 (11.3%) neonates, blood culture came out to be positive. 73/281 neonates with culture proven sepsis died making a mortality rate of 25.9%. Gram negative bacilli were most predominant among isolated bacteria. Most of the organisms showed resistance to the first line antibiotics. Conclusion: Sepsis has a high mortality rate in neonates admitted to our department. Gram negative organisms are the most common cause. Most of the isolated organisms are resistant to empirical antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study a total of 20 and 78 milk samples were collected from animals showed clinical and subclinical mastitis criteria respectively for isolation and identification of different pathogens causing clinical and subclinical mastitis in some dairy farms of Beni-Suef Governorate, and investigation of their in vitro sensitivity. The most prevalent microorganisms recovered were Staphylococcal species (no=79, 80.61%) followed by Enterococcus spp. (n=28, 28.57%), CAMP negative Streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=7, 7.14%), E. coli (n=3 ,3.06%) and Proteus vulgaris (n=1 ,1.02% ). Antibiogram profile for S. aureus showed that the most effective drug was vancomycin and the least effective drug was penicillin. In this study also trials were done to detect biofilm production for the recovered isolates of S. aureus (n=23) by means of phenotypic method named as Congo red agar method (CRA) and genotypic methods by determination of some biofilm related genes by means of PCR. All the recovered S. aureus isolates were seeded on the CRA media to detect their biofilm forming ability. All the tested isolates showed biofilm forming ability either strong or intermediate. 13 (56.52%) of them were strong biofilm producers, while 10 (43.48%) were intermediate biofilm producers. Detection of some biofilm associated genes (icaA, icaD and bap genes) using polymerase chain reaction revealed that two isolates out of 19 (10.53%) were negative for all the tested genes, 16 isolates (84.21%) harbored both icaA and icaD gene while only one isolate harbored all the tested genes (5.26%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: antimicrobial sensitivity; normalized resistance interpretation; rainbow trout; Yersinia ruckeri EN antimicrobial sensitivity normalized resistance interpretation rainbow trout Yersinia ruckeri 631 633 3 04/24/20 20200501 NES 200501 The isolation of I Yersinia ruckeri i was reported for the first time in Peru by Bravo and Kojagura ([3]). Five antibiotic discs (Liofilchem) containing 10 g amoxicillin (AMO), 30 g florfenicol (FLO), 2 g oxolinic acid (OXO), 30 g oxytetracycline (OXY) and 25 g trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TRS) were used. Phenotypical and genetic characterization of Yersinia ruckeri strains isolated from recent outbreaks in farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) in Peru. [Extracted from the article]

Industrial ethanol fermentation is subject to bacterial contamination that causes significant economic losses in ethanol fuel plants. Chronic contamination has been associated with biofilms that are normally more resistant to antimicrobials and cleaning efforts than planktonic cells. In this study, contaminant species of Lactobacillus isolated from biofilms (source of sessile cells) and wine (source of planktonic cells) from industrial and pilot-scale fermentations were compared regarding their ability to form biofilms and their sensitivity to different antimicrobials. Fifty lactobacilli were isolated and the most abundant species were Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus plantarum. The majority of the isolates (87.8%) were able to produce biofilms in pure culture. The capability to form biofilms and sensitivity to virginiamycin, monensin and beta-acids from hops, showed inter- and intra-specific variability. In the pilot-scale fermentation, Lactobacillus brevis, L. casei and the majority of L. plantarum isolates were less sensitive to beta-acids than their counterparts from wine; L. brevis isolates from biofilms were also less sensitive to monensin when compared to the wine isolates. Biofilm formation and sensitivity to beta-acids showed a positive and negative correlation for L. casei and L. plantarum, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus is important organism responsible for wide variety of infections. The present study was conducted to find the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in various clinical samples received at the department of Microbiology, Darbhanga Medical College and to assess its sensitivity pattern. It was observed that 20.9% of the samples were positive and 42.2% of the isolated Staphylococcus aureus were methicillin resistant (MRSA). Most common sample was pus (38.4%) followed by urine (20.9%). 42.2% of the samples were resistant to Cefoxitin, Cefotaxime and Amoxicillin. 60.9% were resistant to Erythromycin and 24.4% to Gentamicin. Monitoring of antibiotic sensitivity is essential for better clinical management and preventing antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to estimate Butchers hands and articles as a source of E. coli contamination in poultry meat and slaughterhouses andto estimate the effect of random antimicrobials usage on the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated E. coli. A total of 192 samples were collected from four poultry abattoirs in El-Beheira governorate. Samples were collected from butchers' hands, articles, carcass internal and external surfaces. E. coli was isolated and identified by culture, biochemical analysis and PCR. Further the isolates were studied for their antimicrobial susceptibility against 11 commonly used antibiotics in poultry farms. E. coliwas detected in hands (87.5%), articles (81.25%), internal (80.35%) and external (78.57%) surfaces of the carcasses. The highest antimicrobial sensitivity of the isolates was detected to Tobramycin (100%), Cefotaxime (50-75%) and Chloramphenicol (59-66.7%). While, the highest resistance was detected to Penicillin, Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim, (100%), Amoxicillin (93-100%), Cephradine and Doxycycline. Further, multiple antimicrobial resistance was detected. By PCR, 33.3% (2/6) of the samples from the internal surface of the carcasses were positive for the intimin; eaeA gene. Thus, contamination of chicken carcasses in the abattoirs with pathogenic E. coli that resists different antimicrobials poses a challenge for human food and thus human health. The use of antimicrobials as well asapplying hygienic proceduresin abattoirs are clearly a necessity for the production of healthy food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: Bloodstream infection can range from inapparent bacteremia until fulminant septic shock with high mortality. Microorganisms present in circulating blood whether continuously, intermittently, or transiently are a threat to every organ in the body. Culture of blood is a vital tool to diagnose such infections. Drug susceptibility patterns help in rationalizing therapy. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to perform bacteriological analysis and assess drug sensitivity patterns of isolates from blood stream infections. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study was conducted from May 2015 to February 2017 at a tertiary care hospital, Port Blair, India. Blood samples were collected with aseptic guidelines and cultured for 7 days. Growths were identified using standard biochemical tests and subjected to sensitivity testing according to Modified Kirby–Bauer's disk diffusion method. Data for the source of blood collection and duration of incubation were noted and compared. RESULTS: A total of 270 (14.24%) pathogens were isolated from 1895 bacteremia suspect patient blood specimens. Contamination was observed at a rate of 1.63%. Gram-positive cocci (60.37%) were predominant organisms recovered followed by Gram-negative Bacilli (36.29%) and Yeasts (3.33%). Staphylococcus aureus, CoNS, and Acinetobacter spp. were the primary pathogens isolated. Aminoglycosides, carbapenems, and glycopeptides were the most effective drugs for treating bacteremia. CONCLUSIONS: Successful treatment of sepsis depends on early diagnosis and proper antimicrobial therapy. Local knowledge of bacteriological profile and antimicrobial sensitivity patterns helps rationalize empiric treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cronobacter spp. is a foodborne pathogen that causes life-threatening and invasive diseases, such as necrotizing enterocolitis, meningitis, and sepsis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence, molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of Cronobacter spp. in raw vegetables marketed in China. Based on dietary habits in China, 403 raw vegetables that could be eaten without additional cooking were collected. Of the 403 samples tested, 122 (30.27%) were positive for Cronobacter spp., and the contamination levels exceeded 110 most probable number (MPN)/g for 16.39% (20/122) of the samples. Coriander samples had the highest contamination rate of 52.81%, and the MPN values of 19.15% of positive coriander samples exceeded 100 MPN/g. Eleven serotypes were identified among 171 isolates, with Cronobacter sakazakii serogroup O1 (41 isolates) being the dominant serotype. Molecular characterization indicated that there was quite high genetic diversity in Cronobacter spp., and multilocus sequence typing analyses yielded 106 sequence types (STs), 55 of which were newly identified. Notably, the most prevalent ST (eight isolates) was C. malonaticus ST60, which appeared in a recent clinical infectious disease study in China. Five C. sakazakii ST4, seven C. malonaticus ST7, and three C. sakazakii ST8 confirmed as pathogenic STs in other countries were also detected in this study. Furthermore, all isolates were susceptible to amikacin, amoxicillin-clavulanic, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem, but some isolates exhibited a high ratio of resistance to cephalothin (59.65%). In this study, the high contamination rate and the detection of pathogenic and new STs in raw vegetables indicated potential hazards to customers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to provide valuable information on the contamination status of Cronobacter spp. in vegetables that can be eaten raw in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Septicaemia is one of the significant causes of morbidity and mortality in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). The rate of antimicrobial resistance in ICU is very high compared to general hospital setting. Aim: To enumerate common bacterial pathogens causing sepsis and to identify their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study done in patients with sepsis during January 2016 to December 2017. The Institutional Ethical Committee clearance was obtained. Data were collected from inpatient case files regarding clinical history, laboratory parameters with special reference to causative organisms and antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel sheet and analysed using strata 14.0. Results: Among 216 subjects of sepsis admitted to ICU during study period, 130 (60.1%) were males, with mean age of 52.83 year (±16.6 SD). Pneumonia (31.94%) was the major cause of sepsis followed by urosepsis. Gram negative organisms were the major cause of sepsis accounting for 76.25% of organisms isolated. Escherichia coli was the most common organism isolated in urine (65.9%) and blood cultures (32%). All Gram negative bacteria had high level of resistance to Amoxicillin Clavulunic Acid (Amoxyclav) (85.9%), ampicillin sulbactum (66.7%) and third generation cephalosporins (70%). Conclusion: Gram negative organisms were the principal causes of septicaemia. Cephalosporin resistance was more than 70%. Acinetobacter species was resistant to most antibiotics. The knowledge of bacterial profile of sepsis and antibiotic susceptibility pattern not only helps in improving outcome but also prevents emergence of drug resistance strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Healthcare Associated Infections (HAI) are those that are acquired in a health care setting or one that is acquired in the hospital environment by a patient who had been admitted to the hospital for a different reason. The HAI are one of a cause of increased morbidity and mortality of hospitalised patients, especially the ones admitted to an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The study of incidence of HAI in the ICU of tertiary hospitals has been conducted previously with significant results but there is a lack of data exist regarding HAI in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Hence a study was conducted in the PICU of a tertiary care hospital to estimate the incidence of HAI and study the clinical and microbiological profile, so as to acquire knowledge regarding the prevailing conditions in the PICU. The knowledge thus, obtained may then be applied in lowering the further incidence of HAI and serve to establish better patient care services. Aim: The aim of the present study was to estimate the incidence of HAI in the PICU of a tertiary care hospital and to study the clinical, microbiological profile and analyse the same to understand the probable risk factors involved, thereby developing effective infection control measures and strategies. Materials and Methods: A prospective, descriptive, observational study was conducted in the PICU of a tertiary care hospital over a period of one year (August 2013 to July 2014). The present study included children of the age group between 1 month and 12 years admitted in the PICU, who were suspected to have acquired HAI during the hospital stay. Relative frequencies of known risk factors like age, anaemia, malnutrition, and duration of PICU stay were studied in these patients. Microbiological culture and antimicrobial sensitivity were done by using standard techniques in the microbiological laboratory. Results: During the study period, out of the 588 patients admitted to PICU, a total of 68 (11.56%) developed one or more HAIs. It was found that the clinical outcome of the patients with HAI did not have any statistically significant relationship to the parameters such as age or sex distribution, nutritional status, degree of anaemia, duration of hospital stay or the site of HAI. But highly significant correlation was established between the duration of mechanical ventilation of a patient and reintubation with the clinical outcome of the patient. The most common HAI identified in the PICU was vascular site infection, identified in 41 patients, contributing to more than half (53%) of all the HAI. This was followed by ventilator related infections in 13 patients (17%), primary blood stream infections in 12 patients (16%) and the others that occurred in minor frequencies included those of the skin, pneumonias, infections of the urinary tract and surgical site. The most common microorganism isolated from the patients with HAI in the PICU was Klebsiella species. The antibiotic to which majority of microbial isolates including Klebsiella were sensitive was Amikacin. Conclusion: It is recommended to follow strict hand hygiene and aseptic precautions during intravascular catheterisation procedures. The antibiotic Amikacin may be considered in the empirical treatment of suspected HAI while culture reports are being awaited. The challenges for the future are to minimize HAI in the PICU and ensure better clinical outcome for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strangles is the most contagious disease that affect on equine welfare and equine trading world wide. In This study 255 horses at Al Zahraa farm during the period of January 2015 till April 2017 were examined. Clinical signs were recorded and 97 samples (50 nasopharyngeal samples and 47 lymph node (sub mandibular. retropharngeal) were collected from diseased horses .Bacteriological isolation and identification of Streptococcus equi were carried out. For further identification, more advanced specific method (PCR) were done for detection Se-M gene which is unique for Streptococcus equi sub spieces equi. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that 77% of the isolates highly sensitive to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, while 92% of the isolates appeared intermediate in susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, on the other hand about 85% and 77% of the isolates totally resist to erythromycin and sulphonamide respectively. Finally, we concluded that early and accurate diagnosis reduce spreading of the infection also the in proper use of the antibiotics may affect on eliminating the infection especially in the presence of high rate of resistance to the most available antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Surgery has made great advances in last 3 quarters of this century and post-operative wound infection is the most common complication faced by surgeon since the advent of surgery. Aim: To determine the bacteriological profile and antibiogram of surgical site infections. Materials and methods: This prospective study was done for a period of one year (January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016) in a Govt. Medical College, Amritsar. The study population included 712 patients suffering from Surgical Site infections in the various wards (Orthopedics, General Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology) of our hospital. Two sterile cotton swabs were collected aseptically. Gram stained preparation was made from one swab. The other swab was inoculated on blood agar and Mac Conkey agar and incubated for 48 hours. Growth on culture plate was identified by its colony characters and standard biochemical tests. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was done by Kirby- Baeur disk diffusion method. Results: Rate of SSI was 58.00%. A total of 431 isolates were obtained, out of which 428 (99.30%) were bacterial isolates and 3 (0.69%) were fungal isolates. Monomicrobial growth was seen in 395 (95.64%) patients whereas polymicrobial growth was seen in 18 patients (4.35%). Out of 428 bacterial isolates, majority of bacteria were gram negative bacteria (60.74%) but most common isolate was Staphylococcus aureus. The microbiological profile of the 260 (60.74%) gram negative bacteria was Klebsiella pneumoniae followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter spp., Citrobacter spp. and Proteus spp. Methicillin resistance was seen in 10.52% of all the S.aureus isolates and 21.05% of CONS isolates. No vancomycin resistance in enterococcus was detected. Out of 260 gram negative bacilli, 105 (40.38%) were ESBL producers. Conclusion: To conclude, there is emergence of MDR gram negative organisms. The prevention of surgical site infections encompasses meticulous operative technique, timely administration of appropriate preoperative antibiotics, and a variety of preventive measures aimed at neutralizing the threat of bacterial, viral, and fungal contamination posed by operative staff, the operating room environment, and the patient’s endogenous skin flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Veterinary Journal of Ankara University / Ankara Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Ruminants serve as one of the most important reservoirs for pathogenic Escherichia coli. Infection with E. coli, a foodborne enteropathogen, can lead to asymptomatic infections that can cause life-threatening complications in humans. Therefore, from a clinical and human health perspective, it is important to know which virulence genes, phylogenetic groups, serogroups, and antibiotic resistance patterns are present in E. coli strains in yaks with diarrheic infections. Methods: Two-hundred and ninety-two rectal swabs were collected from diarrheic yaks in Qinghai Plateau, China. The antimicrobial sensitivity of each resulting isolate was evaluated according to the disk diffusion method, and different PCR assays were performed for the detection of virulence genes and different phylogroups. Additionally, strains were allocated to different serogroups based on the presence of O antigen via the slide agglutination method. Results: Among the E. coli isolates tested, most of the isolates were multidrug resistant (97%) and harbored at least one virulence gene (100%). We observed ten virulence genes (sfa, eaeA, cnf1, etrA, papC, hlyA, aer, faeG, rfc, and sepA), of which sfa was the most commonly found (96.9%). Significant positive associations between some resistance phenotypes and virulence genes were observed (P < 0.05, OR > 1). The majority of the E. coli isolates belonged to phylogroup A (79.5%), and the others belonged to phylogroups B1 (7.5%), D (4.1%), B2 (5.8%), and F (0.7%). Among all the E. coli strains tested, serogroups O91 and O145 were the most prevalent, accounting for 15.4 and 14.4%, respectively. Conclusions: Our results suggest that yaks with diarrhea serve as a reservoir of pathogenic E. coli carrying various virulence genes and resistance phenotypes. Therefore, clinicians and relevant authorities must ensure the regulatory use of antimicrobial agents and prevent the spread of these organisms through manure to farm workers and foodprocessing plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Veterinary Journal of Ankara University / Ankara Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major foodborne pathogen, particularly in Asian countries. Increased occurrence of outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis in China indicates the need to evaluation of the prevalence of this pathogenic species. V. parahaemolyticus distribution in shellfish from the eastern coast of China has been reported previously. However, to date, the prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in retail aquatic products in North China has not been determined. To investigate the prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in aquatic products in North China, 260 aquatic product samples were obtained from retail markets in 6 provinces of North China from November to December in 2012 and July to August in 2013. Results: V. parahaemolyticus was detected in 94 (36.2 %) of the samples by the most probable number method. The density of V. parahaemolyticus ranged from 1.50 to 1100 MPN/g. V. parahaemolyticus was detected at a rate of 50.0 % and 22.7 % in summer and in winter, respectively. The density of V. parahaemolyticus was significantly higher in summer than in winter, with mean levels of 16.5 MPN/g and 5.0 MPN/g, respectively. Among 145 V. parahaemolyticus isolates examined, none of the isolates possessed tdh and trh. In multiplex PCR-based O-antigen serotyping of these 145 isolates, all serotypes, other than O6, O7, and O9, were detected, and serotype O2 was found to be the most prevalent (detected in 54 isolates). The 145 isolates were grouped into 7 clusters by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) at a similarity coefficient of 0.66. The antimicrobial resistance patterns of these 145 isolates to 12 antimicrobial agents revealed that most of the isolates were resistant to streptomycin (86.2 %), while fewer were resistant to ampicillin (49.6 %), cefazolin (43.5 %), cephalothin (35.9 %), and kanamycin (22.1 %). All of the examined isolates were susceptible to azithromycin and chloramphenicol. Conclusions: The findings of this study will help in defining appropriate monitoring programs, understanding of the dissemination of antibiotic resistant strains, and providing information for the assessment of exposure to this microorganism at the consumption level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: CSOM causing deafness is seen in more than one third of the population in developing countries and is responsible for more than two thirds of deafness in children thereby causing intellectual and educational problems which have a profound impact on the society. Knowledge of the pathogens responsible for CSOM and their antibiotic sensitivity can assist in the selection of the appropriate treatment regimen in these cases. Objective: To identify the bacteria causing CSOM in our hospital area and to determine their antibiotic sensitivity. Methodology: Prospective study of 20 samples from clinically suspected cases of CSOM was performed over a period of two months. Samples were subjected to culture and the isolates were identified by standard biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed by modified Kirby-bauer disc diffusion technique as per CLSI guidelines. Results: The predominant organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus. No other organism was isolated in our study. The antimicrobial sensitivity of the isolates in our study showed 100% sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and netilmycin followed by 75% sensitivity to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. Conclusion: The bacterial pathogens causing CSOM are unique to each geographical area. There is a high carriage of Staphylococcus aureus strains in the external auditory canal and upper respiratory tract prevalent in our hospital area. Quinolones and third generation cephalosporins are the most effective drugs for CSOM in our hospital area and can be considered for empiric therapy of these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) constitute important bacterial disease which contributes to significant morbidity world-wide. Empirical treatment in patients suffering from UTI depends upon the local knowledge of common microorganisms responsible for UTI in that geographical area as well as their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Objectives: To determine the frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogens which are responsible for urinary tract infections. Study Design: Experimental study. Setting: Department of Pathology, Frontier Medical & Dental College and Mohi Ud Din Islamic Medical College. Period: January 2015 to June 2015. Material & methods: Total of 113 patients were included in the study. Urine samples were cultured on MacConkey's agar and Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) agar. Micro-organisms were identified using standard tests and antimicrobial susceptibility was checked using modified Kirby Bauer method following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: The average age of patients was 32.19±16.47 years. Gram negative organisms accounted for majority of cases, about 89 (78.76%) cases. Escherichia coli was the most common micro-organism which was found in 50 (44.24%) cases followed by Staphylococcus aureus in 24 (21.24%), Enterobacter spp. in 19 (16.81%), Klebsiella spp. in 11 (9.73%) and Proteus spp. in 9 (7.96%) cases. E. coli was sensitive to imipenem and ciprofloxacin and was resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and gentamicin. Conclusion: Gram negative organisms are largely responsible for UTIs and E. coli being the most common etiological agent. E. coli is sensitive to commonly prescribed drugs for UTI like ciprofloxacin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The study aimed to determine the bacteria that cause CSOM and their sensitivity to drugs used in children attending at the Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) clinic at Arthur Davidson Children's Hospital(ADCH) in Ndola. Methodology: It was a retrospective descriptive hospital based cross sectional study whereby the medical files of 60 patients aged between 0-15 years who diagnosed with CSOM from January 2014 to January 2016 at Arthur Davison Children Hospital were reviewed and the socio-demographic data, type of bacteria isolated and their antibiotic sensitivity were analysed using quantitative methods Statistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS version 16.0). Results: Of the 60 patients included in the study, more than half (56.7%) of the participants were 7 years old or younger and majority (86.7%) of participants came from high density areas. CSOM seemed to be more common in females (55%) than males (45%). The common organisms isolated included; Staphylococcus species (36%), Proteus vulgaris species (35%), Pseudomonas species (15%), Streptococcus species (7%), E. coli species (3%), Enterobacter species (2%) and Serratia marcens species (2%). Antimicrobial sensitivity tests showed that Ciprofloxacin was more sensitive to most of the microbial isolates. Conclusion: It is important to know that Staphylococcus was the commonest isolated pathogen responsible for CSOM at ADCH. This will ensure success in the choice of suitable antibiotics according to susceptibility tests as they guide the treatment and thus reduce complications of CSOM and curbing resistance to antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most commonly encountered infectious diseases. The current study was undertaken with a dual purpose, to provide an insight into the current scenario of the microorganisms causing UTI, their antimicrobial sensitivity patterns and also try and evaluate the activity of fosfomycin against E. coli, both ESBL producers as well as non-producers. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted prospectively in the Department of Microbiology of a tertiary care hospital from January to June 2014. A total of 358 isolates from the urinary samples of the patients with a diagnosis of urinary tract infection were included in the study. Antibiotic sensitivity testing and extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) production testing was done as per CLSI guidelines. Results: These represented 297 (82.9%) gram-negative isolates and 61 (17%) gram-positive isolates. The 297 gramnegative isolates represented 265 (89.2%) members of the Enterobacteriaceae, 185 (69.8%) of which were Escherichia coli, 66 (24.9%) Klebsiella spp. and 14 (5.28%) Proteus spp. Nonfermentative Pseudomonas spp were isolated from 8.9% cases. Amongst the Gram negative isolates tested, 78 (21.8%) formed extended spectrum beta-lactamases. Of the total 358 isolates tested, 338 (94.4%) were found to be susceptible to fosfomycin. Conclusion: Fosfomycin showed good activity against both ESBL-producing and ESBL-negative E. coli isolates. The main finding of our study is that fosfomycin exhibits excellent antimicrobial activity even against the isolates with relatively high levels of antimicrobial resistance and hence can be a useful drug in our armamentarium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fever is a common clinical symptom in children attending hospital outpatient clinics in rural Tanzania, yet there is still a paucity of data on the burden of bloodstream bacterial infection among these patients. Methods: The present study was conducted at Korogwe District Hospital in north-eastern Tanzania. Patients aged between 2 and 59 months with a history of fever or measured axillary temperature ≥37.5°C attending the outpatient clinic were screened for enrolment into the study. Blood culturing was performed using the BACTEC 9050® system. A biochemical analytical profile index and serological tests were used for identification and confirmation of bacterial isolates. In-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The identification of Plasmodium falciparum malaria was performed by microscopy with Giemsa stained blood films. Results: A total of 808 blood cultures were collected between January and October 2013. Bacterial growth was observed in 62/808 (7.7%) of the cultured samples. Pathogenic bacteria were identified in 26/808 (3.2%) cultures and the remaining 36/62 (58.1%) were classified as contaminants. Salmonella typhi was the predominant bacterial isolate detected in 17/26 (65.4%) patients of which 16/17 (94.1%) were from patients above 12 months of age. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the second leading bacterial isolate detected in 4/26 (15.4%) patients. A high proportion of S. typhi 11/17 (64.7%) was isolated during the rainy season. S. typhi isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (n = 17/17, 100%) and ceftriaxone (n = 13/17, 76.5%) but resistant to chloramphenicol (n = 15/17, 88.2%). P. falciparum malaria was identified in 69/808 (8.5%) patients, none of whom had bacterial infection. Conclusion: Bloodstream bacterial infection was not found to be a common cause of fever in outpatient children; and S. typhi was the predominant isolate. This study highlights the need for rational use of antimicrobial prescription in febrile paediatric outpatients presenting at healthcare facilities in rural Tanzania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fever is a common clinical symptom in children attending hospital outpatient clinics in rural Tanzania, yet there is still a paucity of data on the burden of bloodstream bacterial infection among these patients. Methods: The present study was conducted at Korogwe District Hospital in north-eastern Tanzania. Patients aged between 2 and 59 months with a history of fever or measured axillary temperature ≥37.5°C attending the outpatient clinic were screened for enrolment into the study. Blood culturing was performed using the BACTEC 9050® system. A biochemical analytical profile index and serological tests were used for identification and confirmation of bacterial isolates. In-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The identification of Plasmodium falciparum malaria was performed by microscopy with Giemsa stained blood films. Results: A total of 808 blood cultures were collected between January and October 2013. Bacterial growth was observed in 62/808 (7.7%) of the cultured samples. Pathogenic bacteria were identified in 26/808 (3.2%) cultures and the remaining 36/62 (58.1%) were classified as contaminants. Salmonella typhi was the predominant bacterial isolate detected in 17/26 (65.4%) patients of which 16/17 (94.1%) were from patients above 12 months of age. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the second leading bacterial isolate detected in 4/26 (15.4%) patients. A high proportion of S. typhi 11/17 (64.7%) was isolated during the rainy season. S. typhi isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (n = 17/17, 100%) and ceftriaxone (n = 13/17, 76.5%) but resistant to chloramphenicol (n = 15/17, 88.2%). P. falciparum malaria was identified in 69/808 (8.5%) patients, none of whom had bacterial infection. Conclusion: Bloodstream bacterial infection was not found to be a common cause of fever in outpatient children; and S. typhi was the predominant isolate. This study highlights the need for rational use of antimicrobial prescription in febrile paediatric outpatients presenting at healthcare facilities in rural Tanzania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: To analyze interrelated Salmonella Enteritidis strains isolated in Turkey. Fifty-five S. Enteritidis surveillance strains were isolated from human feces and environmental samples from different regions in Turkey between 2000 and 2010. Materials and methods: Clinical isolates were selected from different outbreaks in the Turkish National Reference Laboratory. All isolates were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility test, plasmid profile analysis, and XbaI-digested pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Results: The strains were scanned against 20 antibiotics and for 3 of them (amikacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin), all strains were found to be sensitive. Five isolates had no plasmid. Most of test strains carried the 57-kb plasmid in common and 15 genotypes were identified among the 55 isolates. Six genotypes were related closely, 3 genotypes were undistinguished, and 6 genotypes were unrelated. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report on the phenotypic and molecular characterization of S. Enteritidis isolates from both environmental samples and clinical isolates in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]