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The Pythagorean fuzzy set and interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy set are the basis of the interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy set (IVPFS) which offers an effective approach to addressing the complex uncertainty in decision-analysis processes, making it applicable across a broad spectrum of applications. This paper introduces several aggregation operators within the IVPF framework, such as the interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy SS power weighted average operator, and the interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy SS power geometric operator using the notion of power aggregation operators through Schweizer and Sklar (SS) operations. The existence of SS t-norms and t-conorms in the IVPF framework for addressing multi-attribute decision-making problems gives the generated operator's ability to make the information aggregation approach more adaptable compared to other current ones. The application of the proposed approach holds the potential to enhance crop yield, optimize resource utilization, and contribute to the overall sustainability of agriculture. Additionally, sensitivity and comparative analyses are provided to clarify the stability and dependability of the results acquired through this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study introduces an innovative approach to multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) aimed at handling decision analysis involving p,qrung orthopair fuzzy (p,qROF) data, where the criteria weights are completely unknown. To achieve this objective, we formulate generalized operational rules referred to as Frank operational rules, tailored for p,qROF numbers (p,qROFNs) utilizing the Frank t-norm and t-conorm. With these newly devised operations as a foundation, we create a variety of p,qROF aggregation operators (AOs) to effectively aggregate p,qROF information. Furthermore, we examine specific instances of these operators and rigorously establish their desirable properties, including idempotency, monotonicity, boundedness, and symmetry. Subsequently, we adapt the SWARA technique to the realm of p,qROF fuzzy data and this adapted technique becomes instrumental in determining criteria weights within the proposed MCDM framework centered around proposed AOs. We furnish a descriptive example to exemplify the practicality of the developed approach. Lastly, the effectiveness and soundness of our approach are underscored through both parameter analysis and a comparative evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder pathologically characterized by the deposition of amyloid beta (Ab) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. The accumulation of these aggregated proteins causes memory and synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. This research study is significant as it aims to assess the neuroprotective properties of vitamin E (VE) analog Trolox in an Ab1-42-induced AD mouse model. Ab1-42 5µL/5min/mouse was injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) into wild-type adult mice brain to induce AD-like neurotoxicity. For biochemical analysis, Western blotting and confocal microscopy were performed. Remarkably, intraperitoneal (i.p.) treatment of Trolox (30 mg/kg/mouse for 2 weeks) reduced the AD pathology by reducing the expression of Ab, phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and b-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme1 (BACE1) in both cortex and hippocampus regions of mice brain. Furthermore, Trolox-treatment decreased neuroinflammation by inhibiting Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), phosphorylated nuclear factor-kB (pNF-kB) and interleukin-1b (IL-1b), and other inflammatory biomarkers of glial cells [ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)]. Moreover, Trolox reduced oxidative stress by enhancing the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (NRF2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO1). Similarly, Trolox-induced synaptic markers, including synaptosomal associated protein 23 (SNAP23), synaptophysin (SYN), and post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), and memory functions in AD mice. Our findings could provide a useful and novel strategy for investigating new medications to treat AD-associated neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollutants in soil, particularly chromium (Cr), pose high environmental and health risks due to their persistence, bioavailability, and potential for causing toxicity. Cr impairment in plants act as a deleterious environmental pollutant that enters the food chain and eventually disturbs human health. Current study demonstrated the potential of integrative foliar application of magnesium–iron (Mg + Fe) nanocomposite with Staphylococcus aureus strains to alleviate Cr toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa) crops by improving yield and defense system. Growth and yield traits such as shoot length (15%), root length (17%), shoot fresh weight (14%), shoot dry weight (9%), root fresh weight (23%), root dry weight (7%), number of tillers (33%), number of grains (10%) and spike length (13%) improved by combined application of Mg + Fe (20 mg L−1) nanocomposite and S. aureus strains with Cr (110 mg kg−1), compared to when applied alone. Mutual Mg + Fe and S. aureus strains application augmented the SPAD value (9%), total chlorophyll (11%), a (12%), b (17%), and carotenoids (32%), with Cr (110 mg kg−1), compared to alone. Malondialdehyde (13%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (11%), and electrolyte leakage (7%) were significantly regulated in shoots with combined Mg + Fe and S. aureus strains application with Cr (110 mg kg−1) contrasted to alone. Peroxidase (20%), superoxide dismutase (17%), ascorbate peroxidase (18%), and catalase (20%) were increased in shoots with combined Mg + Fe and S. aureus strains application with Cr (110 mg kg−1) in comparison to alone. The combined application of Mg + Fe (20 mgL−1) nanocomposite and S. aureus strains with Cr (110 mg kg−1) enhanced the macro-micronutrients in shoots compared to alone. Cr accumulation in roots (21%), shoots (25%), and grains (47%) were significantly reduced under Cr (110 mg kg−1) with combined Mg + Fe and S. aureus strains application, compared to alone. Subsequently, applying combined Mg + Fe and S. aureus strains is a sustainable solution to boost crop production under Cr toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a metasurface-based reflectarray is designed for X-band applications. The unit cells are equipped with an H-shaped slotted patch for additional resonance and phase range. Linear phase variation by altering the length of the patch is realized with a range exceeding 480 ∘ . The reflectarray is designed and fabricated on a thin and high-quality Rogers 5880 substrate. The Finite Element Boundary Integral (FEBI) method is used to simulate a 23 × 23 element reflectarray and then fabricated to achieve the measured results using an anechoic chamber. The peak gain of the proposed reflectarray is 25.5 dBi recorded with an aperture efficiency of 63.7% at a center frequency of 10 GHz. The cross-polarization and side-lobe levels in the entire band are less than −33 dB and −21 dB, respectively. Moreover, the proposed reflectarray antenna achieves a 20% 1-dB gain bandwidth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a new triple-band antenna driven indirectly by a feed line for multiple wireless applications. The structure of this antenna is based on the creation of a set of slots and slits on the ground plane mounted on a substrate with relative permittivity of 4.4 and thickness of 1.6 mm. On the other hand, a 50-ohm microstrip feed line has been fixed. It is found that the proposed antenna offers a triple-band fashion with -10 dB impedance bandwidths suitable for most recent wireless applications. The first band extends from 1.6 GHz to 2.8 GHz, which covers LTE bands (1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 23, 24, 25, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39 and 40), 2.4 GHz-Bluetooth, and 2.45 GHz ISM. The second band extends from 3.38 GHz to 3.6 GHz, which covers most WiMAX applications, while the third band reconciles 5.8 GHz-ITS and 2.4/5.8 GHz-WLAN. A prototype of the proposed antenna has been successfully simulated, fabricated, and measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In comfort, air-conditioning control over the humidity is essential in applications such as pharmaceutical industries, electronic gadgets manufacturing units, the food sector, paper industries, etc. Relative humidity of nearly 50% can effectively prevent the growth and abidance of biological pollutants. There are several methods using which dehumidification can be achieved. The most common method is subcooling air up to the condensation temperature of the moisture trapped and then cooling again, and the condensate is collected. This method is time-consuming and needs to be more effective. On the other hand, desiccants' dehumidification process is suitable for maintaining humidity in air-conditioning systems and producing dry air. Desiccants with economical materials, high moisture removal rate, low regeneration temperature, and steadiness after many years make a desiccant system more successful in its performance and cost. The effect of change in process air temperature, process air humidity ratio, and regeneration temperature on the system's performance is studied. This research focuses on the functioning of various desiccant dehumidification systems and their applications. A comparative study of the different dehumidification systems found efficiency, low maintenance cost, and high sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In automobiles, the cooling system is essential in increasing engine performance. Conventional coolants like water and ethylene glycol have low thermal conductivity. Nanotechnology allows the development of a high thermal conductivity coolant named 'nanocoolant', a colloidal suspension. This study is focused on the effect of nanocoolant size on the radiator, which is also responsible for fuel consumption. To prepare nanocoolant two-step method was used, in which nanoparticles were prepared separately and dispersed in a base fluid under ultrasonic agitation. This research was carried out for the dispersion of Al2O3 in a water-ethylene glycol mixture with volume concentrations of 0%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%. The experimentation was carried out on 180, 216, 288 and 360 mm tube-length radiators. The experiments were conducted at a coolant inlet temperature 65 °C, air velocity of 1.05 m/s, and volume rate of 4 to 9 litres per minute. The result shows that using 0.2% Al2O3 nanoparticles, the overall heat transfer coefficient was augmented by 43% more than the base fluid. It is also seen that for 0.6% volume fraction nanocoolant, approximately 65% reduction in frontal radiator area is possible, which leads to decrement in the drag force and pumping power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methotrexate (MTX)-induced intestinal mucositis (IM) is a common side effect in cancer treatment that impairs the immune system and gut microbes, resulting in loss of mucosal integrity and gut barrier dysfunction. The quality of life and outcomes of treatment are compromised by IM. The present study was designed to investigate the mucoprotective potential of the benzimidazole derivative N-{4-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole-1-sulfonyl] phenyl} acetamide (B8) on MTX-induced IM in mice. IM was induced by a single dose of MTX in mice and assessed by physical manifestations as well as biochemical, oxidative, histological, and inflammatory parameters. B8 (1, 3, 9 mg/kg) significantly reduced diarrhea score, mitigated weight loss, increased feed intake and, survival rate in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, B8 exhibited a mucoprotective effect evident through the mitigation of villus atrophy, crypt hypoplasia, diminished crypt mitotic figures, mucin depletion, and oxidative stress markers (GSH, SOD, MDA, and catalase concentration). Gene expression analysis revealed that B8 downregulated the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and concurrently upregulated IL-10 expression in contrast to the MTX group. Further, B8 significantly improved the luminal microflora profile by augmenting the growth of Lactobacillus spp. and reducing the number of pathogenic bacteria (E. coli). Additionally, the enzyme-linked immunoassay showed that B8 decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our findings suggest that B8 had mucoprotective effects against MTX-induced IM and could be used as an adjunct in chemotherapy to deter this side effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global shift toward next-generation energy systems is propelled by the urgent need to combat climate change and the dwindling supply of fossil fuels. This review explores the intricate challenges and opportunities for transitioning to sustainable renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydrogen. This transition economically challenges traditional energy sectors while fostering new industries, promoting job growth, and sustainable economic development. The transition to renewable energy demands social equity, ensuring universal access to affordable energy, and considering community impact. The environmental benefits include a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and a lesser ecological footprint. This study highlights the rapid growth of the global wind power market, which is projected to increase from $112.23 billion in 2022 to $278.43 billion by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate of 13.67%. In addition, the demand for hydrogen is expected to increase, significantly impacting the market with potential cost reductions and making it a critical renewable energy source owing to its affordability and zero emissions. By 2028, renewables are predicted to account for 42% of global electricity generation, with significant contributions from wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) technology, particularly in China, the European Union, the United States, and India. These developments signify a global commitment to diversifying energy sources, reducing emissions, and moving toward cleaner and more sustainable energy solutions. This review offers stakeholders the insights required to smoothly transition to sustainable energy, setting the stage for a resilient future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The linguistic q-rung orthopair fuzzy ( L q R O F ) set serves as a useful way of presenting uncertain information by offering more space for decision experts. In the present research, we first link the concepts of Hamacher t-norm and t-conorm with the frame of L q R O F numbers to develop and analyze the innovative L q R O F Hamacher operations. Then, following the proposed Hamacher's norm operations, a series of aggregation operators including L q R O F weighted averaging, L q R O F ordered weighted averaging, L q R O F hybrid averaging, L q R O F weighted geometric, L q R O F ordered weighted geometric, L q R O F hybrid geometric operators are investigated. Some interesting aspects of these AOs are also presented. We further develop evaluation based on distance from average solution (EDAS) approach in light of the newly outlined concepts to cope with L q R O F decision-making problems where the weight information of criteria is fully unknown, ultimately, the practicality of the framed approach is demonstrated through an empirical case, and a detailed analysis is carried out to showcase the methodology dominance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic resistance is the most economical and efficient way to reduce production losses brought on by diseases. Plant breeders continuously incorporate new, dependable sources into their breeding materials to continue developing disease-resistant genotypes. Fourteen certified wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar (Bahawalpur-2000, NIFA-Bathor08, Fareed-2006, Haider-2002, Imdad-2005, Lasani-2008, Marvi-2000, Moomal-2000, Manther-2003, Pirsabak-2006, Iqbal-2000, Pirsabak-2004, Shahkar-2013, and Wafaq-2002) seeds from the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA) and National Agriculture Research Center (NARC) were grown in pots. DNA obtained from fresh leaves of the wheat cultivars were screened for leaf rust resistance genes (i.e. Lr-51, Lr-47, Lr-46, Lr-37, Lr-36, Lr-35, Lr-34, Lr-28, Lr-25, Lr-19, Lr-13, Lr-9, and Lr-1 using PCR. Results showed that the Lr-47 gene was present in nine wheat cultivars, Lr-1 and Lr-28 in eight, Lr-5, Lr-9, and Lr-13 in three, and Lr-19 and Lr-37 in one cultivar. In the selected wheat cultivars, the resistance genes Lr-25, Lr-35, Lr-36, and Lr-46 were not observed. This study suggests cultivating wheat varieties Haider-2002, Iqbal-2000, Lasani-2008, Manther-2003, Pirsbak-2004, Pirsbak-2006, Shahkar-2013, and Wafaq-2002 for high level of resistance to rust and protection against high production losses. In future studies, phenotypic data alongside genotypic screening will improve the assessment of leaf rust resistance in wheat cultivars, leading to a better understanding of their disease resistance profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that comprises amyloid-beta protein (Aβ) as a main component of neuritic plaques. Its deposition is considered a trigger for AD pathogenesis, progression, and the clinical symptoms of cognitive impairment. Some distinct pathological features of AD include phosphorylation of tau protein, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These pathological consequences tend to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in the dysregulation of various signaling pathways of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The relationship between the Aβ cascade and oxidative stress in AD pathogenesis is like a "chicken and egg" story, with the etiology of the disease regarding these two factors remaining a question of "which comes first." However, in this review, we have tried our best to clarify the interconnection between these two mechanisms and to show the precise cause-and-effect relationship. Based on the above hallmarks of AD, several therapeutic strategies using natural antioxidants, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines are employed as anti-Aβ therapy to decrease ROS, Aβ burden, chronic neuroinflammation, and synaptic failure. These natural antioxidants and immunotherapeutics have demonstrated significant neuroprotective effects and symptomatic relief in various in vitro and in vivo models, as well as in clinical trials for AD. However, none of them have received final approval to enter the drug market for mitigating AD. In this review, we extensively elaborate on the pitfalls, assurances, and important crosstalk between oxidative stress and Aβ concerning current anti-Aβ therapy. Additionally, we discuss future strategies for the development of more Aβ-targeted approaches and the optimization of AD treatment and mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, due to the fast development in multimedia applications of wireless communication systems and demands of increasing the capacity and data rates to meet the requirements of 5G mobile communication systems, new transmission techniques are needed. One of the powerful enabling tools of the 5G communication systems is the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna system employing multiple antennas and utilizing the multipath fading mobile environment to increase the channel capacity without any additional bandwidth and/or transmitted power. However, because of the limited space of mobile devices, the distances between antennas are decreasing. The mutual coupling between antennas severely affects the overall performance of the MIMO system. So, isolation improvement methods are applied to reduce these influences. In this review, different isolation techniques and their features and drawbacks are presented, and the techniques for applying them in modern MIMO antenna systems are illustrated. Besides, the performance characteristics of these MIMO systems are compared. The review also contains basic concepts of the MIMO antenna system and its performance metrics. Finally, the future directions and trends for the MIMO antenna system design are discussed briefly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the advantages of q-rung orthopair fuzzy 2-tuple linguistic set (q-RFLS), which includes both linguistic and numeric data to describe evaluations, this article aims to design a new decision-making methodology by integrating Vlsekriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) and qualitative flexible (QUALIFLEX) methods based on the revised aggregation operators to solve multiple criteria group decision making (MCGDM). To accomplish this, we first revise the extant operational laws of q-RFLSs to make up for their shortcomings. Based on novel operational laws, we develop q-rung orthopair fuzzy 2-tuple linguistic (q-RFL) weighted averaging and geometric operators and provide the corresponding results. Next, we develop a maximization deviation model to determine the criterion weights in the decision-making procedure, which accounts for partial weight unknown information. Then, the VIKOR and QUALIFLEX methodologies are combined, which can assess the concordance index of each ranking combination using group utility and individual maximum regret value of alternative and acquire the ranking result based on each permutation's general concordance index values. Consequently, a case study is conducted to select the best bike-sharing recycling supplier utilizing the suggested VIKOR-QUALIFLEX MCGDM method, demonstrating the method's applicability and availability. Finally, through sensitivity and comparative analysis, the validity and superiority of the proposed method are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

r, s, t-spherical fuzzy (r, s, t-SPF) sets provide a robust framework for managing uncertainties in decision-making, surpassing other fuzzy sets in their ability to accommodate diverse uncertainties through the incorporation of flexible parameters r, s, and t. Considering these characteristics, this article explores sine trigonometric laws to enhance the applicability and theoretical foundation for r, s, t-SPF setting. Following these laws, several aggregation operators (AOs) are designed for aggregation of the r, s, t-SPF data. Meanwhile, the desired characteristics and relationships of these operators are studied under sine trigonometric functions. Furthermore, we build a group decision-making algorithm for addressing multiple attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) problems using the developed AOs. To exemplify the applicability of the proposed algorithm, we address a practical example regarding laptop selection. Finally, parameter analysis and a comprehensive comparison with existing operators are conducted to uncover the superiority and validity of the presented AOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An induced magnetic field is produced owing to an electric current flowing through the conductor. The induced magnetic field and the length of the conductor are in direct proportion. The current study examines the comparison of Yamada-Ota and Xue thermal conductivity models for a mixed convective hybrid nanoliquid flow through the permeable vertical channel influenced by an induced magnetic field. The projected model is supported by the combination of thermal radiation and heat generation and multiple slip conditions imposed on the walls. The Tiwari and Das model is adopted considering engine oil as a working liquid with immersed multiwalled and single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanoparticles. The unique combination of strength, conductivity, and other properties make CNTs a promising material for an extensive variety of applications. These governing partial differential equations undergo conversion to ordinary differential equations via the similarity transformation and are then numerically processed with the bvp4c technique of the MATLAB program. The outcomes are deliberated logically via illustrations and tables. It is perceived that fluid velocity is compromised by strengthening the induced magnetic field. Nevertheless, an opposing trend is witnessed for the enhanced values of the Prandtl number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In varied practical situations, the assumption of constant values are considered for approximations or simplifications to make computations more adaptable. Nevertheless, when there is a requirement for precision, accuracy, and exact results, the consideration of variable characteristics becomes essential. Considering the same, the article's uniqueness lies in studying variable thermal conductivity, variable viscosity, and variable mass diffusivity as governing factors. This study analyzes the movement of a three-dimensional Maxwell nanofluid across a rotating deformable disk deliberating the Hall current and Ion slip impact. In addition, the analysis seeks to boost the stability of the nanofluid flow by incorporating the impact of bio-convection. The velocity slip and convective constraints are enforced at the boundary. The Von Karman transformations are engaged, and accordingly, a numerical solution is computed. Graphical illustrations are used to highlight the significant effects of the problem. The findings revealed that the fluid velocity decreases in both the azimuthal and radial directions for different estimations of the variable viscosity and Deborah number. Additionally, the fluid velocities in the azimuthal and radial directions exhibit opposite trends for Hall current and Ion slip. The endorsement of the presented results is also provided in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast cancer is a complex disease characterised by abnormal cell growth in breast tissue. Trastuzumab is a targeted therapy that inhibits the HER-2 receptor and suppresses tumour growth. We aimed to determine if the clinical course of the disease could be predicted by early changes in serum levels of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2/neu) following trastuzumab-based therapy. Material and methods: The study enrolled 120 women, divided into an experimental group (60 breast cancer patients receiving trastuzumab) and a control group (60 healthy women). Serum samples were collected before each weekly trastuzumab treatment. In addition, human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and AMJ13 were cultured in vitro and treated with trastuzumab. The study assessed cell viability using a cytotoxicity assay (methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium) and measured HER-2 protein levels. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined to evaluate the effect of trastuzumab on breast cancer. Results: The results showed that breast cancer patients had significantly lower serum levels of HER-2 compared to the control group. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that increasing trastuzumab concentration enhanced growth inhibition and cytotoxicity in the cell lines. There was a significant difference in IC50 between the MCF-7 and AMJ13 cell lines. Conclusions: The study provides valuable insights into the effects of trastuzumab on serum HER-2 levels and breast cancer cell lines. These findings have implications for resource allocation and treatment decisions in breast cancer management. By understanding the impact of trastuzumab on HER-2 levels and tumour cells, healthcare professionals can make more informed decisions regarding therapy options for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study thoroughly compares multiple single bidirectional and multiport converters (MPCs), highlighting the significant role of MPCs in multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) systems. MPCs offer a more efficient and cost-effective solution than multiple single converters, especially in applications involving photovoltaic (PV), electric vehicles (EVs) with storage systems, and power grids. This research emphasizes the importance of multi-input converters (MICs) in integrating diverse voltage sources. It notes the rising popularity of multi-output DC-DC converters in portable electronics, owing to their reduced component count, lower costs, and compact design. This paper emphasizes comparisons based on diverse aspects and applications, shedding light on recent developments in basic bidirectional converters. Additionally, it delves into the advancements in MPC topologies, focusing on efficiency, reliability, and modularity improvements. These advancements are crucial for harnessing cost reduction, simplicity, and compactness. Furthermore, this paper introduces an innovative multiport DC-DC converter tailored for integrating and managing renewable sources. This new converter design enhances PV system and battery storage performance by reducing power conversion steps, using fewer components, and improving voltage-boosting capabilities. Its unique bidirectional buck-boost structure allows for versatile connections between sources and loads with varying voltage and power requirements. The performance of this novel converter is evaluated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations under different scenarios. Experimental studies further validate its effectiveness, marking a significant contribution to power conversion and management in integrating renewable sources such as DC microgrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a pivotal role in diverse applications such as environmental monitoring, industrial automation, healthcare, and smart cities. The motivation behind the development of WSNs stems from their impact in providing real-time data on various environmental parameters. The challenge for WSNs is to achieve strong security and efficient energy saving together. Traditional methods sought to find solutions either through security or energy. In response, this study proposed a secure and energy-efficient framework for enhancing security measures in WSNs while minimizing the impact on energy resources by using the Enhanced Consumed Energy Leach (ECP-LEACH) protocol and the Enhanced Random Forest Classifier for Low Execution Time (ERF-LET) algorithm for attack detection named Security-Enhanced Energy Conservation with ERF-LET (S-2EC-ERF). The integration of the detection algorithm at the node level played a pivotal role in fortifying the security posture of individual nodes by detecting and mitigating potential security threats. Leveraging a comprehensive dataset obtained from NS3 simulations, the ERF-LET algorithm demonstrated its proficiency in differentiating between normal and attack packets, thereby laying a strong foundation for subsequent evaluations, where it achieved an accuracy of 98.193%. The proposed methodology was further validated through real-time simulations conducted on the NS3. The results demonstrated the superiority of the proposed S-2EC-ERF in terms of the packet delivery ratio (PDR), average throughput, end-to-end delay, and mean energy consumption compared to the Security-Enhanced Energy Conservation with Logistic Regression (S-2EC-LR), Security-Enhanced Energy Conservation with Decision Tree (S-2EC-DT), and Security-Enhanced Energy Conservation with AdaBoost (S-2EC-Ada) algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polarization of the received signals can be effectively matched regardless of the orientation of the receiving antenna using circularly polarized antennas. A compact printed monopole antenna with a circular ring patch is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna will be able to provide two polarization states: linear and circular. The employment of a modified Minkowski fractal with 1st iteration construction on an open circular ring supports a circularly polarized band having a center frequency of 1.812 GHz and fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 20.033%. The upper band is achieved with a linearly polarized wave having a center frequency of 3.386 GHz and a fractional bandwidth of 11.399%. The proposed antenna is fed by an ungrounded co-planar waveguide (UCPW), enhanced with an impedance transformer to match at 50 Ohms with the characteristic impedance. The ground planes around the feed line are defected by ground structures to improve the antenna gain. The fabrication and measurement of the proposed antenna prototype are presented to validate the theoretical results. Measured results support the theoretical findings well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper improves the bit error rate (BER) of the modern communication system by taking into account the effect of the wavelet shape and the number of carriers on the performance of the space time block code multi-carrier direct sequence code division multiple access (STBC-MC-DS-CDMA). Here the transmitter is moved with speeds 2 km/hr, 45 km/hr and 100 km/hr via Rayleigh flat fading channel. Here, 2 antennas are employed at the receiver to mitigate the multipath signal influence. The system's orthogonal frequencies are generated using Haar, Daubechies 4, Symlets 4, Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau 1.1 with 9.7 and B-spline 3. The number of used carriers is 128, 512, and 1,024. Quadrature phase shift key (QPSK) is used with cyclic prefix 1/16 and a bandwidth of 20 MHz. traditional fast fourier transform (FFT) system is compared to the proposed discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT) to show the BER enhancements. The space-time block coding (STBC) is used to enhance system cabability in error corection. The proposed system shows significant improvement in BER, so that, it reaches to the same BER when using FFT but with less signal to noise ratio (SNR), which interns reduce the power consumed within the system and the cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Digital surgery is a new paradigm within the surgical innovation space that is rapidly advancing and encompasses multiple areas. Methods: This white paper from the SAGES Digital Surgery Working Group outlines the scope of digital surgery, defines key terms, and analyzes the challenges and opportunities surrounding this disruptive technology. Results: In its simplest form, digital surgery inserts a computer interface between surgeon and patient. We divide the digital surgery space into the following elements: advanced visualization, enhanced instrumentation, data capture, data analytics with artificial intelligence/machine learning, connectivity via telepresence, and robotic surgical platforms. We will define each area, describe specific terminology, review current advances as well as discuss limitations and opportunities for future growth. Conclusion: Digital Surgery will continue to evolve and has great potential to bring value to all levels of the healthcare system. The surgical community has an essential role in understanding, developing, and guiding this emerging field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an extension of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets, the concept of interval-valued q-rung orthopair fuzzy (IVq-ROF) sets (IVq-ROFSs) represents an efficient tool for handling uncertain information in a more expansive context, owing to its utilization of the adjustable parameter q ≥ 1 . In the present article, we devise Aczel–Alsina (AA) operations to IVq-ROF numbers, employing the AA t-norm and t-conorm, and subsequently establish their inherent properties. Based on these operations, we originate a series of aggregation operators, including IVq-ROF AA weighted averaging (IVq-ROFAAWA) operator, IVq-ROF AA ordered weighted averaging (IVq-ROFAAOWA) operator, IVq-ROF AA hybrid averaging (IVq-ROFAAHA) operator, IVq-ROF AA weighted geometric (IVq-ROFAAWG) operator, IVq-ROF AA ordered weighted geometric (IVq-ROFAAOWG) operator, and IVq-ROF AA hybrid geometric (IVq-ROFAAHG) operator. Some required properties of the formulated operators are verified, and their interrelatedness is shown exhaustively. Meanwhile, we formulate the IVq-ROF weighted Bonferroni mean (IVq-ROFWBM) operator by leveraging AA operations, considering that the Bonferroni mean operator can capture the interrelationships among the input arguments. Based on these operators, a decision-making approach is framed for ranking the alternatives in the IVq-ROF environment. Further, we present an illustrative example concerning the distortion of the 2022 monsoon flood to showcase its practical applicability and to examine how various parameters impact the outcomes. Finally, the merits and originality of the presented methodology are underscored through a comprehensive comparison with prevailing approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is about the study of structural, elastic, mechanical, electronic, and magnetic properties of two variant perovskites In2NbX6 (X = Cl, Br) using density functional theory. To the best of our information all calculations were carried out for the first time. The results established the cubic state stability of the present compounds in the FM phase. The thermodynamic and perovskites phase stabilities are respectively confirmed from negative values of formation energies and tolerance factor. The calculated elastic constants C11, C12, and C44 confirmed the mechanical stability of In2NbX6 compounds. The mechanical properties confirmed ductile nature of In2NbCl6 and brittle nature of In2NbBr6. The electronic properties showed that these compounds were metallic in spin up state and semiconductor in spin down state. The magnetic moments were calculated as 1 μB for both the compounds majorly associated with the Nb atom. The spin dependent electrical conductivity was calculated via BoltzTrap code. Besides half metallic nature, high spin dependent electrical conductivities reveals that In2NbX6 variant perovskites compounds are suitable for spintronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the incorporation of aramid fibers, recognized for their high mechanical flexibility and low thermal conductivity (TC), to serve as reinforcing agents within the highly porous aerogel matrix in order to overcome their fragility and weak mechanical structure that impose limitations on their practical utility especially in piping insulation. The thermal properties are determined using a micromechanical modeling approach that considers parameters such as temperature, fiber volume fraction, thermal conductivity, and porosity of the silica aerogel. For specific conditions, including an Aramid fiber radius of 6 microns, a silica aerogel thermal conductivity of 0.017 W.m-1.K-1, and a porosity of 95%, the resulting AFRA composite exhibits an Effective Thermal Conductivity (ETC) of 0.0234 W.m-1.K-1. Notably, this value is lower than the thermal conductivity of air at ambient temperature. The findings are further validated through experimental and analytical techniques. A response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design (BBD) is employed. This approach leads to the development of a quadratic equation intricately relating the key parameters to the ETC of the AFRA. The aim is optimization, identifying target optimal values for these parameters to further enhance the performance of AFRA composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the size distribution, variation patterns, and potential formation mechanisms of particulate organic nitrates (PONs) is crucial for assessing their influences on atmospheric chemistry, air quality, and the regional climate. This study investigates PONs in the coastal atmosphere of Qingdao, China by collecting size-resolved particulate matter samples and analyzing six types of organic nitrates, namely pinene keto nitrate (PKN229), monoterpene hydroxyl nitrate (MHN215), monoterpene dicarbonyl nitrate (MDCN247), oleic acid hydroxyl nitrate (OAHN361), oleic acid keto nitrate (OAKN359), and pinene sulfate organic nitrate (PSON295), using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography(mass spectrometry). The mean total concentration of organic nitrates in fine particles reaches 677 ng m−3. The predominant compound is MHN215, followed by PKN229 and MDCN247. All six organic nitrates exhibited distinct concentration peaks in the droplet mode, with MDCN247 and OAHN361 showing a minor peak in the condensation mode. In addition, an apparent concentration peak is observed in the coarse mode for OAKN359. Comparative analyses under various conditions highlight the significant influences of primary emissions and secondary formation processes on the abundance and size distribution of organic nitrates. For instance, both firework displays during festivals and high NOx emissions from fuel combustion significantly increase the concentrations of condensation-mode organic nitrates, whereas dust particles enhanced the heterogeneous formation of coarse-mode particles. Furthermore, the high humidity of the coastal area promotes aqueous formation in droplet-mode particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that involves the deposition of β-amyloid plaques and the clinical symptoms of confusion, memory loss, and cognitive dysfunction. Despite enormous progress in the field, no curative treatment is available. Therefore, the current study was designed to determine the neuroprotective effects of N-methyl-(2S, 4R)-Trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (NMP) obtained from Sideroxylon obtusifolium, a Brazilian folk medicine with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. Here, for the first time, we explored the neuroprotective role of NMP in the Aβ1–42-injected mouse model of AD. After acclimatization, a single intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1–42 (5 µL/5 min/mouse) in C57BL/6N mice induced significant amyloidogenesis, reactive gliosis, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and synaptic and memory deficits. However, an intraperitoneal injection of NMP at a dose of (50 mg/kg/day) for three consecutive weeks remarkably decreased beta secretase1 (BACE-1) and Aβ, activated the astrocyte and microglia expression level as well as downstream inflammatory mediators such as pNF-ĸB, TNF-α, and IL-1β. NPM also strongly attenuated oxidative stress, as evaluated by the expression level of NRF2/HO-1, and synaptic failure, by improving the level of both the presynaptic (SNAP-25 and SYN) and postsynaptic (PSD-95 and SNAP-23) regions of the synapses in the cortexes and hippocampi of the Aβ1–42-injected mice, contributing to cognitive improvement in AD and improving the behavioral deficits displayed in the Morris water maze and Y-maze. Overall, our data suggest that NMP provides potent multifactorial effects, including the inhibition of amyloid plaques, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cognitive deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engine oil degradation impacts the operation and performance of an internal combustion engine. As a result, it is crucial to compare the degradation level of engine oils, with a particular emphasis on kinematic viscosity, oxidation, nitration, and critical oil testing characteristics. Suppose engine oil changes too soon without first calculating its remaining usable life. In that case, it wastes already scarce resources and has an unfavourable environmental influence. Engine performance may suffer if oil is changed too late and is of poor quality. In the current research, oil testing is performed on vehicles due to maintenance to find the best moment for changing engine oil. Oil samples were taken randomly from cars that came to an authorized service facility for maintenance, comprising a wide range from the first to the fifth servicing. Oil samples were initially evaluated in a laboratory using a viscometer and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy in conformity with industry standards. The samples were then evaluated using an integrated sensor system developed and built by the authors. The determination coefficient R 2 = 0.97 showed a significant positive association between major engine oil degradation characteristics such as kinematic viscosity, oxidation, and nitration at reasonable sensitivity. Approximately 8% of the total gathered samples were useable. The research identifies several oil degradation sensor systems that give low-cost, on-site convenient options for oil condition monitoring and predicting the remaining usable life of engine oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the combination of wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs) and the Internet ofc Medical Things (IoMT) marked a transformative era in healthcare technology. This combination allowed for the smooth communication between medical devices that enabled the real-time monitoring of patient's vital signs and health parameters. However, the increased connectivity also introduced security challenges, particularly as they related to the presence of attack nodes. This paper proposed a unique solution, an enhanced random forest classifier with a K-means clustering (ERF-KMC) algorithm, in response to these challenges. The proposed ERF-KMC algorithm combined the accuracy of the enhanced random forest classifier for achieving the best execution time (ERF-ABE) with the clustering capabilities of K-means. This model played a dual role. Initially, the security in IoMT networks was enhanced through the detection of attack messages using ERF-ABE, followed by the classification of attack types, specifically distinguishing between man-in-the-middle (MITM) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) using K-means. This approach facilitated the precise categorization of attacks, enabling the ERF-KMC algorithm to employ appropriate methods for blocking these attack messages effectively. Subsequently, this approach contributed to the improvement of network performance metrics that significantly deteriorated during the attack, including the packet loss rate (PLR), end-to-end delay (E2ED), and throughput. This was achieved through the detection of attack nodes and the subsequent prevention of their entry into the IoMT networks, thereby mitigating potential disruptions and enhancing the overall network efficiency. This study conducted simulations using the Python programming language to assess the performance of the ERF-KMC algorithm in the realm of IoMT, specifically focusing on network performance metrics. In comparison with other algorithms, the ERF-KMC algorithm demonstrated superior efficacy, showcasing its heightened capability in terms of optimizing IoMT network performance as compared to other common algorithms in network security, such as AdaBoost, CatBoost, and random forest. The importance of the ERF-KMC algorithm lies in its security for IoMT networks, as it provides a high-security approach for identifying and preventing MITM and DDoS attacks. Furthermore, improving the network performance metrics to ensure transmitted medical data are accurate and efficient is vital for real-time patient monitoring. This study takes the next step towards enhancing the reliability and security of IoMT systems and advancing the future of connected healthcare technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interval-valued q-rung orthopair fuzzy set ( I V q r O F S ) is a robust and esteemed model in managing imprecise information, utilizing a controllable parameter q ≥ 1 . Expanding its applicability, we propose a refinement to it, termed the interval-valued p,q-rung orthopair fuzzy set, denoted I V p , q r O F S . This advancement enables the handling of scenarios where varied assessment levels for membership and non-membership grades are necessary, a challenge unaddressed by existing extensions of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets. We establish the fundamental mathematical operations for the I V p , q r O F S and explore their key properties. To compare interval-valued p,q-rung orthopair fuzzy ( I V p , q r O F ) numbers, a novel score function is put forward and compared to the known I V q r O F S -based score functions to determine its viability. Moreover, we present I V p , q r O F aggregation operators (AOs), accompanied by rigorous proof of their essential characteristics, including boundedness, monotonicity, and symmetry. This study introduces the interaction of I V p , q r O F criteria through the inter-criteria correlation (CRITIC) approach. This method determines criteria weights based on the proposed distance measurements and the score function. The CRITIC method is integrated with the exponential TODIM approach (exp-TODIM), resulting in an innovative decision-making framework that is less susceptible to parameter fluctuations and showcases a high stability. An illustrative example of selecting a suitable supplier is provided to demonstrate the practical application of the developed exp-TODIM approach. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to exhibit the method's stability, and a comparative analysis is performed to elucidate its strengths and advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the present study is to develop a novel TODIM method under cubic q-rung orthopair fuzzy environment, where information about the weights of both decision makers (DMs) and criteria is fully unknown. First, we introduce some novel operations along with their relevant properties. Afterward, we propose a Minkowski-type distance measure for cubic q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (Cq-ROFSs). We list some properties of the proposed distance measures and some special cases about various parameter values. Next, the entropy measure between two Cq-ROFSs is disclosed, and part of the proposed entropy measure characteristics is presented. Further, this study put forward the method for finding the weights of DMs and criteria. In the developed method, firstly, weights of DMs are obtained using the proposed distance measure and cubic q-rung orthopair fuzzy weighted averaging operator. Then, the weights of criteria are determined by the developed entropy measure. A novel TODIM method is developed utilizing the proposed Minkowski-type distance measures for ranking alternatives in light of the acquired criteria weights. To demonstrate the applicability and validity of the presented work, we address the talent recruitment problem. Moreover, we discuss the influence of parameters on decision-making results. Finally, a comparative study with existing work is made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since COVID-19's emergence in 2020, all segments of life, including farming communities, have been impacted. The pandemic revealed both vulnerabilities and opportunities for resilience, particularly for those dwelling in the harsh mountainous terrains, which have already strained food ecosystems. Taking influence from an exhaustive literature review, this study proposes and tests a model for the transformations observed in the agriculture markets, particularly input, labor, and product markets, and elucidates the influence of these changes on cropping and consumption patterns. With data from two major mountainous terrains in north Pakistan spanning three years before and during the pandemic, a quantitative inquiry was carried out on the agriculture markets and farming patterns. A total of 5273 members of the farming communities were targeted for data collection. A two-step process was used for data analysis, including an evaluation of the outer or measurement model followed by the inner or structural model through partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). With a hitherto ignored focus on the already vulnerable mountainous communities, the findings confirm the direct influence of agriculture markets on changes in the farmers' cropping patterns as well as the moderating influence of the pandemic on these relationships. Consistent with previous literature, the results also affirm the influence of changes in cropping patterns and changes in consumption patterns. However, it was found that the agriculture input markets strongly predict the changes in cropping patterns, whereas the labor and product markets have comparatively lower prediction value. By investigating the various facets of food supply chains, this study offers valuable insights on market dynamics in times of a crisis, such as a pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excellent characteristics of Titanium Zirconium Molybdenum alloy (TZM-Molybdenum) make them favorable for use in aerospace industries. Such super alloys must be machined precisely for aerospace purposes. Traditional machining procedures subject TZM Molybdenum to several challenges. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is an excellent method for generating EDM is a fantastic technique for creating complex and intricate profile geometries. and complicated profile geometries. It's an excellent tool for materials that are tough to cut. The suspension of an adequate quantity of powder particles in dielectric oil improves machining efficiency with better accuracy, greater productivity, and a superior surface finish while machining newly developed molybdenum alloys. The present investigation tested the effect on TZM-Molybdenum using silicon carbide (SiC) powder-mixed dielectric with peak current (IP), pulse-on-time (TON), pulse-off-time (TOFF), and gap voltage (V) as input variables on material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR), and surface roughness (SR). The response surface methodology was used to discover the most significant parameter for the responses and to pick the crucial set of parameters. The suspended powder of has a massive impact on the multi-objective performance characteristic in PMEDM. When we used SiC additives in PMEDM, we saw a 14.05% rise in MRR, an 11.98% drop in TWR, and a 12.24% decrease in SR. The insertion of SiC micro particles to dielectric fluid enhances TZM-Molybdenum EDM performance over traditional EDM. Surface roughness is improved by employing powder in dielectric processes compared to traditional EDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the supercapacitor has gained more consideration due to its speedy charging and discharging, high power density, and stability compared to the existing batteries. Activated carbon-based electrodes for the supercapacitor provide higher specific capacitance. In this research, activated carbon was obtained from Prunus dulcis (almond fruit) shell by carbonization using a muffle furnace. Carbonized Prunus dulcis fruit shells were chemically activated by potassium hydroxide (KOH). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of KOH-activated carbon derived from Prunus dulcis shell evident that the activated carbon samples are amorphous. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of activated carbon derived from Prunus dulcis exhibited a 2D sheet-like morphology and a smooth surface. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) detected oxygen, chloride, and potassium peaks with 85.2% carbon. The addition of KOH helped to increase the porosity of the fruit shells and enhanced the absorption of the electrolyte. The supercapacitor electrode was prepared by coating activated carbon on a graphite pencil lead. The performance of the electrode was evaluated using a 6 M KOH electrolyte at various current densities and scan rates. The prepared sample was electrochemically characterized by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge and discharge measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. From the analysis, the suitability of the material as an electrode can be understood. The specific capacitance of the samples was measured as 434, 237, 105.9, and 50.5 F g−1 at 1, 2, 4, and 10 A g−1, respectively. The higher specific capacitance is ascribed to the high specific surface area, electrolyte, and pore volume. And also, at an energy density of 0.28 Wh g−1, the power density of 100 kW g−1 is obtained. The electrode has a series resistance of 10.51 Ω and a charge transfer resistance of 1.12 Ω. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and optimization of a dual-band polarization-dependent metasurface capable of dynamically switching transmission and reflection characteristics. The metasurface is composed of three metallic patterns, with the bottom layer governing the reflection and transmission phase for both TE-polarization and TM-polarization states. The middle and top layers are strategically employed to ensure optimal transmission and reflection performance. The results confirm that the metasurface enables the transformation of the transmission band into a complete reflection band, and vice versa, through variations in the incident wave polarization. Remarkable transmission and reflection characteristics are achieved within the frequency ranges of 6.1–6.55 GHz and 8.9–9.3 GHz, respectively. The proposed metasurface offers promising applications in advanced communication systems and radar technology, enabling dynamic manipulation of electromagnetic waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]