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Donor–π–acceptor fluorophores that consist of an electron‐donating amino group and an electron‐accepting triarylborane moiety generally exhibit substantial solvatochromism in their fluorescence while retaining high fluorescence quantum yields even in polar media. Herein, we report a new family of this compound class, which bears ortho‐P(=X)R2‐substituted phenyl groups (X=O or S) as a photodissociative module. The P=X moiety that intramolecularly coordinates to the boron atom undergoes dissociation in the excited state, giving rise to dual emission from the corresponding tetra‐ and tricoordinate boron species. The susceptibility of the systems to photodissociation depends on the coordination ability of the P=O and P=S moieties, whereby the latter facilitates dissociation. The intensity ratios of the dual emission bands are sensitive to environmental parameters, including temperature, solution polarity, and the viscosity of the medium. Moreover, precise tuning of the P(=X)R2 group and the electron‐donating amino moiety led to single‐molecule white emission in solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Donor–π–acceptor fluorophores that consist of an electron‐donating amino group and an electron‐accepting triarylborane moiety generally exhibit substantial solvatochromism in their fluorescence while retaining high fluorescence quantum yields even in polar media. Herein, we report a new family of this compound class, which bears ortho‐P(=X)R2‐substituted phenyl groups (X=O or S) as a photodissociative module. The P=X moiety that intramolecularly coordinates to the boron atom undergoes dissociation in the excited state, giving rise to dual emission from the corresponding tetra‐ and tricoordinate boron species. The susceptibility of the systems to photodissociation depends on the coordination ability of the P=O and P=S moieties, whereby the latter facilitates dissociation. The intensity ratios of the dual emission bands are sensitive to environmental parameters, including temperature, solution polarity, and the viscosity of the medium. Moreover, precise tuning of the P(=X)R2 group and the electron‐donating amino moiety led to single‐molecule white emission in solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olefin–borane π‐complexes have been postulated as intermediates for the addition of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) to olefins. In the present study, we have employed this weak interaction to modulate the electronic properties of boron‐based π‐electron materials. A series of donor–π–acceptor (D–π–A) fluorophores that contain an alkenyl‐bridged diarylboryl group is synthesized. A crystallographic analysis revealed that the olefin and boron moieties are held in close proximity. Upon addition of a Lewis base to a solution of these D–π–A fluorophores, an FLP‐type addition occurs with concurrent significant changes in the absorption and emission properties. The FLP‐type reaction shifts the reaction site from the Lewis‐acidic boron atom to a carbocationic center, and thereby even facilitates a reaction with bulky Lewis bases. For example, a tricyclohexylphosphine adduct thus generated exhibits temperature‐dependent reversible dissociation/association behavior. These results provide a design strategy for stimuli‐responsive emissive boron‐based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olefin–borane π‐complexes have been postulated as intermediates for the addition of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) to olefins. In the present study, we have employed this weak interaction to modulate the electronic properties of boron‐based π‐electron materials. A series of donor–π–acceptor (D–π–A) fluorophores that contain an alkenyl‐bridged diarylboryl group is synthesized. A crystallographic analysis revealed that the olefin and boron moieties are held in close proximity. Upon addition of a Lewis base to a solution of these D–π–A fluorophores, an FLP‐type addition occurs with concurrent significant changes in the absorption and emission properties. The FLP‐type reaction shifts the reaction site from the Lewis‐acidic boron atom to a carbocationic center, and thereby even facilitates a reaction with bulky Lewis bases. For example, a tricyclohexylphosphine adduct thus generated exhibits temperature‐dependent reversible dissociation/association behavior. These results provide a design strategy for stimuli‐responsive emissive boron‐based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two kinds of planarized phenyldithienylboranes, which contain (CH3)2C‐ or CH2‐bridging moieties, were synthesized. The difference of the bridging moieties affects their packing structures and photophysical properties. In particular, the (CH3)2C‐bridged derivative exhibits a large Stokes shift, unusual for such planarized compounds, that results from a large structural relaxation in the excited state. A series of π‐extended derivatives was synthesized, among which a p‐(diphenylamino)phenyl‐substituted derivative shows large solvatochromism in the fluorescence spectra, while maintaining high quantum yields even in polar solvents. The Lewis acidity of the phenyldithienylborane derivatives was also assessed by titration with pyridine. The Lewis acidity of the boron center is affected not only by the difference in the steric bulk of the bridging moieties, but also by the electronic effect of the substituents introduced at remote positions relative to the boron atom. These results demonstrate the characteristic features of planarized phenyldithienylboranes as building blocks for boron‐based π‐electron materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global staffing is a crucial factor for the success of the overseas operations of multinational corporations (MNCs). This study examines the contextual and organisational factors that affect the localisation of subsidiary staffing in the overseas operations of Japanese multinational companies. Using panel data containing more than 15 000 observations of Japanese overseas subsidiaries and a random‐effects logit model, we found that the cultural distance between the home country and the host country has a significant impact on the localisation of subsidiary staffing. In addition, the strategic importance of subsidiaries, as well as the local market orientation and business experiences in the host country, but not research and development (R&D) intensity of Japanese parent firms, have a significant impact on the localisation of foreign subsidiary staffing. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the fluorescence properties of a new class of emissive and stable π‐radicals that contain a boron atom at a position distant from the radical center. A fully planarized derivative exhibited an intense red fluorescence with high fluorescence quantum yields (ΦF >0.67) even in polar solvents. To elucidate the origin of this phenomenon, we synthesized another boron‐stabilized radical that contains a bulky aryl group on the boron atom. A comparison of these derivatives, as well as with conventional donor–π–acceptor (D–π–A)‐type emissive π‐radicals, unveiled several characteristic features in their photophysical properties. A theoretical analysis revealed that the SOMO–LUMO electronic transition generates an emissive D1 state. Unlike conventional D–π–A‐type π‐radicals, this state does not undergo significant structural relaxation. The boron‐stabilized π‐radicals demonstrated promising potential for organic light‐emitting diodes as an emitting material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the fluorescence properties of a new class of emissive and stable π‐radicals that contain a boron atom at a position distant from the radical center. A fully planarized derivative exhibited an intense red fluorescence with high fluorescence quantum yields (ΦF >0.67) even in polar solvents. To elucidate the origin of this phenomenon, we synthesized another boron‐stabilized radical that contains a bulky aryl group on the boron atom. A comparison of these derivatives, as well as with conventional donor–π–acceptor (D–π–A)‐type emissive π‐radicals, unveiled several characteristic features in their photophysical properties. A theoretical analysis revealed that the SOMO–LUMO electronic transition generates an emissive D1 state. Unlike conventional D–π–A‐type π‐radicals, this state does not undergo significant structural relaxation. The boron‐stabilized π‐radicals demonstrated promising potential for organic light‐emitting diodes as an emitting material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a new design strategy for an excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) fluorophore that can be used in acidic media. A photobasic pyridine‐centered donor‐acceptor‐donor‐type fluorophore is combined with a basic trialkylamine "strap". In the presence of an acid, protonation occurs predominantly at the amine moiety in the ground state. A single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of a pre‐organized intramolecular hydrogen‐bonded structure between the resulting ammonium moiety and the pyridine ring. Upon excitation, the intramolecular charge‐transfer transition increases the basicity of the pyridine moiety in the excited state, resulting in proton transfer from the amine to the pyridine moiety. Consequently, the fluorophore takes on a polymethine‐dye character in the ESIPT state, which gives rise to significantly red‐shifted emission with an increased fluorescence quantum yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron‐deficient heteroacenes that contain two tricoordinate boron atoms in their acene skeletons and planarized phenyl ether moieties at their periphery were synthesized via the borylation of silicon‐bridged precursors. X‐ray crystallographic analysis revealed quinoidal structures, which give rise to two‐step reversible redox processes for both the reduction and oxidation. These compounds exhibit intense absorption and sharp fluorescence bands with vibronic structures in the near‐infrared (NIR) region. These properties originate from the push–pull effect along the long axis of the molecule derived from the electron‐donating ether moieties and the electron‐accepting boron moieties. Of particular note is the NIR emission of the thienothiophene‐centered heteroacene, which has a maximum at 952 nm with a narrow band width of 309 cm−1 in cyclohexane. A Franck–Condon analysis revealed the crucial role of the sterically less‐hindered thienothiophene spacer in achieving this sharp emission band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron‐deficient heteroacenes that contain two tricoordinate boron atoms in their acene skeletons and planarized phenyl ether moieties at their periphery were synthesized via the borylation of silicon‐bridged precursors. X‐ray crystallographic analysis revealed quinoidal structures, which give rise to two‐step reversible redox processes for both the reduction and oxidation. These compounds exhibit intense absorption and sharp fluorescence bands with vibronic structures in the near‐infrared (NIR) region. These properties originate from the push–pull effect along the long axis of the molecule derived from the electron‐donating ether moieties and the electron‐accepting boron moieties. Of particular note is the NIR emission of the thienothiophene‐centered heteroacene, which has a maximum at 952 nm with a narrow band width of 309 cm−1 in cyclohexane. A Franck–Condon analysis revealed the crucial role of the sterically less‐hindered thienothiophene spacer in achieving this sharp emission band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to explore how a change in the staffing configuration of foreign subsidiaries affects subsidiary performance by focusing on staffing localization. Design/methodology/approach: The relationship between localization and subsidiary performance is analyzed from the perspective of human capital. Hypotheses are tested using a panel data set of foreign direct investment by Japanese multinational enterprises. Findings: The analysis demonstrates that localization has a positive effect on subsidiary performance when subsidiaries can access a pool of competent local managers in the host country. It also shows that when competent local managers are highly available, localization has a positive effect on subsidiary performance under high cultural distance. In comparison, when the availability of competent local managers is limited and cultural distance is high, localization has a negative effect on subsidiary performance. Originality/value: Using human capital theory, this study theorizes how localization, which is a change in the configuration of human capital toward a reliance on local-specific human capital, enhances subsidiary-specific advantages. It introduces the effects of changes in the configuration of human capital over time, into studies on subsidiary staffing. In addition, from a different viewpoint than previous studies, this study proposes one possible path where human capital leads to organizational performance. Specifically, it shows that a change in the configuration of human capital affects subsidiary-specific advantages, which eventually impacts subsidiary performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firms may pursue greater equity ownership in foreign manufacturing subsidiaries to limit internal costs of coordinating and communicating with culturally dissimilar host-country partners. We offer that this relationship is strengthened when a firm's multinational network is more geographically dispersed, or dispersed in terms of national cultural contexts, because a highly dispersed multinational network may also make coordination difficult. With a panel of 7422 firm-year observations (1993–2016) from 541 foreign manufacturing subsidiaries (32 Japanese parent automotive firms), we find the positive cultural distance and equity ownership relationship is positively moderated by geographic and cultural dispersion within parent firms' multinational networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report the first example of two pure organic polymorphs with stimuli-responsive single/dual phosphorescence transformation. By analyzing the crystal structures and theoretical results, it could be understood that efficient intermolecular interactions could restrict the molecular movements and lock distinct molecular conformations, leading to different phosphorescence behaviors. Besides, single/dual phosphorescence could transform into each other by heating or under solvent vapor conditions. Considering such unique properties, logical sensors (AND gate and OR gate) were built by providing different emission colors as inputs. Our work provides not only important information for understanding the dual RTP mechanism but also unique stimuli-responsive pure organic phosphorescent materials to enrich material fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis and photophysical properties of a soluble amide‐embedded coronene is reported. The key step in this synthesis is the twofold C−H activation of diazaperylene by a rhodium(III)Cp* catalyst. This unprecedented structural motif shows intense fluorescence in the near infrared region with a small Stokes shift and a distinct vibronic structure, which exhibits a slight extent of negative solvatochromism. Comparison of this compound with some relevant compounds revealed the importance of the amide incorporation in the peripheral concave region including an angular position to retain high aromaticity reflecting that of parent coronene. Treatment of this compound with Lewis acid B(C6F5)3 formed a bis‐adduct, which exhibited enhanced aromaticity as a consequence of the increased double bond character of the amide C−N bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International Headache Society published the International Classification of Headache Disorders 2nd Edition (ICHD‐II) in 2004. In response to this development, the "Clinical Practice Guideline for Chronic Headache" was compiled in Japan by the Study Group for Chronic Headache Clinical Practice Guideline Development. In 2006, the book entitled "The Clinical Practice Guideline for Chronic Headache (edited by Japanese Headache Society)" was published as the first edition. As triptans have become widely used, clinical practice for chronic headache has also been changed in Japan and there was a need to revise the first edition. Essentially based on the first edition, the new guideline has added the latest information and presented the concept of international standards of chronic headache care. This guideline included eight chapters and appendix: I. headache: general considerations, II. migraine, III. tension‐type headache, IV. trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, V. other primary headache disorders, VI. medication‐overuse headache, VII. headaches in children, and VIII. genetics. We have published the second version in Japanese in 2013, but 1 month after we published the original guideline, the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd Edition beta version (ICHD‐3beta) was published. We changed this guideline to the new version in English based on ICHD‐3beta. This guideline is the final product of the Committee's efforts in 2015, which was opened in the home page of the Japanese Headache Society. This manuscript was written to show the main part of this guideline as Recommendation of each CQ. Among 121 CQs, only five CQ was selected to present full sentences including not only Recommendation but also other parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate three different orientations of recruitment (profession-sensitive, language-sensitive and interculture-sensitive recruitment) and their effect on the foreign subsidiaries of multinational corporations (MNCs). Design/methodology/approach: This study examines the relationship among three different orientations of recruitment and knowledge transfer from parent firms to foreign subsidiaries. Data are collected from local managers in MNCs' subsidiaries operating in Japan using a questionnaire. The hypotheses are tested by using ordinary least squares resression (OLS). Findings: The results of this study indicate that each of the three orientations of recruitment positively influences the knowledge transfer of MNCs. In particular, the positive effect of profession-sensitive recruitment is enhanced when foreign subsidiaries are established through acquisition. The positive effect of interculture-sensitive recruitment on knowledge transfer is also strengthened by offering professional training. Research limitations/implications: This study is subject to several limitations. The sample size is small, and the data were collected from a single country. In addition, the respondents' positions in an organizational hierarchy have not been taken into account. Despite these limitations, this study can be considered the first step toward future research on the relationship between different orientations of recruitment and intra-organizational knowledge transfer. Practical implications: The results of this study indicate that not only profession-sensitive recruitment but also language-sensitive and interculture-sensitive recruitment are important for intra-organizational knowledge sharing. This study suggests that local employees with intercultural competence have the potential to improve subsidiary performance through knowledge sharing with parent firms if they are provided with professional training. Originality/value: This study has empirically examined the complex mechanism of the three important factors (professional, language and intercultural competence) in recruitment and their influence on knowledge transfer. In particular, this study emphasizes language-sensitive recruitment and interculture-sensitive recruitment, which have received less attention than profession-sensitive recruitment in international business research. Moreover, this study focuses on the relationship between recruitment and knowledge sharing in a cross-border setting, which few studies in the human resource management area have examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address intra-organizational communication between parent firms and foreign subsidiaries and examine how such communication effectively facilitates knowledge sharing between parent firms and their subsidiaries.Design/methodology/approach This study approaches the relationship between intra-organizational communication and the effectiveness of knowledge sharing from the viewpoint of foreign subsidiaries. The data have been collected from local managers in subsidiaries operating in Japan using a questionnaire survey. The hypotheses are tested by employing a robust regression model.Findings This study finds that intra-organizational communication between parent firms and foreign subsidiaries is positively associated with the effectiveness of knowledge sharing. The benefits from intra-organizational communication are greater for service firms than for manufacturing firms. Subsidiaries established through acquisition are found to enjoy a greater positive effect from intra-organizational communication than those established through greenfield investment.Practical implications The results of this study suggest that multinational corporations should facilitate intensive intra-organizational communication for knowledge sharing that can lead to the effectiveness of foreign subsidiaries. In particular, service firms should appreciate the value of communication. This study also indicates that foreign subsidiaries established through acquisition should promote communication with their parent firms for successful knowledge sharing.Originality/value This study demonstrates that the effect of intra-organizational communication on knowledge sharing differs among industries and among entry modes. This is the initial step to further investigations on the industry and the entry strategy effects of intra-organizational communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A B-phenyldibenzo[b,f]borepin planarized with two methylene bridges was synthesized. The structural constraint on the B-phenyl group resulted in a bathochromic shift of the absorption and fluorescence properties as well as enhanced Lewis acidity. A donor–π–acceptor type derivative based on this scaffold exhibited intense fluorescence irrespective of the solvent polarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intramolecularly coordinated B-X=P bond undergoes dissociation in the excited state, giving rise to bright emissions from the two different states. Boron, Donor-Acceptor Systems, Excited State, Fluorescence, Stimulus-Responsiveness Keywords: Boron; Donor-Acceptor Systems; Excited State; Fluorescence; Stimulus-Responsiveness EN Boron Donor-Acceptor Systems Excited State Fluorescence Stimulus-Responsiveness 1 1 1 06/20/23 20230626 NES 230626 B Dual-emissive b triarylborane-based donor- -acceptor fluorophores sensitive to environmental parameters, including temperature, solvent polarity, and viscosity of the medium, are reported by Shigehiro Yamaguchi and co-workers in their Research Article (e202303725). [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: Boron; Donor-Acceptor Systems; Excited State; Fluorescence; Stimulus-Responsiveness EN Boron Donor-Acceptor Systems Excited State Fluorescence Stimulus-Responsiveness 1 1 1 06/20/23 20230626 NES 230626 B Dual-emissive b triarylborane-based donor- -acceptor fluorophores sensitive to environmental parameters, including temperature, solvent polarity, and viscosity of the medium, are reported by Shigehiro Yamaguchi and co-workers in their Research Article (e202303725). Boron, Donor-Acceptor Systems, Excited State, Fluorescence, Stimulus-Responsiveness Back Cover: Photodissociative Modules that Control Dual-Emission Properties in Donor- -Acceptor Organoborane Fluorophores (Angew. [Extracted from the article]

A new reaction mode for triarylboranes under photochemical conditions was discovered. Photoirradiation of dimesitylboryl-substituted (hetero)arenes produced spirocyclic boraindanes, where one of the C−H bonds in the ortho-methyl groups of the mesityl substituents was formally added in a syn fashion to a C−C double bond of the (hetero)aryl group. Quantum chemical calculations and laser flash photolysis measurements indicated that the reaction proceeds through a [1,6]-sigmatropic rearrangement. This behavior is reminiscent of the photochemical reaction mode of arylalkenylketones, thus demonstrating the isosteric relation between tricoordinate organoboron compounds and the corresponding pseudo-carbocationic species in terms of pericyclic reactions. Despite the disrupted π-conjugation, the resulting spirocyclic boraindanes exhibited a characteristic absorption band at relatively long wavelengths ( λ=370-400 nm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new reaction mode for triarylboranes under photochemical conditions was discovered. Photoirradiation of dimesitylboryl-substituted (hetero)arenes produced spirocyclic boraindanes, where one of the C−H bonds in the ortho-methyl groups of the mesityl substituents was formally added in a syn fashion to a C−C double bond of the (hetero)aryl group. Quantum chemical calculations and laser flash photolysis measurements indicated that the reaction proceeds through a [1,6]-sigmatropic rearrangement. This behavior is reminiscent of the photochemical reaction mode of arylalkenylketones, thus demonstrating the isosteric relation between tricoordinate organoboron compounds and the corresponding pseudo-carbocationic species in terms of pericyclic reactions. Despite the disrupted π-conjugation, the resulting spirocyclic boraindanes exhibited a characteristic absorption band at relatively long wavelengths ( λ=370-400 nm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Patients with chronic liver disease sometimes develop cholestasis, which induces severe whole-body pruritus that may disrupt daily activities and sleep. To determine the efficacy of nalfurafine hydrochloride (5 μg), which is a selective κ-opioid receptor agonist, in improving pruritus, we undertook a double-blind placebo-controlled study in patients with chronic liver disease with refractory pruritus. Nalfurafine hydrochloride at 2.5 μg was also used to evaluate the dose-response relationship. Methods In total, 318 subjects were randomly assigned to receive the placebo or nalfurafine hydrochloride (2.5 or 5 μg) given orally once daily for 84 consecutive days. Pruritus was assessed based on the visual analog scale and pruritus scores. Results Changes in the visual analog scale at week 4 (last observation carried forward) were significantly greater in the nalfurafine hydrochloride groups at 28.56 and 27.46 mm in the 2.5 μg and 5 μg groups, respectively, compared to 19.25 mm in the placebo group ( P = 0.0022 and 0.0056, respectively). The major adverse drug reactions (ADRs) included pollakiuria (including nocturia), somnolence, insomnia (including middle insomnia), and constipation. Most ADRs were mild. Conclusions Nalfurafine hydrochloride (2.5 or 5 μg daily) was effective in the treatment of refractory pruritus in patients with chronic liver disease. Furthermore, no clinically significant ADRs were observed at either dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bainbridge-Ropers syndrome (BRPS) is characterized by severe developmental delay, feeding problems, short stature, characteristic facal appearance including arched eyebrows and anteverted nares, and ulnar deviation of the hands. BRPS is caused by a heterozygous mutation in the additional sex combs-like 3 ( ASXL3) gene. We describe a patient with severe developmental delay, feeding problems, short stature, autism, and sleep disturbance with a heterozygous de novo splicing mutation in the ASXL3 gene. Reported disease-causing mutations in ASXL3 are located mostly in the first half of exon 11, analogous to ASXL1 mutations of which result in Bohring-Opitz syndrome (BOS). Our findings suggest that the expression of the truncated ASXL3 protein, including ASXN and ASXH domains, give rise to BRPS, which is distinct from but overlaps with BOS. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores whether the performance of a lower-performing subsidiary improves when it is staffed in a similar manner to high-performing subsidiaries. Using a panel data set comprising 11 266 observations of foreign subsidiaries of Japanese firms, it is found that in subsidiaries with strategic importance, staff deployment similar to that of high-performing peers has a positive impact on the subsidiary's performance. This study also demonstrates that when institutional distance between the host and home countries is large, staff deployment similar to that of high-performing peers has a negative impact on performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of this study was to clarify characteristics of post-encephalopathic epilepsy ( PEE) in children after acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion ( AESD), paying particular attention to precise diagnosis of seizure types. Methods Among 262 children with acute encephalopathy/encephalitis registered in a database of the Tokai Pediatric Neurology Society between 2005 and 2012, 44 were diagnosed with AESD according to the clinical course and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) findings and were included in this study. Medical records were reviewed to investigate clinical data, MRI findings, neurologic outcomes, and presence or absence of PEE. Seizure types of PEE were determined by both clinical observation by pediatric neurologists and ictal video-electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. Results Of the 44 patients after AESD, 10 (23%) had PEE. The period between the onset of encephalopathy and PEE ranged from 2 to 39 months (median 8.5 months). Cognitive impairment was more severe in patients with PEE than in those without. Biphasic seizures and status epilepticus during the acute phase of encephalopathy did not influence the risk of PEE. The most common seizure type of PEE on clinical observation was focal seizures (n = 5), followed by epileptic spasms (n = 4), myoclonic seizures (n = 3), and tonic seizures (n = 2). In six patients with PEE, seizures were induced by sudden unexpected sounds. Seizure types confirmed by ictal video-EEG recordings were epileptic spasms and focal seizures with frontal onset, and all focal seizures were startle seizures induced by sudden acoustic stimulation. Intractable daily seizures remain in six patients with PEE. Significance We demonstrate seizure characteristics of PEE in children after AESD. Epileptic spasms and startle focal seizures are common seizure types. The specific seizure types may be determined by the pattern of diffuse subcortical white matter injury in AESD and age-dependent reorganization of the brain network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study adopts an integrative approach that incorporates the resource-based view and institutional theory in its analyses of the performances of multinational corporations in China. Firm-specific resources have been assumed as a unique source of competitive advantages when firms go overseas. However, differences in institutional environments between the host country and the home country can negatively affect the competitiveness generated by resource exploitation. Empirical analysis using the data consisting of 209 Japanese firms operating in China finds that while the exploitation of firm-specific resources improves their performance, institutions in China moderate the positive impact on performance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We encountered two children with acute encephalopathy associated with unique clinical manifestations. Both the patients had status epilepticus at onset and neuroimaging studies revealed marked brain edema and bilateral thalamic lesions. Although they were treated with steroids and immunoglobulin, their outcomes were very poor. A thermolabile variant of carnitine palmitoyltransferase II and an elevated interleukin-6 level in cerebrospinal fluid were observed in one patient each. The constellation of clinical and neuroimaging findings in our patients is apparently not consistent with any established subtype of acute encephalopathy/encephalitis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how the localization of a foreign subsidiary in terms of staffing affects the subsidiary's performance. Hypotheses are developed regarding the effect of localization on subsidiary performance, considering the moderating effect of the host country environment. Using a panel dataset consisting of 4662 foreign subsidiaries of Japanese firms, this study finds that localization is positively associated with subsidiary performance for the subsidiaries operating in developed economies. In contrast, for subsidiaries in emerging economies, localization does not improve subsidiary performance. In addition, this study shows that the positive effect of localization on subsidiary performance becomes weaker as the institutional distance becomes greater. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how service firms determine foreign subsidiary staffing, emphasizing the joint effect of an attribute specific to the service sector and the institutional environment of the host countries. Design/methodology/approach – This study develops hypotheses regarding the joint effect of human capital intensity and institutional distance on the ratio of parent country nationals to foreign subsidiary employees. A Tobit regression is conducted to test the hypotheses, using a sample that consists of 1,067 foreign subsidiaries of Japanese service firms. Findings – This study finds that the human capital intensity of a service firm has a positive impact on the ratio of parent country nationals to foreign subsidiary employees. The study also finds that the institutional distance between the host country and the home country is negatively associated with the ratio of parent country nationals. In addition, this study finds that the positive impact of human capital intensity on the ratio of parent country nationals becomes weaker as the institutional distance becomes greater. Originality/value – This study explores the factors that affect the decisions regarding foreign subsidiary staffing in the service sector. It advances the understanding of the foreign subsidiary staffing of service firms by examining the joint effect of an attribute specific to the service sector and the institutional environment of the host countries. This study shows evidence that the effect of an attribute specific to the service sector is more complex than a linear relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how the institutional distance between a host country and a home country influences foreign subsidiary staffing, and how overseas business experience moderates the effect of institutional distance. Hypotheses regarding the effect of institutional distance on foreign subsidiary staffing are empirically tested using a sample of 2,980 foreign subsidiaries of Japanese firms. This study shows that although the ratio of parent country nationals to subsidiary employees decreases when firms face greater institutional distance, the absolute number of parent country nationals assigned to the subsidiary increases. This study also shows that firms with more overseas business experience replace host country nationals with parent country nationals when there is greater institutional distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how institutional distance between a home country and a host country affects the ownership structure of foreign subsidiaries. Using a sample consisting of foreign subsidiaries of Japanese firms, the effect of institutional distance on the ownership structure of foreign subsidiaries is tested. The results indicate that Japanese firms reduce equity shares in foreign subsidiaries as institutional distance increases. The study also finds that internationally experienced Japanese firms tend to have large equity ownership in institutionally distant countries. In addition, this study shows that complementing host country experience with international experience further mitigates uncertainty arising from institutional distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationship between the strategic role of a multinational corporation's (MNC) foreign affiliates and its international staffing policy. Specifically, this study examines how an MNC's decision on expatriation is affected by strategic roles assigned to foreign affiliates: global integration of activities versus local market seeking. An empirical study is conducted using a sample of 808 foreign affiliates of Japanese firms. The research findings suggest that strategic roles of foreign affiliates alone may not adequately explain the international staffing policies of Japanese MNCs. Rather, we found a significant moderating effect of international as well as host country experience on staffing practices for foreign affiliates. While the staffing policies of MNCs striving for improving global efficiency of their operation are moderated by both international and host country experience, those seeking a specific local market position are influenced only by host country experience. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Rotavirus, one of the major causes of severe gastroenteritis in children, occasionally causes central nervous system complications. Recently several patients with acute encephalitis/encephalopathy due to rotavirus associated with cerebellar signs and symptoms have been reported. The condition is characterized by disturbances of consciousness at onset and cerebellar signs and symptoms such as hypotonia, ataxia, dysmetria, and speech disorders, including mutism, slow speech, and dysarthria at convalescence. We report two patients (3-year-old girl, 2-year-old boy) who developed acute encephalitis due to rotavirus and showed cerebellar signs and symptoms. Both patients had characteristic history of consciousness disturbances subsequent to several days of diarrhea, vomiting and fever, and cerebellar symptoms such as hypotonia, ataxia, dysmetria, and speech disorders during the recovery period. Electroencephalography showed diffuse high-voltage delta wave activity in each patient. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed cerebellar edema in the acute phase followed by cerebellar atrophy on follow-up images in both patients. In the first patient, diffusion-weighted images (DWI) revealed high signals at the left cerebellar peduncle region and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps showed decreased ADC values of the lesion in the acute phase. The first patient had dysmetria at 1-year follow-up. However, she had normal motor and cognitive functions and could lead her daily life without impairment. In the second patient, no further symptoms were apparent at 1-year follow-up. Acute encephalitis/encephalopathy due to rotavirus with cerebellar signs and symptoms might be diagnosed on DWI, by demonstrating decreased ADC values in acute phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this study is to explore the antecedents of interorganizational trust within an international joint venture (IJV) context. In exploring how interorganizational trust is developed during the course of managing IJVs, we will look at fair action as a key factor in building interorganizational trust. Based on the existing literature, we propose the fair joint decision-making process, cultural adaptation and the fair distribution of bargaining power as being antecedents of interorganizational trust within the IJV context. After developing hypotheses about the relationships between these three antecedents and interorganizational trust as well as causal relations between the antecedents, an empirical study is conducted using a sample comprised of 109 IJVs located in Korea. The findings show that perceived fairness in the joint decision-making process and the distribution of bargaining power directly affects trust-building between IJV participants; and also reveal the indirect effects of cultural adaptation on the development of interorganizational trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how the host country experience of Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs) affects their staffing policies for executive manager positions at foreign affiliates. Hypotheses on executive staffing policies for foreign affiliates are tested using survey data collected from 103 Japanese affiliates in Korea. Findings show that the level of global integration and the degree of centralization of decision-making positively affect an assignment of parent country nationals as executive managers of foreign affiliates. We further find that foreign affiliates’ experience in a host country moderates the effects of both global integration and centralization on staffing decisions for the affiliates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents calibration of the Vehicle Routing and scheduling Problems with Time Windows-Probabilistic (VRPTW-P) model which takes into account the uncertainty of travel times. Probe vehicle data of travel times were obtained from usual operation of pickup-delivery trucks in South Osaka area. The optimal solution of the VRPTW-P model resulted in reducing total cost, running times and CO2, NOx and Particle Materials (PM) emissions compared with the usual operation. This is attributed to better routing of VRPTW-P to choose more reliable roads. Therefore, VRPTW-P can contribute to establish efficient and environmentally friendly delivery systems in urban area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CYP2C19 is a clinically important enzyme involved in the metabolism of therapeutic drugs such as (S)-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, and diazepam. Individuals can be characterized as either extensive metabolizers (EM) or poor metabolizers (PM) on the basis of CYP2C19 enzyme activity. The PM phenotype occurs in 2–5% of Caucasian populations, but at higher frequencies (18–23%) in Asians. CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3, which are single-nucleotide polymorphisms of CYP2C19, are the main cause of PM phenotyping in homozygotes or compound heterozygotes. We report two novel mutations in the CYP2C19 gene identified by direct sequencing and subcloning procedures. One of these mutations was considered to be CYP2C19*3 by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). This result suggests that mutations classed as CYP2C19*3 might include other mutations. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between these novel mutations and enzyme activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: boron; Franck-Condon analysis; heteroacenes; near-infrared fluorescence; push-pull effect EN boron Franck-Condon analysis heteroacenes near-infrared fluorescence push-pull effect 22256 22256 1 09/22/21 20210927 NES 210927 B Eine effektive Strategie b , um ein Acen-Molekülgerüst mit Nahinfrarot(NIR)-Emissionseigenschaften auszustatten, stellen Shigehiro Yamaguchi und Mitarbeiter in ihrem Forschungsartikel auf S. 22024 vor. Boron, Franck-Condon analysis, heteroacenes, near-infrared fluorescence, push-pull effect Rücktitelbild: Electron-Deficient Heteroacenes that Contain Two Boron Atoms: Near-Infrared Fluorescence Based on a Push-Pull Effect (Angew. [Extracted from the article]

Back Cover: Electron-Deficient Heteroacenes that Contain Two Boron Atoms: Near-Infrared Fluorescence Based on a Push-Pull Effect (Angew. Keywords: boron; Franck-Condon analysis; heteroacenes; near-infrared fluorescence; push-pull effect EN boron Franck-Condon analysis heteroacenes near-infrared fluorescence push-pull effect 22284 22284 1 09/22/21 20210927 NES 210927 B An effective strategy b to endow an acene skeleton with near-infrared (NIR) emission properties is reported by Shigehiro Yamaguchi and co-workers in their Research Article on page 21853. The incorporation of boron and oxygen atoms furnishes a push-pull structure along the periphery of the acene skeleton. [Extracted from the article]

Herein we report on three siblings with Leigh syndrome (LS) harboring a homoplasmic m.3697G>A mutation (G131S) in the MT-ND1 gene. The siblings' phenotypically normal mother had the same, albeit heteroplasmic, mutation. Complex I deficiency (8% of average control values) was demonstrated in a biceps brachii muscle from one of the patients. Heteroplasmic m.3697G>A has been reported in patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes and Stüve-Wiedemann syndrome. Because all three patients in this series carried m.3697G>A in a homoplasmic manner and had LS, we suggest that homoplasmy of m.3697G>A may cause the LS phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]