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Purpose: Examine the reliability of field-based fitness assessments in school-aged children with emotional or behavioral difficulties (EBD). Understanding the impact of fitness on physical activity participation for children with EBD is limited by our ability to reliably measure it. Methods: Fifteen children aged 7–12 years with EBD completed 7 assessments—standing broad jump, overhead throw, grip strength, isometric plank hold, isometric wall squat, unilateral heel raise, and modified 6-minute walk test—in a random order on 2 separate occasions. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were computed to evaluate reliability. Results: ICCs ranged from.65 to.99 representing moderate to excellent reliability for all assessments. Shorter assessments requiring less attention and behavior regulation tended to demonstrate higher ICC values while assessments with greater attention or behavioral regulation demands tended to have lower ICC values. Conclusion: Results demonstrate varied reliability for fitness tests in children with EBD. Practitioners can use grip strength and standing broad jump assessments with confidence. Other assessments have good reliability but greater variability indicating they may be a challenge for some children with EBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by widespread chronic pain. Although pain is the main symptom, approximately 90% of patients have depression. This study aimed to analyze the effects of Resistance Training (RT) with low and high intensity on depression in patients with FM. Methods: Thirty-eight women with FM and 31 healthy women were allocated to the low-intensity, high-intensity, preferred-intensity, and control groups. The patients underwent 8 weeks of supervised RT, with two sessions per week of approximately 1 h. The low-intensity resistance training group (LIRT) performed two sets of 12 maximum repetitions. The high-intensity resistance training group (HIRT) performed four sets with six maximum repetitions, and the preferred intensity group (PI) performed three sets, with eight to 12 repetitions, according to the patient's tolerance. The healthy control group did not perform any type of exercise. Depression was assessed using the Beck depression inventory before the start of the intervention, after 4 and 8 weeks. Results: FM patients have higher levels of depression than women without the disease. After 4 weeks, there was a difference in depressive symptoms between the HIRT and LIRT (p = 0.048), and the PI and LIRT (p = 0.048). Conclusion: Prescribing RT with low or high intensity did not significantly reduce depression in patients with FM after 8 weeks, however, analyses between groups after 4 weeks indicated that low-intensity training is more effective than high-intensity training. The prescription of RT exercise to FM could vary among low, high, and preferred intensity, following the patient's tolerance for pain. Clinical trial registration: https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-74pcmw, RBR-74pcmw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors among adolescents with mood disorders represent a significant global public health concern. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and identify key predictors of NSSI behaviors in Chinese adolescents diagnosed with depressive or bipolar disorders, addressing a critical gap in the literature. Method: Data from 2343 participants in the Chinese Adolescent Depression Cohort (CADC) were analyzed. The study employed a comprehensive approach, utilizing medical records, clinical assessments, and validated psychometric instruments. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, logistic regression, and ROC curve analyses, culminating in the development of a predictive nomogram. Results: The prevalence of NSSI behaviors was strikingly high at 73.32%. Significant predictors included female gender (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI [1.70, 2.68]), presence of hallucinations (AOR = 1.52, 95% CI [1.18, 1.97]), borderline personality features (AOR = 1.03, 95% CI [1.01, 1.08]), and childhood trauma (AOR = 1.02, 95% CI [1.01, 1.03]). The study's key contribution is a predictive nomogram with an AUC of 0.74, demonstrating good efficacy in predicting NSSI behaviors. Conclusion: This research reveals an alarmingly high prevalence of NSSI behaviors in Chinese adolescents with mood disorders and identifies critical predictors spanning demographic, clinical, and psychometric domains. The developed nomogram offers a novel approach for risk assessment, highlighting the importance of comprehensive evaluations in adolescent mental healthcare. These findings have significant implications for developing targeted interventions and improving risk assessment strategies in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is one of the most common affective disorders in people's life. Women are susceptibility to depression during puberty, peripartum and menopause transition, when they are suffering from sex hormone fluctuation. A lot of studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of estrogen on depression in women, however, the effect of FSH on depression is unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of FSH on depression in mice. Our study demonstrated that FSH induced depression-like behaviors in mice in a dose-dependent manner. This induction was associated with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF- α in both serum and hippocampal tissues. Additionally, FSH treatment resulted in impaired synaptic plasticity and a reduction in the expression of key synaptic proteins. It is noteworthy that the depression-like behaviors, inflammatory cytokines expression and synaptic plasticity impairment induced by FSH could be alleviated by knocking down the expression of FSH receptor (FSHR) in the hippocampus of the mice. Therefore, our findings reveal that FSH may play an important role in the pathogenesis of depression and targeting FSH may be a potential therapeutic strategy for depression during hormone fluctuation in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we investigated the association of different emotion regulation (ER) indices with symptom severity across a large transdiagnostic sample of patients with emotional disorders (cross-sectional approach) and the predictive validity these ER indices have for the outcome of routine care CBT (longitudinal approach). We assessed the trait-like use of adaptive (reappraisal) and maladaptive (suppression, externalizing behaviors) ER strategies via questionnaire as well as the situational ability to regulate emotions with an experimental ER paradigm. Psychopathology was assessed dimensionally using the depression, anxiety, and stress scale. Cross-sectionally symptom severity was predicted by less trait-like use of adaptive and more trait-like use of maladaptive ER strategies, but no associations were found for situational ER ability. This association was more pronounced for depression and stress symptoms rather than anxiety symptoms. In a striking dissociation, the longitudinal analyses revealed the reverse picture: Better situational ER ability, but not trait-like use of ER strategies was associated with less symptom severity after the CBT treatment. Our data argues in favor of a distinction between trait-like and situational ER abilities in individuals with emotional disorders, highlighting challenges in applying adaptive ER strategies in daily life despite demonstrating intact ER skills in experimental settings. Our findings also inform transdiagnostic models of psychopathology and suggest that distress/depression rather than anxiety symptomatology to be driving forces for the occurrence of ER deficits across the depression/anxiety disorders spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroinflammation that is caused by microglia, the main immune cells of the brain, contributes to neurodegenerative diseases. Psychedelics, including psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), possess certain anti-inflammatory properties and, therefore, should be considered as drug candidates for treating neuroinflammatory pathologies. When ingested, psilocybin is rapidly dephosphorylated to yield psilocin, which crosses the blood–brain barrier and exerts psychotropic activity by interacting with the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors (5-HT2ARs) on neurons. Since microglia express all three 5-HT2R isoforms, we hypothesized that, by interacting with these receptors, psilocin beneficially modulates select neuroimmune functions of microglia. We used microglia-like cell lines to demonstrate that psilocin, at non-toxic concentrations, did not affect the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by immune-stimulated microglial cells, but significantly inhibited their phagocytic activity, the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) production. The inhibitory activity of psilocin on the latter two functions was similar to that of two selective 5-HT2R agonists, namely, 25I-NBOH and Ro60-0175. The role of this subfamily of receptors was further demonstrated by the application of 5-HT2R antagonists cyproheptadine and risperidone. Psilocin should be considered a novel drug candidate that might be effective in treating neuroimmune disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases, where reactive microglia are significant contributors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Japanese Society of Mood Disorders (JSMD) published treatment guidelines of bipolar disorder in 2011. The present guidelines incorporating new findings were developed to comply to the guidelines of the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) by utilizing systematic reviews and meta‐analysis and taking patient and family opinions as well as insights from multiple professional fields into account. They support combination therapy using mood stabilizers and second‐generation antipsychotics in many aspects. They also have limitations, including the grouping of mood stabilizers and second‐generation antipsychotics when meta‐analysis was performed despite their distinct properties, due to the scarcity of drug‐specific evidence. Despite the limitations, these guidelines provide clinical decision support for psychiatrists in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Amid the increasing trend and huge impact of mental illness, psychosocial support (PSS) has been asserted to support individuals' recovery. Unfortunately, about 80% of affected people cannot access care as needed. Meanwhile, digital technology has a considerable role in closing service gaps. Aims: This convergent parallel mixed methods study examines existing mental health service utilization, users' needs for PSS, and feasibility of online PSS development. Methods: A cross-sectional interview survey was conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire at a super tertiary psychiatric hospital in Thailand from March to May 2023, with three groups of service users, having self-perceived conditions/diagnosis of schizophrenia (n = 100), mood disorders (n = 84), and others including alcohol and substance use, anxiety and personality disorders (n = 52). Four focus group discussions with three user groups (n = 16) and one multidisciplinary provider group (n = 7) were parallelly executed. Quantitative and qualitative data were convergently analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, and thematic and content analysis. Results: Critical shortcomings of PSS were indicated by 75.8% of user participants. Six common types of self-determined PSS were psychoeducational program, support group, skills training, counseling, supported employment, and complimentary therapy. While psychoeducational program was feasible, support group, and counseling were possibly featured within the 'all-at-once' online intervention development. Conclusions: PSS development based on users' needs can promote clinical and personal recovery outcomes, and close the service gaps. Users with mood disorders have the potential for online interventions. Peer-provider formalization, co-production approach, community engagement, digital literacy, infrastructures, and equal access factors are crucial for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is common in childhood, but its etiopathogenesis is still unclear. Published neurochemical studies mostly focus on monoaminergic system, however, the pathophysiology of MDD cannot be explained by monoamine hypothesis only, medications that have effect on monoamines cannot have effect needed in all patients. We aimed to investigate the poliamine pathway of L-arginine metabolism which is proceeding by way of agmatine in adolescents with MDD. Methods: Our study involved 45 patients with MDD (case group), and 44 healthy controls (control group) between the ages of 13-17. Sociodemographic data form, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version-DSM-5-Turkish, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were applied to all subjects. All subjects were evaluated in terms of the levels of serum agmatine, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. Results: The levels of agmatine and spermine were significantly higher and putrescine and spermidine were significantly lower in case group compared with healthy controls. There was significant negative correlation with the levels of putrescine and spermidine between BDI scores, and there was significant positive correlation between the levels of spermine and BDI scores. No correlation found between the levels of agmatine and BDI scores. Conclusion: These differences that the levels of agmatine and polyamines in the MDD group seem to be a field that worth researching. In the future, the evaluation of the arginine/polyamine metabolism in MDD with larger sample and longitudinal studies is going to capable to contribute to a better understanding of the disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although studies have highlighted the role played by couple and parental relationships for children's psychosocial adjustment, especially in challenging situations, research on these two relationship domains has largely developed separately and mostly focussed on negative couple processes. However, Family Systems Theory highlights how these subsystems are interconnected, and studies inspired by this theoretical framework provide evidence of how the quality of the interparental relationship predicts the parent–child relationship. This study focussed on the association between two relational resources (dyadic coping and parent–child relationship quality) and children's emotional difficulties during the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Italy. Five hundred ninety‐one Italian parents filled in an online self‐report questionnaire. A path analysis model was estimated to test the mediating role of parent–child relationship quality in the association between partner positive dyadic coping and children's emotional difficulties. The findings showed both a direct effect and an indirect effect of partner positive dyadic coping on children's emotional difficulties, because parent–child relationship quality partially mediated this association. Enhancing parents' ability to cope together with stress and the quality of the parent–child relationship might contribute to decrease children's vulnerability to emotional difficulties in challenging times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encephalopathy is part of the clinical triad of Susac syndrome, but a detailed understanding of the neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric profile of this condition is lacking. Existing literature indicates that cognitive deficits range in severity from subtle to profound. Executive function and short-term recall are affected frequently. Psychiatric manifestations may be absent or may include anxiety, mood disorders or psychosis. If psychiatric phenomena develop during the disease course, it can be hard to disentangle whether symptoms directly relate to the pathology of Susac syndrome or are secondary to treatment-related side effects. In this article, we review what is known about the cognitive and psychiatric morbidity of Susac syndrome and identify areas where knowledge is deficient. Importantly, we also provide a framework for future research, arguing that better phenotyping, understanding of pathophysiology, evaluation of treatments on cognitive and psychiatric outcomes, and longitudinal data capture are vital to improving patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Studies using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveal substantial inconsistencies in the levels of brain glutamate, glutamine and glutamate + glutamine across schizophrenia spectrum disorders. This systematic review employs qualitative and quantitative methods to analyse the patterns and relationships between glutamatergic metabolites, schizophrenia spectrum disorders and brain regions. Methods: A literature search was conducted using various databases with keywords including glutamate, glutamine, schizophrenia, psychosis and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Inclusion criteria were limited to case-control studies that reported glutamatergic metabolite levels in adult patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder diagnosis – i.e. first-episode psychosis, schizophrenia, treatment-resistant schizophrenia and/or ultra-treatment-resistant schizophrenia – using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3 T or above. Pooled study data were synthesized and analysed. Results: A total of 92 studies met the inclusion criteria, including 2721 healthy controls and 2822 schizophrenia spectrum disorder participants. Glu levels were higher in the basal ganglia, frontal cortex and medial prefrontal of first-episode psychosis participants, contrasting overall lower levels in schizophrenia participants. For Gln, strong differences in metabolite levels were evident in the basal ganglia, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and frontal cortex, with first-episode psychosis showing significantly higher levels in the basal ganglia. In glutamate + glutamine, higher metabolite levels were found across schizophrenia spectrum disorder groups, particularly in the basal ganglia and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of treatment-resistant schizophrenia participants. Significant relationships were found between metabolite levels and medication status, clinical measures and methodological variables. Conclusion: The review highlights abnormal glutamatergic metabolite levels throughout schizophrenia spectrum disorders and in specific brain regions. The review underscores the importance of standardized future research assessing glutamatergic metabolites using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy due to considerable literature heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postpartum psychotic‐ or mood disorders are psychiatric emergencies associated with risk of suicide and infanticide. Except from case reports, there are only few descriptions of its treatment. Therefore, we aimed to describe the treatment of women admitted with postpartum psychotic‐ or mood disorder in Denmark with emphasis on the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Methods: We conducted a register‐based cohort study of all women with incident postpartum psychotic‐ or mood disorder (no prior diagnoses of psychotic‐ or mood disorder or treatment with ECT) requiring admission in the period from 2011 to 2018. For these patients, we described the treatment and the 6‐month readmission risk. Results: We identified 91 women with postpartum psychotic‐ or mood disorder with a median admission length of 27 days (interquartile range: 10–45). Of those, 19% received ECT with a median time from admission to first ECT of 10 days (interquartile range: 5–16). The median number of ECT sessions was eight (interquartile range: 7–12). In the 6 months following discharge, 90% of the women received some form of psychopharmacological treatment (62% antipsychotics, 56% antidepressants, 36% anxiolytics/sedatives, 19% lithium, and 9% mood stabilizing antiepileptics), and 31% were readmitted. Conclusion: Psychiatric admission for incident postpartum psychotic‐ or mood disorder is rare in Denmark. Among those admitted, ECT and psychopharmacological treatment is commonly used. The 6‐month readmission risk is high, warranting close follow‐up. The fact that there is no international consensus on the optimal treatment of postpartum psychotic‐ or mood disorder is problematic and calls for action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the postpartum depression (PPD) risk in women with postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and moderators. Methods: We identified observational studies of PPD rates in women with versus without PPH in Embase/Medline/PsychInfo/Cinhail in 09/2022. Study quality was evaluated using the Newcastle‐Ottawa‐Scale. Our primary outcome was the odds ratio (OR, 95% confidence intervals [95%CI]) of PPD in women with versus without PPH. Meta‐regression analyses included the effects of age, body mass index, marital status, education, history of depression/anxiety, preeclampsia, antenatal anemia and C‐section; subgroup analyses were based on PPH and PPD assessment methods, samples with versus without history of depression/anxiety, from low‐/middle‐ versus high‐income countries. We performed sensitivity analyses after excluding poor‐quality studies, cross‐sectional studies and sequentially each study. Results: One, five and three studies were rated as good‐, fair‐ and poor‐quality respectively. In nine studies (k = 10 cohorts, n = 934,432), women with PPH were at increased PPD risk compared to women without PPH (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.13 to 1.44, p < 0.001), with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 98.9%). Higher PPH‐related PPD ORs were estimated in samples with versus without history of depression/anxiety or antidepressant exposure (OR = 1.37, 95%CI = 1.18 to 1.60, k = 6, n = 55,212, versus 1.06, 95%CI = 1.04 to 1.09, k = 3, n = 879,220, p < 0.001) and in cohorts from low‐/middle‐ versus high‐income countries (OR = 1.49, 95%CI = 1.37 to 1.61, k = 4, n = 9197, versus 1.13, 95%CI = 1.04 to 1.23, k = 6, n = 925,235, p < 0.001). After excluding low‐quality studies the PPD OR dropped (1.14, 95%CI = 1.02 to 1.29, k = 6, n = 929,671, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Women with PPH had increased PPD risk amplified by history of depression/anxiety, whereas more data from low‐/middle‐income countries are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe depression, anxiety, and mood dysregulation during pregnancy and postpartum are risk factors for the safety and health of mother and baby. Current best practice guidelines recommend screening for depressive and anxiety symptoms before and during pregnancy, in addition to the postpartum period. Rapid identification and treatment of depression has the potential to be life-saving and prevent deleterious consequences, including impaired mother–infant bonding, emotional dysregulation, and other developmental problems. The current article reviews the neurobiological mechanisms of postpartum depression and a novel rapidly acting oral pharmacotherapeutic neuroactive steroid, zuranolone. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 62(11), 7–10.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression and anxiety, the most prevalent neuropsychiatric manifestations in Parkinson's disease (PD), negatively impact their quality of life. Aims: To determine whether the chronic nasal administration of kisspeptin-54 (KP-54) could. Alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression in hemi-Parkinsonian rats. Study Design: Experimental study. Methods: This study included adult Sprague Dawley male rats who were administered either a vehicle (artificial cerebrospinal fluid) or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) unilaterally into the medial forebrain bundle. The vehicle, or KP-54 (3 nmol/kg, applied topically to the rhinarium), was administered daily for a seven-day period. The sucrose preference test (SPT), elevated plus maze test (EPMT), and open field test (OFT) were implemented to evaluate depression- and anxiety-like behaviors, respectively, seven days following the lesion surgery. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations in the amygdala were quantified using mass spectrometry. Tyrosine hydroxylase in substantia nigra was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Results: The nasal delivery of KP-54 significantly reduced depressionand anxiety-like behaviors that were induced by 6-OHDA, as indicated by the results of the SPT, OFT, and EPMT. Moreover, it was observed that nasal KP-54 effectively mitigated 6-OHDA-induced motor deficits and the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. The nasal administration of KP- 54 augmented the decline in GABA levels in the amygdala induced by 6-OHDA. Furthermore, effective correlations were established between GABA concentrations and behavioral parameters. Conclusion: The nasal delivery of KP-54 could function as a viable therapeutic alternative for treating mood-related disorders in PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pediatric irritability is a pervasive psychiatric symptom, yet its etiology remains elusive. While trauma exposure may contribute to the development of irritability, empirical research is limited. This study examined the prevalence of irritability among trauma‐exposed children, identified factors that differentiate trauma‐exposed children with and without irritability, and employed a network analysis to uncover associations between irritability and trauma exposure in the family unit. Methods: Sample included 676 children (56.3% male, mean age = 9.67 ± 3.7 years) and their parents referred by the Connecticut Department of Children and Families to Fathers for Change – a psychotherapy intervention designed to reduce intimate partner violence (IPV) and child maltreatment. Child's trauma exposure, post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and irritability were assessed pre‐intervention using self‐ and caregiver‐report. Parents self‐reported their childhood and adulthood trauma exposures, PTSD symptoms, irritability, psychopathology, and IPV. Results: Across caregiver‐ and child‐reports, 16%–17% of children exhibited irritability. Irritable children experienced greater trauma exposure, interpersonal violence, emotional abuse, and PTSD severity. They had caregivers, particularly mothers, with greater trauma histories, IPV, and psychopathology. Network analysis revealed 10 nodes directly correlated to child's irritability including child's PTSD severity, parental IPV (specifically psychological violence), and parental psychopathology. Conclusions: Results provide initial empirical evidence that pediatric irritability is linked to trauma exposure, suggesting trauma histories be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of irritability. Interventions addressing caregiver trauma, IPV, and psychopathology may ameliorate pediatric irritability. Future studies could benefit from adopting network approaches with longitudinal or time series data to elucidate causality and points of intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Offspring of parents with affective disorders (OAD) are at risk of developing a wide range of mental disorders. Deficits in the rearing environment and high levels of stress are well‐known risk factors for negative outcomes in OAD. Building on prior research, we aim to examine the longitudinal relationships between family dysfunction, stressful life events, and mental health in OAD and control offspring of parents with no affective disorder. In the present study, we hypothesized that high levels of family dysfunction would be associated with more internalizing and externalizing problems across time in OAD than in controls, and that family dysfunction would mediate the relationship between stressful life events in adolescence and poor mental health in adulthood, particularly in OAD. Methods: As part of the TRacking Adolescents' Lives Survey (TRAILS), 2230 participants (51% female, Mage = 11.1 years, SD = 0.6, at baseline) and their parents completed measures across six time points, spanning 15 years. Mental health, family dysfunction, and stressful life events were assessed with the Youth and Adult Self‐Report, Family Assessment Device, and an in‐house measure, respectively. Results: Multi‐group structured equation modeling revealed that family dysfunction was linked to internalizing and externalizing problems in OAD, but not controls, across time. Risk status did not moderate family dysfunction's mediation of the relationship between stressful life events and negative outcomes in adulthood. Conclusions: OAD show high sensitivity to dysfunction in the rearing environment across childhood and adolescence, which supports the use of family based interventions to prevent the development of mental disorders in high‐risk youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physical activities performed under free-living conditions that are unsupervised in the home or community have the potential to modulate non-motor symptoms in people with Parkinson's disease. Objective: This systematic review investigates the relationships between physical activities performed in free-living conditions and non-motor symptoms in people with Parkinson's disease: cognition, anxiety, apathy, depression, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and pain. Data sources: A database search was performed on Scopus, Web of Science, Ovid (PsycINFO), CINAHL, PubMed, and ProQuest (Health and Medicine). Review methods: Observational studies published from 2000 to 2024 that examined the relationships between physical activity and non-motor symptoms were included. The methodological quality of reports was evaluated using critical appraisal checklists appropriate to the study design. Where appropriate, a meta-analysis was conducted to combine data from the included articles. Results: A total of 14 articles met the criteria and used various tools to evaluate non-motor symptoms and physical activity. Meta-analyses showed that people with Parkinson's who are more physically active have better global cognition [ β ranged from 0.12 to 0.28; p = 0.00–0.02] and less affective disorders [ β -0.20, p = 0.00]. Increased physical activity levels were also associated with better sleep quality (n = 1) and less chronic pain (n = 1). The overall methodological quality of the included articles was considered high. Conclusion: Engagement in increased levels of physical activities performed under free-living conditions is associated with better cognition and less anxiety, apathy, and depression in people with Parkinson's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To clarify the concept of fear of childbirth among pregnant women and to examine its current measure tools. Background: Fear of childbirth is a psychological symptom, prevalent among pregnant women, which negatively impacts women's health and well‐being. It has become an increasingly concerning issue in perinatal mental health. However, due to its poor conceptualization, it presents difficulty in conducting reliable assessments and identifying risk factors. Methods: The Walker and Avant approach to concept analysis guided this review. Six bibliographic databases were systematically searched for published research from their inception date to May 2023. Additional records were identified by manually searching the reference lists of relevant studies. Quantitative and qualitative studies investigating fear of childbirth in pregnant women were included. Results: Three critical attributes have been identified: cognitive impairments, affective disorders and somatic symptoms. Antecedents include perceived a real or anticipated threat of pregnancy or its outcomes, low perceived self‐coping ability and unmet social support needs. Consequences include processing and avoiding behaviours. This study also identified the dimensions of fear of childbirth, including 6 primary categories and 14 subcategories. The content of five scales was analysed and none covered all domains. Conclusions: The current analysis provides healthcare providers with a more comprehensive framework to assess and identify fear of childbirth. Further research is needed to develop a suitable instrument that covers all the attributes and dimensions of this concept and assesses its severity. Impact: This conceptual analysis provides a comprehensive insight into the phenomenon of fear of childbirth. This will help family members, healthcare providers and policymakers to identify the psychological needs of pregnant women and improve the quality of antenatal care. Patient or Public Contribution: Not applicable as no new data were generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deficits in positive emotion regulation skills may be an important factor in the development and maintenance of anxiety and mood disorders. A treatment, which includes strategies to build and strengthen positive emotion regulation skills has been provided to patients primarily diagnosed with an anxiety and or mood disorder in an adult mental health outpatient service setting. To study the effects on positive and negative emotion, emotion regulation skills, emotional disorder symptoms, quality of life, and wellbeing during a new developed treatment. An exploratory clinical trial was used to conduct a preliminary assessment of a novel intervention. The intervention was provided in a group format over a 6-week period and independent practice over an 8-week period. Outcome variables were assessed pre- and post-treatment and at a 2-month follow up. Life quality, subjective wellbeing ratings, depressive and anxiety symptoms improved at follow up. The data suggests that the intervention may have the potential to produce desired change in positive emotion regulation. Preliminary findings suggest the intervention can have beneficial effects. These findings are promising and support the possibility that disturbances in positive emotion regulation may be a generative target for treatment research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The intergenerational stake hypothesis and theories of the life course posit that older generations are invested in the well-being of younger generations. Consistent with this, previous research has shown that adult children's problems are associated with worse parental well-being. Because multigenerational ties have become increasingly important in the 21st century, we propose that adult grandchildren's problems may also impact grandparents' well-being. In this paper, we test this hypothesis and investigate the moderating effects of grandparents' race and maternal/paternal status. Methods The analytic sample includes 206 grandparents aged 65–95 who participated in the second wave of the Family Exchanges Study. Adult grandchildren's problems were operationalized as the proportions of adult grandchildren who experienced (1) physical–emotional problems and (2) lifestyle–behavioral problems. Results Main effects multilevel analyses suggested that adult grandchildren's problems did not predict grandparents' well-being. However, moderation analyses revealed that the association between grandparents' depressive symptoms and adult grandchildren's physical–emotional problems was larger among Black than White grandparents, and maternal than paternal grandparents. Adult grandchildren's lifestyle–behavioral problems did not predict grandparents' depression, and these effects were not conditioned by race or maternal/paternal status. Discussion These findings expand research on the importance of grandparent–adult grandchild relationships and contribute to research on multigenerational relationships and health by considering how problems experienced by members of younger generations affect the psychological well-being of older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim: As most substance use prevention programs are offered at school, it is important to explore which group of students might be at increased risk. Both researchers and educators have often maintained that students with special educational needs due to emotional and behavioral disorders (SENs-EBD) are particularly vulnerable. Hence, the aim of the current systematic review was to examine the alcohol and cannabis use by students with SENs-EBD in comparison to students without SENs or other types of SENs. Methods: Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, the review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023375799) and search terms were entered in Web of Science, Scopus, ERIC, and PubMed in December 2022. Publications were required to report on empirical quantitative studies (primary data) that assessed alcohol and/or cannabis use by adolescent students with SENs-EBD and a comparison group, and be published in English-language journal articles, conference papers, or book chapters from 2000 onwards. The QuADS tool was used for quality assessment. Results: Based on these criteria, six articles (sample sizes N = 61 to N = 122,180) were included for the thematic narrative synthesis. The studies revealed that the percentage of students with SENs-EBD consuming alcohol and cannabis was higher compared to students who did not have SENs or attended mainstream schools. Conclusion: The small number of heterogeneous studies, with limitations concerning the sample size, missing effect sizes, and influence of control variables, demonstrates the need for more research. The systematic review provides guidance for such future research endeavors, as well as preliminary notions for practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bipolar disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by the coexistence of depression and mania. Diagnosis of this disorder can be challenging due to limited pathologic and experimental tools. Treatment compliance is often poor due to medication side effects. Although cathepsin is known to play a significant role in diseases such as tumors and osteoporosis, its role in psychiatric disorders is not yet fully understood. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cathepsin in the blood circulation and bipolar disorder. Methods: The causal relationship between cathepsin and different subtypes of bipolar affective disorder was explored using bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis and multivariate analysis. Results: It was found that cathepsin H level was a protective factor for type II bipolar disorder. No potential causal relationship was found between cathepsin H and type I bipolar disorder, but cathepsin B changes with the development of type I bipolar disorder. A causal relationship was found between cathepsin H and cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor. Conclusions: In conclusion, cathepsin H may be a diagnostic target for bipolar II disorder and may play a guiding role in clinical diagnosis. Cathepsin H may have an effect on BD through cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microcircuitry within superficial layers of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), composed of excitatory pyramidal neurons and inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, has been suggested as the neural substrate of working memory performance. In schizophrenia, working memory impairments are thought to result from alterations of microcircuitry within the DLPFC. GABAergic interneurons, in particular, are crucially involved in synchronizing neural activity at gamma frequency, the power of which increases with working memory load. Alterations of GABAergic interneurons, particularly parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SST) subtypes, are frequently observed in schizophrenia. Abnormalities of GABAergic neurotransmission, such as deficiencies in the 67 kDA isoform of GABA synthesis enzyme (GAD67), vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT), and GABA reuptake transporter 1 (GAT1) in presynaptic boutons, as well as postsynaptic alterations in GABAA receptor subunits further contribute to impaired inhibition. This review explores GABAergic abnormalities of the postmortem DLPFC in schizophrenia, with a focus on the roles of interneuron subtypes involved in cognition, and GABAergic neurotransmission within presynaptic boutons and postsynaptic alterations. Where available, comparisons between schizophrenia and affective disorders that share cognitive pathology such as bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder will be made. Challenges in directly measuring GABA levels are addressed, emphasizing the need for innovative techniques. Understanding GABAergic abnormalities and their implications for neural circuit dysfunction in schizophrenia is crucial for developing targeted therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although repeatedly confirmed, the molecular nature of gene-environment (GxE) interactions has rarely been investigated in the clinical context of mood disorders. This study assesses the relationship between HTR2A genetic variants and the modulatory effect of inflammation in a collective cohort of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD), as a unified group with two distinct phenotypes. Methods: The study included 138 patients with acute mood episodes (BD = 83; MDD = 55). HTR2A rs6313 and rs6314 genotyping was performed while measuring platelet-derived indicators of inflammation (platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), plateletcrit, and platelet distribution width) and the MPV/PLT ratio. Results: The HTR2A rs6313 variant is a significant predictor of the polarity phenotype in mood disorders, with the MPV/PLT ratio moderating this relationship, but only under low-inflammatory conditions. In more pronounced inflammatory states, genetic influences lose their predictive role. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the complex interplay between platelet-derived indicators of inflammation and HTR2A variants in the context of mood disorders. Without pro-inflammatory conditions, mood disorders seem to be more genetically determined. Under pro-inflammatory conditions, phenotypic presentation is less dependent on genetic factors. GxE interactions in mood disorders are multifaceted, context-dependent and relevant for assessing their clinical presentation and course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antibiotics with significant antimicrobial activity. Despite their therapeutic benefits, they are associated with a range of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), particularly those affecting the central nervous system (CNS). This study aimed to analyze the psychiatric ADRs linked to fluoroquinolones using data from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. Methods: A retrospective pharmacovigilance study was conducted using FAERS data from Q1 2004 to Q4 2023. The data processing phase involved the FDArecommended deduplication method, and ADRs were classified according to Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA). Disproportionality analysis was performed using the reporting odds ratio (ROR), and statistical significance was assessed using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Results: The study identified 84,777 reports associated with fluoroquinolones, with 359,480 Preferred Terms-annotated entries, 27,816 of these reports were psychiatric ADRs. Mood disorders were the most frequently reported, including anxiety, depression, and delirium, with some reports escalating to suicidal ideation and behaviors. The Standardized MedDRA Query classification system was used to categorize these ADRs into Depression, Suicide/self-injury, Psychosis and psychotic disorders, and Non-infectious encephalopathy/delirium. Ciprofloxacin was most frequently linked to depression and suicidal ideation, while moxifloxacin showed a robust correlation with delirium. The risk of psychiatric ADRs varied by age group, with affective disorders more prevalent in adults under 65 and psychosis and delirium in those over 65. Conclusion: Fluoroquinolones are associated with a range of psychiatric ADRs, with notable differences between the drugs in the class. The study highlights the need for caution in prescribing fluoroquinolones, particularly for patients with pre-existing mental health conditions or those in higher risk age groups. The findings also underscore the importance of considering age-specific preventive strategies when administering these antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents who have experienced harsh parenting face an increased risk of developing Internet addiction (IA) later in life. Few studies have examined the underlying mechanisms between harsh parenting and IA. This study explores the relationship between harsh parenting and IA, focusing on associations with emotional regulation difficulties and maladaptive cognitions. The study group consisted of 925 adolescents (Mage = 16.16, SDage = 0.72; 48.54% girls) who were recruited to complete a survey measuring the variables of harsh parenting, difficulties in emotional regulation, maladaptive cognitions, and IA. After accounting for age and gender, it was found that harsh parenting is directly associated with adolescents' IA (β = 0.07, p < 0.01). The chain mediating effect of emotional regulation difficulties and maladaptive cognitions was 0.08 (95% CI [0.06, 0.10]), which implies that a chain mediation was identified between harsh parenting and IA through the intermediary factors of emotional regulation difficulties and maladaptive cognitions. The findings suggest that addressing the emotional regulation difficulties and maladaptive cognitions could be important aspects to consider in interventions and prevention efforts aimed at reducing adolescent IA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hallucinations are serious symptoms that can lead to high levels of distress, functional impairment, and increased risk of suicide in both adults and children. However, their etiology and treatment remain unclear. Hallucinations and sensory processing difficulties (SPDs) are associated with various psychiatric disorders, including mood, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. This study aimed to investigate the potential association between hallucinations and SPDs in a pediatric population. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with 335 children aged 6--18 years who visited the child psychiatry outpatient clinic at Osaka Metropolitan University Hospital between April 2020 and March 2023 and continued treatment for at least three months. After excluding those with intellectual disabilities or uncontrolled epilepsy, 304 participants were included in the analyses. The presence of hallucinations was assessed through interviews with the children and their parents. SPDs were evaluated using the Short Sensory Profile. Binomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between hallucinations and SPDs, adjusting for age, sex, autism spectrum disorder, socioeconomic difficulties (low-income, single-parent households), and the presence of mood and anxiety disorders. Results: Hallucinations were present in 64 children (21%). Logistic regression analysis showed a significant positive association between SPDs and hallucinations, even after adjusting for age, sex, autism spectrum disorder, socioeconomic difficulties, and the presence of mood and anxiety disorders (odds ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.008--1.036; p = 0.002). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest a potential association between hallucinations and SPDs in pediatric patients. Further prospective studies are needed to explore the causal relationship between these factors and determine whether interventions for SPDs can alleviate hallucinations in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quetiapine is a second-generation atypical antipsychotic drug that has been commonly prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia, major depressive disorder (depression), and other psychological disorders. Targeted inhibition of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide gated (HCN) channels, which generate Ih, may provide effective resistance against schizophrenia and depression. We investigated if HCN channels could contribute to the therapeutic effect of quetiapine, and its major active metabolite norquetiapine. Two-electrode voltage clamp recordings were used to assess the effects of quetiapine and its active metabolites 7-hydroxyquetiapine and norquetiapine on currents from HCN1 channels expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Norquetiapine, but not quetiapine nor 7-hydroxyquetiapine, has an inhibitory effect on HCN1 channels. Norquetiapine selectively inhibited HCN1 currents by shifting the voltage-dependence of activation to more hyperpolarized potentials in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 13.9 ± 0.8 µM for HCN1 and slowing channel opening, without changing the kinetics of closing. Inhibition by norquetiapine primarily occurs from in the closed state. Norquetiapine inhibition is not sensitive to the external potassium concentration, and therefore, likely does not block the pore. Norquetiapine inhibition also does not dependent on the cyclic-nucleotide binding domain. Norquetiapine also inhibited HCN4 channels with reduced efficacy than HCN1 and had no effect on HCN2 channels. Therefore, HCN channels are key targets of norquetiapine, the primary active metabolite of quetiapine. These data help to explain the therapeutic mechanisms by which quetiapine aids in the treatment of anxiety, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, and may represent a novel structure for future drug design of HCN inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous work suggests that interoception – the capacity to detect and interpret internal states of the body – may be disrupted in affective disorders. A related body of work suggests that reduced understanding of how interoceptive sensations relate to emotions (alexithymia) is also linked to these disorders. One route by which these deficits could maintain affective symptoms is poor emotion regulation – as perception and regulation of internal states share bidirectional links. However, depression and anxiety symptoms are highly co-morbid, and it remains unclear whether one or both are primarily affected. In this study, we sought to replicate prior results suggesting emotion dysregulation mediates the relationship between interoception/alexithymia and depressive symptoms, and to further determine whether co-morbid anxiety plays an additional, or alternative, explanatory role. Participants in two consecutive, non-clinical samples (Sample 1: N = 445, Mage=23.68; Sample 2: N = 196, Mage=24.99) completed measures of interoception (MAIA), alexithymia (TAS-20), emotion dysregulation (DERS), depression (BDI-II), and anxiety (STAI). Results in both samples confirmed that emotion dysregulation mediated the relationship between interoception and depressive symptoms and found a similar relationship with trait anxiety. When accounting for co-morbidity, anxiety – and not depression – appeared to best explain previous findings for interoception. In contrast, results suggested that depression – and not anxiety – explained prior links to alexithymia. These results may help guide interpretation of prior results when considering the high comorbidity in depression and anxiety symptoms and suggest unique treatment targets for each. Future research should examine these measures in clinical samples and with longitudinal data that can better disentangle the directional nature of these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapists are crucial in addressing the multifaceted challenges of fostering psychological well-being. The demanding nature of their profession emphasizes the need for ongoing professional development and support. Within the field of mental health interventions, there is increasing interest in investigating transformative approaches to chronic mood disorders. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and treatment based on allegorical schema modes in mitigating chronic mood disorders and difficulties in emotion regulation among therapists. Using a quasi-experimental design, psychotherapists from Tehran's 3rd district participated in pre-test and post-test assessments between December 2021 and December 2022. Fifteen therapists were included in each group through convenience sampling. Experimental Group 1 received 10 to 12 weekly face-to-face sessions based on allegorical schema modes, while Experimental Group 2 underwent cognitive-behavioral therapy sessions. Data collection included the Bromez Mood Questionnaire and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Analysis employed ANCOVA to compare outcomes between groups. The analysis revealed significant differences between research groups in chronic mood disorders and difficulty in emotion regulation, with F-values of 9.227 (p < 0.001) and 12.607 (p < 0.001), respectively. Post hoc tests showed significant differences in chronic mood disorders between the cognitive-behavioral group and both the allegorical schema modes group (MD = 4.583, p = 0.012) and the control group (MD = 7.333, p < 0.001). However, no significant difference was found between the allegorical schema modes group and the control group. Integrating cognitive-behavioral therapy and allegorical schema modes into therapists' ongoing support systems can aid in fostering adaptive coping strategies and promoting overall psychological health in the face of the demanding challenges inherent in the therapeutic profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Test anxiety is a problem affecting more and more adolescents and leading to significant negative consequences (Putwain & Daly, Educational Studies, 40(5), 554–570, 2014; von der Embse et al., Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 483–493, 2018; von der Embse et al., School Psychology, 36(2), 86–96, 2021). However, few programs have been developed to target test anxiety in school settings among adolescents (Ergene, School Psychology International, 24(3), 313–328, 2003; von der Embse et al., Psychology in the Schools, 50(1), 57–71, 2013a). Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Pastel intervention program in a randomized control trial, based on a cognitive-behavioral based approach combined with study skills to reduce test anxiety in adolescents. The pretest, posttest, and six-month follow-up effects of the program on test anxiety (primary outcome), as well as on secondary outcomes (social anxiety, generalized anxiety, depressive symptoms, and academic self-efficacy) were assessed. This study was carried out with 48 adolescents aged 14 to 17 years, from five private or public schools. The results indicated a medium effect on test anxiety between the pretest and posttest, and a low effect between the pretest and the six-month follow-up. The program also appeared to have an impact on some short-term and long-term secondary outcomes, such as social anxiety and depression symptoms. This study adds to the literature on test anxiety in adolescents by proposing an innovative and promising program to reduce symptoms associated with test anxiety and related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnancy in women living with human immunodeficiency virus (WLWH) represents an important challenge for maternal-fetal health. Besides, they can also present anxiety (Anx) and depression (Dep). Imbalances in serotonin (5-HT), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and cortisol (CORT) levels can contribute to Anx and Dep manifestations. Currently, there is not enough data about the neuroendocrine and neurochemical changes in pregnant WLWH with affective disorders. This study aimed to characterize 5-HT, DHEA-S, and CORT plasma levels in Mexican pregnant WLWH presenting Anx/Dep. Forty-two adult pregnant women were recruited during the third trimester of gestation at the National Institute of Perinatology in Mexico during 2019–2022. These patients were divided into three groups: (1) pregnant WLWH with Anx/Dep (n = 16), (2) pregnant without HIV but with Anx/Dep (n = 12), and (3) healthy pregnant women without Anx/Dep (n = 14). WLWH presented a marked reduction in 5-HT (41.33 ± 39.37 ng/dL) compared to non-infected pregnant women with Anx/Dep (220.2 ± 151.8 ng/dL) and the healthy group (370.0 ± 145.3 ng/dL). Anx/Dep infected and uninfected pregnant women showed a significant reduction in DHEA-S levels (86.58 ± 30.59 and 76.9 ± 36.7 µg/dL, respectively) compared to healthy subjects (149.7 ± 44.6 µg/dL). Anx and Dep symptoms were inversely correlated with 5-HT and DHEA-S levels. No significant differences were observed in CORT levels among the three groups (p = 0.094). Our results suggest the presence of a disbalance in 5-HT and DHEA-S levels in pregnant WLWH with affective symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Current evidence suggests that early maladaptive schemas are affected in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Most of the studies on the subject have been conducted with adults, but the number of studies conducted with adolescents with ADHD is quite limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate early maladaptive schemas in adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. Methods: The study included 66 patients diagnosed with ADHD and 70 healthy adolescents who were similar to the case group in terms of age and gender. Clinical evaluation of the case and control groups were performed with "The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version, DSM-5 November 2016-Turkish Adaptation (K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T)". "Conners-Wells Adolescent Self-Report Scale - Revised Short Form (CASS-RS)" and "Set of Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaires for Children and Adolescents between the ages of 10-16" were administered to all participants. Results: It was determined that the schema scores of "dependence/incompetence", "vulnerability to harm or illness", "entitlement/grandiosity", "insufficient self-control", "subjugation" were significantly higher in the ADHD group than in the control group. A negative, significant relationship was found between age and "enmeshment/undeveloped self", "entitlement/grandiosity" and "insufficient self-control" schema scores. There was no significant difference between schema scores in terms of gender in the ADHD group. Additionally, no significant relationship was found between the education level of the parents, family income levels and schema scores. A significant positive relationship was found between the CASS-RS scores and all schema scores. As a result of the regression analysis, it was determined that CASS-RS scores positively predicted all schema scores, while the age variable negatively predicted only the schema scores of "enmeshment/undeveloped self". Discussion: Results of this study showed that there were significant differences in adolescents in the ADHD group compared to the control group in terms of early maladaptive schemas, and that ADHD symptom levels was associated with early maladaptive schemas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Current evidence suggests that early maladaptive schemas are affected in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Most of the studies on the subject have been conducted with adults, but the number of studies conducted with adolescents with ADHD is quite limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate early maladaptive schemas in adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. Methods: The study included 66 patients diagnosed with ADHD and 70 healthy adolescents who were similar to the case group in terms of age and gender. Clinical evaluation of the case and control groups were performed with "The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children- Present and Lifetime Version, DSM-5 November 2016-Turkish Adaptation (K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T)". "Conners-Wells Adolescent Self-Report Scale - Revised Short Form (CASS-RS)" and "Set of Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaires for Children and Adolescents between the ages of 10-16" were administered to all participants. Results: It was determined that the schema scores of "dependence/incompetence", "vulnerability to harm or illness", "entitlement/grandiosity", "insufficient self-control", "subjugation" were significantly higher in the ADHD group than in the control group. A negative, significant relationship was found between age and "enmeshment/undeveloped self", "entitlement/grandiosity" and "insufficient self-control" schema scores. There was no significant difference between schema scores in terms of gender in the ADHD group. Additionally, no significant relationship was found between the education level of the parents, family income levels and schema scores. A significant positive relationship was found between the CASS-RS scores and all schema scores. As a result of the regression analysis, it was determined that CASS-RS scores positively predicted all schema scores, while the age variable negatively predicted only the schema scores of "enmeshment/undeveloped self". Discussion: Results of this study showed that there were significant differences in adolescents in the ADHD group compared to the control group in terms of early maladaptive schemas, and that ADHD symptom levels was associated with early maladaptive schemas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mood disorders mainly affect the patient's daily life, lead to suffering and disability, increase the incidence rate of many medical illnesses, and even cause a trend of suicide. The glucocorticoid (GC)-mediated hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) negative feedback regulation plays a key role in neuropsychiatric disorders. The balance of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)/glucocorticoid receptor (GR) level contributes to maintaining the homeostasis of the neuroendocrine system. Consistently, a chronic excess of GC can also lead to HPA axis dysfunction, triggering anxiety, depression, memory loss, and cognitive impairment. The animal model induced by chronic corticosterone (CORT) administration has been widely adopted because of its simple replication and strong stability. This review summarizes the behavioral changes and underlying mechanisms of chronic CORT administration-induced animal models, including neuroinflammatory response, pyroptosis, oxidative stress, neuroplasticity, and apoptosis. Notably, CORT administration at different doses and cycles can destroy the balance of the MR/GR ratio to make dose-dependent effects of CORT on the central nervous system (CNS). This work aims to offer an overview of the topic and recommendations for future cognitive function research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alexithymia, a predictor in chronic illnesses, like cardiovascular and bipolar disorder (CD–BD), could be improved with a virtual reality (VR) cognitive remediation program. This secondary analysis of a previous randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluates alexithymia improvement and its factors in an experimental group versus a control group, exploring extensions to individuals with comorbid non-psychiatric chronic conditions. Methods: A feasibility cross-over RCT (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05070065) enrolled individuals aged 18–75 with mood disorders (BD, DSM-IV), excluding those with relapses, epilepsy, or severe eye conditions due to potential risks with VR. Alexithymia levels were measured using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale with 20 items (TAS-20). Results: The study included 39 individuals in the experimental group and 25 in the control group, with no significant age or sex differences observed. Significantly improved alexithymia scores were noted in the experimental group compared to controls (F = 111.9; p < 0.0001) and in subgroups with chronic non-psychiatric comorbidities (F = 4.293, p = 0.048). Scores were particularly improved for difficulty in identifying feelings (F = 92.42; p < 0.00001), communicating feelings (F = 61.34; p < 0.00001), and externally oriented thinking (F = 173.12; p < 0.00001). Conclusions: The findings highlight alexithymia enhancement in BD, even with comorbid non-psychiatric chronic diseases. Given its impact on BD progression and related conditions, like CD, developing and evaluating VR-based tools in this context is suggested by these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Music-based intervention has been advocated as a nonpharmacologic approach for the perioperative control of pain and anxiety in surgical patients. However, its impact on patients with preoperative anxiety has not been clearly established. Our study aimed to examine the impact of music-based intervention administered before, during, and after surgery on postoperative opioid consumption and pain levels, as well as preoperative anxiety, depression, and pain catastrophizing. We hypothesized that, compared to a control group, music-based intervention would be effective in reducing opioid requirements and mood disorders. Methods: This study was a single-center, prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Inclusion criteria isame-day or observation surgery. Exclusion criteria included American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status IV, use of spinal anesthesia, PROMIS Anxiety T-scores ≤ 57.4 and ≥74.1, preoperative chronic opioid use, transgender surgery, and history of drug or alcohol abuse. Music-based intervention was developed by a certified music therapist. Each patient was randomized to receive standard of care (SC) or SC plus music-based intervention before, during, and after surgery. The primary end point was postoperative oral morphine equivalents (OMEs) over 5 days following surgery using the area under the curve (AUC)Secondary end points were PROMIS Anxiety, PROMIS Depression scores Pain Catastrophizing Scale scores, postoperative nausea and vomiting, time of hospital discharge, and patient satisfaction (0 = totally unsatisfied to 10 = completely satisfied). Results: A total of 75 patients were randomized to a music-based intervention (n = 33) or control (n = 42) group. Patients in the music-based intervention group consumed 56.7% less opioids than those in the control group (AUC was 2.8 in the music-based intervention group vs. 6.4 in the control group, absolute standardized mean difference (aSMD) = 0.34 (−0.17, 0.85)). No difference in pain scores was recorded between groups. Music-based intervention also reduced anxiety on postoperative day (POD)2 (aSMD = 0.38 (−0.16, 0.91)), depression on POD2 (aSMD = 0.31 (−0.23, 0.84)) and POD4 (aSMD = 0.24 (−0.29, 0.77)), and pain catastrophizing on POD1 (aSMD = 0.24 (−0.3, 0.77)). Conclusions: Our data support the use of music-based intervention to reduce postoperative opioid requirements. Music-based intervention may also reduce anxiety, depression, and pain catastrophizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite a variability in response and a narrow therapeutic index, Lithium (Li) remains the gold standard treatment for bipolar disorders (BD), and a treatment of choice for unipolar disorders (UD). Red blood cell Li concentration (RBCLiC) and red blood cell/plasma Li ratio (LiR) have been studied in many areas of mood disorders (such as acute or chronic Li efficacy, adherence, side effects (SE), intoxication management) as well as in several research domains. This systematic review aims to synthesize the existing literature. Methods: We conducted a systematic review, based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and Metanalysis (PRISMA) guidelines, of articles published between 1972 and February 2023, indexed in the following databases: EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library. The search terms were combinations of the following headings: "Lithium AND Plasma AND Erythrocyte AND Mood disorders". The systematic review protocol was published to PROSPERO (CRD42023406154). Results and conclusion: Out of the 252 identified studies, 57 met the selection criteria. The articles investigated the interest of RBCLiC and other blood parameters (PLiC and LiR) in various areas: (i) disease management (31 articles) (compliance/adherence (5 articles), SE/toxicity (13 articles), prediction of Li response/therapeutic efficacy for acute episode or for relapse prevention (17 articles)), (ii) Li blood parameters as trait markers of mood disorders subtypes (UD, BDI, BDII) (16 articles), (iii) Li blood parameters as state markers of mood episodes (11 articles), (iv) factors influencing Li blood parameters (age, gender, ethnicity, dosage and duration of Li treatment, co-medications with other treatments, seasonality) associated with RBCLiC or LiR (24 articles), and (v) potential pathophysiological mechanisms (30 articles). Conclusion: Overall, this review suggests that RBCLiC or LiR could be of interest for tolerance monitoring. However, the heterogeneity of methods and results, coupled with the limited amount of data, does not allow clear conclusions to be drawn in the other areas explored in this literature review. Given the potential interest in exploring brain Li pharmacokinetics (PK)s, this review calls for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by widespread chronic pain. Although pain is the main symptom, approximately 90% of patients have depression. This study aimed to analyze the effects of Resistance Training (RT) with low and high intensity on depression in patients with FM. Methods: Thirty-eight women with FM and 31 healthy women were allocated to the low-intensity, high-intensity, preferred-intensity, and control groups. The patients underwent 8 weeks of supervised RT, with two sessions per week of approximately 1 h. The low-intensity resistance training group (LIRT) performed two sets of 12 maximum repetitions. The high-intensity resistance training group (HIRT) performed four sets with six maximum repetitions, and the preferred intensity group (PI) performed three sets, with eight to 12 repetitions, according to the patient's tolerance. The healthy control group did not perform any type of exercise. Depression was assessed using the Beck depression inventory before the start of the intervention, after 4 and 8 weeks. Results: FM patients have higher levels of depression than women without the disease. After 4 weeks, there was a difference in depressive symptoms between the HIRT and LIRT (p = 0.048), and the PI and LIRT (p = 0.048). Conclusion: Prescribing RT with low or high intensity did not significantly reduce depression in patients with FM after 8 weeks, however, analyses between groups after 4 weeks indicated that low-intensity training is more effective than high-intensity training. The prescription of RT exercise to FM could vary among low, high, and preferred intensity, following the patient's tolerance for pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, have a profound impact on more than 300 million people worldwide. It has been demonstrated mood disorders were closely associated with deviations in biogenic amine metabolites, which are involved in numerous critical physiological processes. The peripheral and central alteration of biogenic amine metabolites in patients may be one of the potential pathogeneses of mood disorders. This review provides a concise overview of the latest research on biogenic amine metabolites in mood disorders, such as histamine, kynurenine, and creatine. Further studies need larger sample sizes and multicenter collaboration. Investigating the changes of biogenic amine metabolites in mood disorders can provide biological foundation for diagnosis, offer guidance for more potent treatments, and aid in elucidating the biological mechanisms underlying mood disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microcircuitry within superficial layers of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), composed of excitatory pyramidal neurons and inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, has been suggested as the neural substrate of working memory performance. In schizophrenia, working memory impairments are thought to result from alterations of microcircuitry within the DLPFC. GABAergic interneurons, in particular, are crucially involved in synchronizing neural activity at gamma frequency, the power of which increases with working memory load. Alterations of GABAergic interneurons, particularly parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SST) subtypes, are frequently observed in schizophrenia. Abnormalities of GABAergic neurotransmission, such as deficiencies in the 67 kDA isoform of GABA synthesis enzyme (GAD67), vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT), and GABA reuptake transporter 1 (GAT1) in presynaptic boutons, as well as postsynaptic alterations in GABAA receptor subunits further contribute to impaired inhibition. This review explores GABAergic abnormalities of the postmortem DLPFC in schizophrenia, with a focus on the roles of interneuron subtypes involved in cognition, and GABAergic neurotransmission within presynaptic boutons and postsynaptic alterations. Where available, comparisons between schizophrenia and affective disorders that share cognitive pathology such as bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder will be made. Challenges in directly measuring GABA levels are addressed, emphasizing the need for innovative techniques. Understanding GABAergic abnormalities and their implications for neural circuit dysfunction in schizophrenia is crucial for developing targeted therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by widespread chronic pain. Although pain is the main symptom, approximately 90% of patients have depression. This study aimed to analyze the effects of Resistance Training (RT) with low and high intensity on depression in patients with FM. Methods: Thirty-eight women with FM and 31 healthy women were allocated to the low-intensity, high-intensity, preferred-intensity, and control groups. The patients underwent 8 weeks of supervised RT, with two sessions per week of approximately 1 h. The low-intensity resistance training group (LIRT) performed two sets of 12 maximum repetitions. The high-intensity resistance training group (HIRT) performed four sets with six maximum repetitions, and the preferred intensity group (PI) performed three sets, with eight to 12 repetitions, according to the patient's tolerance. The healthy control group did not perform any type of exercise. Depression was assessed using the Beck depression inventory before the start of the intervention, after 4 and 8 weeks. Results: FM patients have higher levels of depression than women without the disease. After 4 weeks, there was a difference in depressive symptoms between the HIRT and LIRT (p = 0.048), and the PI and LIRT (p = 0.048). Conclusion: Prescribing RT with low or high intensity did not significantly reduce depression in patients with FM after 8 weeks, however, analyses between groups after 4 weeks indicated that low-intensity training is more effective than high-intensity training. The prescription of RT exercise to FM could vary among low, high, and preferred intensity, following the patient's tolerance for pain. Clinical trial registration: https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-74pcmw, RBR-74pcmw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, have a profound impact on more than 300 million people worldwide. It has been demonstrated mood disorders were closely associated with deviations in biogenic amine metabolites, which are involved in numerous critical physiological processes. The peripheral and central alteration of biogenic amine metabolites in patients may be one of the potential pathogeneses of mood disorders. This review provides a concise overview of the latest research on biogenic amine metabolites in mood disorders, such as histamine, kynurenine, and creatine. Further studies need larger sample sizes and multicenter collaboration. Investigating the changes of biogenic amine metabolites in mood disorders can provide biological foundation for diagnosis, offer guidance for more potent treatments, and aid in elucidating the biological mechanisms underlying mood disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With concerns still on the level of public awareness and knowledge of mental health, people who are diagnosed with mental health disorders are still having difficulties in receiving appropriate help. There is a need for better understanding and promoting awareness of what people experiencing such challenges are going through and identifying their needs. The study encompasses the lived experiences of individuals with mood disorders, how their diagnosis has changed their lifestyle, their interaction with others, the difficulties they experience, and how they are coping with their condition upon being aware of it. This study uses a qualitative research design and an interpretative phenomenological approach. The study conducted interviews to learn the lived experiences of nine (9) participants, where they could share their experience with changes and how they cope with the said changes. Results found that having a good support system and developing healthy coping mechanisms assist in managing the negative situations that people with mood disorders experience. Through the persistence of being discriminated against, stigmatized, and facing difficulties because of the limitations that accompany the diagnosis. Additionally, maintaining wellness, such as regularly monitoring their medication and lifestyle, can assist in regulating the symptoms and episodes of people with mood disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adults with bipolar disorder (BD) commonly present with cognitive deficits. Many also report subjective or perceived cognitive failures. For this study, we identified four distinct clusters of adults with BD on the basis of both BD symptoms (depression and hypo/mania) and perceived cognitive errors (i.e., forgetfulness, distractibility, false triggering). We hypothesized that participants reporting more BD symptoms and cognitive errors would report lower psychological well-being (i.e., self-efficacy, life scheme, life satisfaction). A second objective was to determine if and how clusters differed in terms of BD related factors (e.g., subtypes, sleep, medications) and sociodemographic differences such as age of participants. From the BADAS (Bipolar Affective Disorder and older Adults) Study, we identified 281adults with BD (M = 44.27 years of age, range 19–81), recruited via social media. Results: All clusters significantly differed across all grouping variables except symptoms of hypo/mania due to low frequency. Across clusters, perceived cognitive failures and BD symptoms increased in lockstep; that is, those reporting more cognitive errors also reported significantly higher symptoms of both depression and hypo/mania. As hypothesized, they also reported significantly lower psychological well-being. Conclusions: Age did not significantly differ across clusters in contrast to existing research in which cognitive loss is objectively measured. That is, perceived cognitive errors are significantly associated with lower psychological well-being for both young and older adults with BD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mood disorders, including depression, remain a significant global health concern, necessitating continuous efforts to develop novel and more effective antidepressant therapies. Although there have been significant advancements in comprehending the biology of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), a considerable number of people suffering from depression do not exhibit positive responses to the pharmacologic treatments now available. This study specifically examines emerging targets and potential future approaches for pharmaceutical interventions in the treatment of MDD. The discussion revolves around novel therapeutic agents and their effectiveness in treating depression. The focus is on the specific pathophysiological pathways targeted by these agents and the amount of evidence supporting their use. While conventional antidepressants are anticipated to continue being the primary treatment for MDD in the foreseeable future, there is currently extensive research being conducted on numerous new compounds to determine their effectiveness in treating MDD. Many of these compounds have shown encouraging results. This review highlighted the recent advances in the synthesis of antidepressant derivatives and explores their pharmacologic insights for the treatment of mood disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychotic and mood disorders are discussed as part of the same continuum. The potential role of immune dysregulation in defining their clinical presentations, however, remains unclear. Differences in TNF-α, IL-6 and TGF-β levels were investigated in 143 patients with schizophrenia (SCH = 63) and bipolar disorder (BD = 80), in remission. Cytokines were evaluated against the dimensional assessment of psychosis and affective symptoms using the schizo-bipolar scale, together with the severity of the same symptom domains measured by the brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS). Lower TGF-β was associated with more lifetime episodes, family risk for psychosis, and more severe mood and psychotic symptoms in all patients. BPRS Affect symptoms domain correlated with lower TGF-β levels in BD, and higher TGF-β levels in SCH patients. Using moderated mediation analysis, TGF-β was a relevant predictor only in the setting of non-categorical symptom distribution, with familial risk for psychosis confirmed as a significant moderator. Severity of BPRS Affect symptoms domain was an independent predictor of inclination towards the psychosis spectrum. The underlying immune dysregulation may be shared by the disorders, rather than a unique characteristic of each, having significant implications for our understanding of the continuum vs. categorical approach to psychosis and mood disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]