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Copyright of Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning is the property of Editorial Board of the Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning is the property of Editorial Board of the Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning is the property of Editorial Board of the Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of International Obstetrics & Gynecology is the property of TianJin Medical Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of International Obstetrics & Gynecology is the property of TianJin Medical Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Die Gynäkologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gynäkologische Endokrinologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning is the property of Editorial Board of the Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning is the property of Editorial Board of the Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gynäkologische Endokrinologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of International Obstetrics & Gynecology is the property of TianJin Medical Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río is the property of Editorial Ciencias Medicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning is the property of Editorial Board of the Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning is the property of Editorial Board of the Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gynäkologische Endokrinologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Gynäkologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Gynäkologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gynäkologische Endokrinologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To estimate the incidence of cervical insufficiency and compare recurrence rates of second trimester miscarriage/delivery in second and third pregnancies after prophylactic vaginal cerclage, abdominal cerclage, or no cerclage.Methods: Retrospective chart review of a representative register-based sample of 621 women with a spontaneous second trimester miscarriage/delivery in the first pregnancy in Denmark (1997-2012). We used strict criteria for the diagnosis of cervical insufficiency. The outcome of subsequent pregnancies was described by treatment with prophylactic vaginal cerclage, abdominal cerclage, or no prophylactic cerclage. Women were followed until June 2015.Results: Of 621 women, 149 (24%) fulfilled the strict criteria of cervical insufficiency. Prophylactic treatment with abdominal cerclage (n = 20), vaginal cerclage (n = 59), and no prophylactic cerclage (n = 61) resulted in a second pregnancy ending before 28 weeks in 5, 30, and 72% (p < 0.001) and before 34 weeks in 10, 46, and 84% (p < 0.001), respectively. Take-home baby rate was 95% after abdominal cerclage, 73% after vaginal cerclage, and 33% after no cerclage. In a third pregnancy, abdominal cerclage (n = 47), vaginal cerclage (n = 38), and no cerclage (n = 8) resulted in pregnancy ending before 34 weeks of gestation in 2, 21, and 25%, respectively (p = 0.01).Conclusions: Cervical insufficiency was diagnosed in 24% of women with an initial second trimester spontaneous miscarriage/delivery. In second and third pregnancies, recurrence rates were significantly lower after prophylactic vaginal or abdominal cerclage compared with no cerclage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Obstetrics & Gynecology is the property of TianJin Medical Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tianjin Medical Journal is the property of Tianjin Medical Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of International Obstetrics & Gynecology is the property of TianJin Medical Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a rare cause of acute coronary syndrome and sudden cardiac death. We report coronary artery dissection in a 36-year-old woman with retrosternal chest pain 2 weeks after abortion. Electrocardiography showed ST elevation in leads V2-V4 and STdepression in the inferior leads. Lab data were normal. Cardiac catheterization showed a suspicious thrombotic lesion at the proximal portion of the left anterior descending artery with a smooth contour consistent with distal haziness and dissection site. Final diagnosis was coronary artery dissection. At 1 week's follow-up, the patient was in good physical condition. At 1 month's follow-up, she had no complaints of discomfort. And finally, 8 months after having suffered a heart attack, she presented no evidence of angina, dyspnea, or congestive heart failure Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a rare disease that mainly affects younger women. Comparedwith earlier reports, the prognosis seems to be improved by early diagnosis and interventional treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning is the property of Editorial Board of the Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tianjin Medical Journal is the property of Tianjin Medical Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of International Obstetrics & Gynecology is the property of TianJin Medical Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Spontaneous abortion is a pregnancy ending with the death of fetus prior to 20th week. About 30-50% of human conceptions end in spontaneous abortion an* most of them occur at the time of implantation in association with oxidative stress, which can damage mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Defective respiratory chain enzymes, encoded by deleted mtDNA, may further enhance oxidative damage. Objective: Analysis of mtDNA common deletion (4977-bp) in women with spontaneous abortion. Materials and methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood samples of 150 women with spontaneous abortion and 90 controls; then, subjected to the Gap-PCR technique. A pair of primers designed by means of oligo7 software to flank the region of the mitochondrial genome where the common deletion occurs, was employed. Statistical analysis was performed using MedCalc software. Results: As revealed, 45 (30%) of women with spontaneous abortion had 4977-bp deletion in mtDNA, while only 6 (6.66%) of the controls were with the deletion. We found that 4977-bp deletion was significantly associated with increased risk of spontaneous abortion (OR= 6.00, 95% confidence interval (C) = 2.44-14.74, P= 0.0001). Conclusion: Overall, a strong association between 4977-bp deletion and spontaneous abortion was observed. However, larger population-based studies are needed to further evaluate the relationship between this deletion and spontaneous abortion. Conflict of interest: non declared [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a group of 46,000 North-American Adventist women aged 40 and above, we investigated the relationships between body mass index (BMI, kg/m) at age 20 and the proportion of women who reported at least one miscarriage, periods with irregular menstruation or failing to become pregnant even if trying for more than one straight year. Approximately 31, 14 and 17 %, respectively, reported the three different problems related to reproduction. Positive age- and marital status adjusted relationships were found between BMI at age 20 and periods with irregular menstruation or failing to become pregnant even if trying for more than 1 year, but not with the risk of miscarriages. Women with BMI ≥ 32.5 kg/m when aged 20 had approximately 2.0 (95 % CI: 1.6, 2.4) and 1.5 (95 % CI: 1.3, 1.9) higher odds for irregular periods or failing to get pregnant, respectively, than women with BMI in the 20-24.9 kg/m bracket. These relationships were consistently found in a number of strata of the population, including the large proportion of the women who never had smoked or never used alcohol. Underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m) when aged 20 marginally (approximately 15 %) increased the risk of failing to get pregnant within a year. Thus, obesity at age 20 increases the risk of reporting some specific reproductive problems, but not the risk of miscarriages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Der Gynäkologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Medica del IMSS is the property of Direccion de Prestaciones Medicas - IMSS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Gynäkologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses a study which examined the immunology surrounding reproductive failure and the therapies offered to correct these abnormalities. Immune factors such as human leukocyte antigens, natural killer cells, and T regulatory cells are highlighted. Paternal leucocyte injection, which is a form of active immunotherapy, involves using immunotherapy against paternal lymphocytes. Meanwhile, forms of passive immunotherapy such as intravenous immunoglobulin infusion (IVIG) and the use of anti-TNFα drugs are discussed.

Previous studies of pregnancy losses and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) were limited because they did not include losses prior to clinical detection of pregnancy and because exposures were measured after the pregnancies of interest. The authors examined the association of preconception serum total DDT (sum of DDT isomers and metabolites) concentration and subsequent pregnancy losses in 388 newly married, nonsmoking, female textile workers in China between 1996 and 1998. Upon stopping contraception, subjects provided daily urine specimens and records of vaginal bleeding for up to 1 year or until clinical pregnancy. Daily urinary human chorionic gonadotropin was assayed to detect conception and early pregnancy losses, and pregnancies were followed to detect clinical spontaneous abortions. There were 128 (26%) early pregnancy losses in 500 conceptions and 36 (10%) spontaneous abortions in 372 clinical pregnancies. Subjects were grouped in tertiles by preconception serum total DDT concentration (group 1: 5.5–22.9 ng/g; group 2: 23.0–36.5 ng/g; group 3: 36.6–113.3 ng/g). Compared with group 1, group 2 had adjusted relative odds of early pregnancy losses of 1.23 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.72, 2.10), and group 3 had adjusted odds of 2.12 (95% CI: 1.26, 3.57). The relative odds of early pregnancy losses associated with a 10-ng/g increase in serum total DDT were 1.17 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.29). The small number of spontaneous abortions following clinical detection of pregnancy were not associated with serum total DDT. In this population, there was a positive, monotonic, exposure-response association between preconception serum total DDT and the risk of subsequent early pregnancy losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequency of chromosomal anomalies in spermatozoa appears to increase with male age. Because these anomalies play a role in the etiology of spontaneous abortion, an influence of paternal age on risk of spontaneous abortion is plausible but not established. The aim was to characterize this influence in a prospective study among 5,121 California women, who as members of a prepaid health plan were interviewed in 1990 or 1991 when they were less than 13 weeks' pregnant and who were followed until the end of pregnancy. The risk of spontaneous abortion between weeks 6 and 20 of pregnancy was studied using a Cox model adjusted for maternal age. The adjusted hazard ratio of spontaneous abortion associated with paternal age of 35 years or more, compared with less than 35 years, was 1.27 (95% confidence interval: 1.00, 1.61), with no modification by maternal age. Among women aged less than 30 years, the hazard ratio of spontaneous abortion associated with paternal age of 35 years or more was 1.56 for first trimester spontaneous abortion and 0.87 for early second trimester spontaneous abortion (test of interaction, p = 0.25). In conclusion, the risk of spontaneous abortion increased with increasing paternal age, with a suggestion that the association is stronger for first trimester losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to investigate the possible association between activated protein C resistance and first-trimester repeated abortion. Fifty-five consecutive patients with unexplained first-trimester repeated abortion and 50 healthy control women having at least one child but no previous abortion were included. Activated protein C resistance was measured in all subjects and factor V Leiden genotype testing was performed in those individuals with phenotypic activated protein C resistance. One patient with first-trimester repeated abortion and one control subject had phenotypic activated protein C resistance. Genotype analysis confirmed that both subjects were heterozygous for factor V Leiden. Our results indicate that first-trimester repeated abortion is not associated with activated protein C resistance. Factor V Leiden screening in first-trimester repeated abortion is not warranted.A case-control study failed to substantiate concerns that first-trimester repeated abortion is associated with activated protein C resistance. In its heterozygous form, activated protein C resistance creates a life-long hypercoagulable state and a 5- to 10-fold increased risk of venous thrombosis. Frozen blood samples from 55 consecutive patients with two or more (mean, 2.9; range, 2-7) consecutive first-trimester spontaneous abortions of unknown etiology were compared to those from 50 healthy blood donors with at least one child but no previous abortion. Mean activated protein C resistance ratio in the 55 cases was 3.2 in the direct test and 2.9 in the modified test. Only one case had phenotypic activated protein C resistance (ratio of 1.4 in the direct test and 1.5 after factor V depleted plasma dilution). Genotype analysis confirmed that this patient, who had two previous abortions at 10 and 8 weeks of gestation, was heterozygous for the factor V Leiden mutation. One woman in the control group had activated protein C resistance phenotype (ratios 1.9 and 1.8 in the direct and modified tests, respectively) that was confirmed as heterozygous for factor V Leiden mutation. The development of resistance to activated protein C is presumed to occur mainly after 14 weeks of gestation and is more evident at term. The findings of this study suggest that factor V Leiden screening in first-trimester repeated abortion is not warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Presents a letter to the editor in response to the article "Fetal Loss Associated with Excess Thyroid Hormone Exposure," by J Anselmo, D Cao, T Karrison, R Weiss, and S Refetoff.

Presents a reply by Samuel Refetoff, Roy E. Weiss, and João Anselmo to a letter to the editor about their article, "Fetal Loss Associated with Excess Thyroid Hormone Exposure."

Reports on a possible clue to the occurrence of miscarriages. Study of low concentrations of an immune system protein during pregnancy as a predictor of potential miscarriages; Current inability of physicians to predict when pregnancies are at risk; Results of a recent study measuring the immune system protein called macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1).