Search

Background: While treating patients during a pandemic, nurses are at risk of mental health issues caused by the stress they face. This study aimed to examine the degree of anxiety and depression among Sudanese nurses throughout the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and demographic features and their association with depression and anxiety. Methods: An online-based cross-sectional study was conducted on Sudanese nurses. Data were collected from eligible nurses using a three-part questionnaire: demographic questions, the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7), and the major depression index (MDI). We used the Chi-square test and Spearman or point biserial correlation to assess the association between demographics, anxiety, and depression. Results: Two hundred and forty-six nurses from Sudan participated in this study. Around 69.5% of participants experienced mild to severe anxiety, while 26.4% revealed mild to severe depression. We found a significant association between depression and anxiety (P < 0.001). However, we did not find a significant association between depression or anxiety categories and the baseline characteristics of participants. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates high rates of anxiety and depression among Sudanese nurses throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. As we found no association between anxiety and depression with personal characteristics, psychological support should be given to all nurses' categories as all of them nearly have the same risk for anxiety and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During restoring class II and V cavities with resin composite, hemostatic agents are frequently used to control gingival bleeding and/or gingival fluid to provide a dry field which is crucial for efficient bonding. Hemostatic agents may adversely affect the bonding procedure, thus their removal prior to bonding is essential. The current study evaluates the effect of two hemostatic agents and different dentin cleansing protocols on the shear bond strength of resin composite to dentin using a universal adhesive. Methods: Ninety premolars were sectioned to expose coronal dentinal surfaces which were divided into 3 groups: control group, not treated with hemostatic agent (n = 10); a group treated with Viscostat "20% ferric sulphate" (n = 40); and a group treated with Viscostat clear "25% aluminum chloride" (n = 40). The groups treated with hemostatic agents were subdivided into 4 subgroups according to the cleansing protocol: water, phosphoric acid, katana cleaner, and air abrasion. Shear bond strength (SBS) of resin composite bonded to the treated dentin using a universal adhesive was measured after thermocycling. Results: Two-way ANOVA showed that hemostatic agent, cleansing protocol and their interaction has significant effect on SBS (p < 0.0001). Viscostat (10 ± 3.3 MPa) exhibited lower SBS than Viscostat Clear (16.2 ± 5.5 MPa). Acid etching (17.3 ± 7.3 MPa) showed higher SBS compared to Katana Cleaner (12.6 ± 4.7 MPa), water (12.1 ± 4.8 MPa) and air abrasion (10.8 ± 2 MPa). Conclusion: The use of hemostatic agents can adversely affect the bond strength of universal adhesives to dentin. Phosphoric acid provided the best hemostatic agent-cleansing protocol while katana cleaner and air abrasion demonstrated inferior results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shells of tree important food nuts and the relevance of valorizing nutshells are growing. The potential value of argan nutshells (ANS), which are one of the primary byproducts of the argan oil industry and are wasted to the tune of approximately 60,000 tons each year, has received attention in research related to the same industry. This paper suggests using argan nutshells particles rich in nematic ordered cellulose for producing cellulose nanocrystals (CNC-II) with a rectangular shape via the chains self-assembly in acid hydrolysis that is useful in many fields of applications. In the experimental results, the chemical composition of ANS was described; moreover, the morphologies of ANS after each chemical treatment were studied. Furthermore, the morphological properties investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the structural properties determined via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR), and the thermal properties via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirm the successful regeneration of nanostructured cellulose (II) with a high crystallinity index (84%) where the XRD was attributed to the CNC type II. Furthermore, the AFM and STEM show a rectangular shape with an average size of 286 nm diameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Melasma is a common acquired disorder of melanogenesis that predominately affects women and presents as hyperpigmented skin lesions mainly located on the face. The study aims to investigate the epidemiologic characteristics and hormonal profiles in melasma patients. Methods: One hundred fifty patients were enrolled in this study in a tertiary care hospital. Clinical patterns, pigment depth, disease severity, underlying conditions, and heredity were recorded. Endocrinologic profile and vitamin D levels were assessed. Results: On clinical examination, the condition indicated a centrofacial localization in 74% of the patients. Extra facial melasma was noticed in 10 patients who had centrofacial melasma to begin with. Wood's lamp examination showed the dermal type as the most common. A family history of melasma was noted in 38% of the patients. Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) score ranged from 0.3 to 10.8, with a mean score of 4.12 ± 2.06. Pregnancy-induced melasma was reported in 36.1% of the patients. In 17.4% of women, melasma was related to using oral contraceptives. In 22% of patients, mild vitamin D deficiency was detected, while 21% had thyroid disorders. Conclusion: There is a strong correlation between family history and prevalence of melasma. Sun exposure is a major precipitating factor and should be carefully addressed in Mediterranean countries like Greece. However, other factors such as concomitant medication, multiple pregnancies, use of oral contraceptives, thyroid disorders and vitamin D deficiency might precipitate melasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The challenging management of melasma highlights the inadequacies of conventional therapies and their high risk of recurrence. Integrating microneedling for device‐assisted drug delivery with tranexamic acid (TA), recognized for its melanin synthesis inhibition, presents a novel approach that warrants further investigation to fully assess its potential in enhancing melasma treatment efficacy. Methods: Fifty moderate to severe melasma patients participated in this randomized outcome‐assessor‐blinded controlled trial. Patients were randomly allocated into two main groups. Group A received a modified Kligman formula on one hemi‐face on alternate nights for 2 months (A1) and three sessions of microneedling with 10% topical TA on the other hemi‐face at 1‐month intervals (A2). Group B used the same modified Kligman formula on both sides of the face, with one side additionally receiving three sessions of microneedling with 4% TA (B1) and the opposite side with 10% TA (B2). Primary outcomes were % Modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (mMASI) and % visual analogue scale (VAS) change during 6 month follow‐up. Adverse events including post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) and treatment tolerability were recorded. Results: Compared to baseline, the mean mMASI reduction immediately after the final session was higher in A1, B1, and B2 (56.84%, 50.88%, and 55.87%, respectively) than in A2, which saw only a 13.16% reduction. Efficacy notably declined after the cessation of treatment across all groups. While the efficacy within groups A1, B1, and B2 was comparable, microneedling with 4% or 10% TA combined with the topical modified Kligman formula proved more potent in patients at a lower risk of PIH. Overall, 22% of patients reported PIH, particularly in the A2 group (28% of hemi‐faces), with its occurrence significantly associated with treatment during warmer seasons and in darker skin phototypes. Other adverse events were not observed in any patient. Patient satisfaction was highest in groups B1 and B2, where approximately 72% reported 'excellent' satisfaction. The lowest durability rate (16%) was observed in group A2, while the highest (72%) was seen in group B2, comparable with groups A1 and B1. Treatment tolerability was reported 100% in all groups. Conclusion: It was found that the modified Kligman formula outperformed microneedling‐TA alone. However, with optimal patient selection, particularly targeting those at lower risk for PIH with lighter skin phototypes and scheduling treatments during less‐sunny seasons, combining microneedling with 4% or 10% TA and the modified Kligman formula significantly enhanced efficacy and satisfaction rates compared to conventional topical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a high‐gain wearable circularly polarized bow‐tie antenna (WCPBTA) with metamaterial unit‐cells and 5 pins (5Ps) technique for telemedicine applications such as telemonitoring the elderly or the patients especially for emergency conditions of contagious diseases. The frequency range of the proposed antenna is 5.725–5.850 GHz, which belongs to the unlicensed‐national information infrastructure (U‐NII‐3) for the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) sub‐channels. A light‐weight and flexible felt with dielectric constant εr = 3, thickness 1.27 mm, and tan (δ) = 0.0095 is used as the substrate for patient comfort and wearability. The overall dimensions of the proposed antenna are 64 × 62 × 1.27 mm3 or 0.102 λg3 at 5.8 GHz. The maximum simulated gain at 5.8 GHz is 8.25 dB, which is more than 4 dB compared to that of the original bow‐tie antenna. Besides, the axial ratio (AR) and the specific absorption rate (SAR) are also analyzed, which meet the perfect requirement for medical applications. The fabricated prototype of the antenna shows good compatibility between simulation and measurement results. These characteristics make the proposed WCPBTA a good choice for wireless body area networks (WBANs) in telemonitoring applications especially with the aim of preventing the spread of contagious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omics methodologies, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics and microbiomics, have revolutionized biological research by allowing comprehensive molecular analysis in livestock animals. However, despite being widely used in various animal species, research on donkeys has been notably scarce. China, renowned for its rich history in donkey husbandry, plays a pivotal role in their conservation and utilization. China boasts 24 distinct donkey breeds, necessitating conservation efforts, especially for smaller breeds facing extinction threats. So far, omics approaches have been employed in studies of donkey milk and meat, shedding light on their composition and quality. Similarly, omics methods have been utilized to explore the molecular basis associated with donkey growth, meat production, and quality traits. Omics analysis has also unraveled the critical role of donkey microbiota in health and nutrition, with gut microbiome studies revealing associations with factors such as pregnancy, age, transportation stress, and altitude. Furthermore, omics applications have addressed donkey health issues, including infectious diseases and reproductive problems. In addition, these applications have also provided insights into the improvement of donkey reproductive efficiency research. In conclusion, omics methodologies are essential for advancing knowledge about donkeys, their genetic diversity, and their applications across various domains. However, omics research in donkeys is still in its infancy, and there is a need for continued research to enhance donkey breeding, production, and welfare in China and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the integration of online learning into complete denture rehabilitation (CDR) training for dental interns, highlighting its impact on their education and readiness for clinical practice. Given that CDR poses significant challenges due to its technical complexity and profound influence on patient well-being, online learning has emerged as a strategic educational tool to enhance interns' knowledge and skills. This research included the administration of a comprehensive questionnaire to 63 dental interns to assess their backgrounds, experiences with online learning, and attitudes toward its application in CDR education. The results revealed strong engagement with online learning, with a majority valuing its flexibility, accessibility, and capacity to facilitate self-paced, individualized learning. Despite the enthusiasm for online modalities, the results identified notable gaps in interns' confidence in and preparedness for performing CDR, highlighting the need for targeted improvements in online curriculum development. By emphasizing the essential role of innovative teaching methods, including virtual reality (VR), this study underscores the need for a balanced educational approach that combines traditional and digital platforms. This strategy aims to prepare future dental professionals for the complexities of modern clinical environments, ensuring that they are well equipped to meet the diverse needs of the edentulous population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Galatella is a genus in the family Asteraceae, represented by 35-45 species. Considering the high effectiveness of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of G. grimmii against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC = 0.5 µg/mL), a bioassay-directed fractionation of this extract was carried out. Methods: The methanolic extract of the aerial parts of G. grimmii was obtained using maceration, then it was suspended in water and partitioned with petroleum ether, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), EtOAc, and n-butanol (n-BuOH), successively. The most potent fraction (EtOAc), was selected for further isolation by Sephadex LH–20 and semi-preparative HPLC to obtain active compounds. Results: Fractionation of the EtOAc solvent fraction resulted in the characterization of five compounds, among them, compounds 1 and 2 showed the highest anti-mycobacterial effects with MICs of 0.062 and 1.00 µg/mL against H37Rv M. tuberculosis, respectively, which were higher than those of rifampin (MIC of 1.25 µg/mL) and isoniazid (MIC of 0.31 µg/mL), as positive controls. Also, compound 1 ​​inhibited all tested strains of drug-resistant Mycobacterium (MDR and XDR). Notably, the isolated compounds have been reported for the first time from G. grimmii. Conclusion: Due to the potent anti-mycobacterial effect of isolated compounds from G. grimmii, this study could pave the way for developing a novel class of natural anti-tuberculosis compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) is a globally cultivated and consumed leafy vegetable due to its abundant plant secondary metabolites and antioxidant compounds, including flavonoids, ascorbic acids, glucosinolates, and vitamins, which have been reported to confer health-promoting effects. Glucosinolates components in leaves of Chinese cabbage plantlets under different concentrations of sodium selenite (0, 30, and 50 μmol/L) were analyzed. Seven glucosinolates were identified and quantified using UHPLC-QTOF-MS. Finally, treatments with 30 and 50 μmol/L Na2SeO3 solution significantly increased the levels of total selenium content as well as total phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and DPPH free radical scavenging ability in Chinese cabbage seedlings. Our results revealed that 30 μmol/L Na2SeO3 effectively enhanced aliphatic glucosinolate levels and total glucosinolate content while causing a significant reduction in indole glucosinolates. Furthermore, downregulation was observed for BrCYP79F1, BrBCAT4, and BrMAM1 genes associated with aliphatic glucosinolate synthesis. Conversely, BrMYB28 and BrCYP83A1 genes exhibited significant upregulation. Thus, the positive influence of Na2SeO3 on glucosinolate biosynthesis in Chinese cabbage can be attributed to the upregulation of key genes related to this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella is one of the main public health concerns in the world. Isolation of Salmonella in abattoirs has been considered the core source of infection in the community from meat. Still, there is limited information on the contamination rate of cattle carcasses. Objective: This study aimed to document the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella species recovered from cattle carcass and abattoir personnel at Dessie, municipality abattoir, Northeast Ethiopia: Methods: A total of 336 carcass swabs of abdomen, neck, and hind limb from cattle carcasses and 24 stool samples were collected from abattoir personnel using a systematic sampling method from February to April 2019. The collected samples were transported using Cary-Blair transport media and cultivated on Selenite cysteine F-broth, Brilliant green agar, and Xylose-lysine deoxycholate agar plates to isolate Salmonella species. Gram stain, colony morphology, and biochemical tests were performed to identify the isolated bacteria. An antimicrobial susceptibility test for Salmonella was performed using the Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion method. Descriptive statistics; both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed using SPSS version 25 software. P-value < 0.05 at 95% CI was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of salmonella species was 8%(27/336) from all samples.'The prevalence of Salmonella isolates in cattle carcass and abattoir personnel was 8%(25/312) and 8.3%(2/24) respectively. The antimicrobial test showed that Salmonella species were 100% resistant to ampicillin, 59.3% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 59.3% to tetracycline, and 55.6% to amoxicillin/clavulanate. From the total antimicrobial tested bacteria, 81.5%(22/27) were resistant to three and above classes of antibiotics (drug classes). Unwashed knives, carcasses, and hands of butchers during slaughtering were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with Salmonella found in carcasses. Conclusions: Salmonella isolation rates from cattle carcasses were high, with the bacteria showing notable resistance to most tested antibiotics. Poor hygiene practices, unsanitized equipment, and unhygienic beef processing were contributing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical theileriosis is a lymphoproliferative disease caused by Theileria annulata and is transmitted by Ixodid ticks of the genus Hyalomma. It causes significant losses in livestock, especially in exotic cattle. The existing methods for controlling it, chemotherapeutic agents and a vaccine based on an attenuated schizont stage parasite, have several limitations. A promising solution to control this disease is the use of molecular vaccines based on potential immunogenic proteins of T. annulata. For this purpose, we selected five antigenic sequences of T. annulata, i.e. SPAG-1, Tams, TaSP, spm2, and Ta9. These were subjected to epitope prediction for cytotoxic T lymphocytes, B-cells, and helper T lymphocytes. CTL and B-cell epitopes with a higher score whereas those of HTL with a lower score, were selected for the construct. A single protein was constructed using specific linkers and evaluated for high antigenicity and low allergenicity. The construct was acidic, hydrophobic, and thermostable in nature. Secondary and tertiary structures of this construct were drawn using the PSIPRED and RaptorX servers, respectively. A Ramachandran plot showed a high percentage of residues in this construct in favorable, allowed, and general regions. Molecular docking studies suggested that the complex was stable and our construct could potentially be a good candidate for immunization trials. Furthermore, we successfully cloned it into the pET-28a plasmid and transformed it into the BL21 strain. A restriction analysis was performed to confirm the transformation of our plasmid. After expression and purification, recombinant protein of 49 kDa was confirmed by western blotting. An ELISA detected increased specific antibody levels in the sera of the immunized animals compared with the control group, and flow cytometric analysis showed a stronger cell-mediated immune response. We believe our multi-epitope recombinant protein has the potential for the large-scale application for disease prevention globally in the bovine population. This study will act as a model for similar parasitic challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing emergence and dissemination of nosocomial bacterial pathogens warrant the discovery of new antibiotics. Therefore, the present study was carried out to synthesize ursolic acid (U) loaded chitosan-capped silver nanoparticles (U-C@AgNPs) to evaluate its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potential. The synthesized U-C@AgNPs were characterized with UV-Spectra, DLS, FTIR, and SEM. It showed a minimum inhibitory concentration between 6.25 and 12.5 μg/ml and a minimum bactericidal concentration between 6.25 and 25 μg/ml against drug-resistant nosocomial pathogens, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, E. coli, and K. peumoniae. Moreover, the antibiofilm activity of the synthesized U-C@AgNPs was also assessed against P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. In the pre-treatment method, concentration-dependent significant inhibition of the biofilm development was reported against P. aeruginosa (73.53%) and K. pneumoniae (81.86%) at 30 μg/ml and in the post-treatment method; the highest inhibition was observed at 100 μg/mL against P. aeruginosa biofilm (86.37%) and K. pneumoniae biofilm (85.97%) as compared to individual bacterial control. Further, the fluorescence staining test for live/dead bacterial viability confirmed that 100 µg/ml effectively inhibits the biofilm formed by P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. Moreover, no cytotoxicity of U-C@AgNPs was observed in the THP-1 cell line. C@AgNPs also exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) in lipopolysaccharide-treated THP-1 differentiated macrophages. This study concludes that U-C@AgNPs exhibit solid antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammatory activity and may be developed as a promising antimicrobial agent for treating nosocomial pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a printed coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed single band antenna based on expanded graphite material is introduced. The proposed antenna is based on a CPW-monopole antenna with a U-shape conductor strip connected with the ground. Expanded graphite, a grade of graphene, is used as a conductor to design the uniplanar antenna over a flexible paper substrate. The antenna is designed for 2.4 GHz applications. The antenna design procedures are discussed. The material preparation and analysis are illustrated. Finally, the antenna fabrication and measurements of the reflection coefficient are discussed. The measured antenna reflection coefficient agrees with the simulated one, ensuring the antenna validity for serving the required applications. The radiation antenna parameters are discussed and simulated results from two-simulation software are included for comparison. The antenna has a simulated gain of 4 dBi and simulated efficiency of around 90% at 2.4 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comprehensive review of the diagnosis, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation of patients with complex hand fractures, with a particular focus on phalangeal fractures. It highlights the prevalence of such injuries, especially in low- and middle-income countries, and underscores the significant socio-economic burden they impose due to healthcare costs and loss of productivity. The review compares various diagnostic tools, including conventional radiography, multislice computed tomography, and cone beam computed tomography, emphasizing the latter's potential for reducing radiation exposure while maintaining diagnostic accuracy. It also explores the use of automated diagnostic systems supported by deep learning techniques like convolutional neural networks, though noting their limited clinical application due to cost and accessibility. In terms of treatment, the article discusses both conservative and surgical approaches, with a detailed examination of external fixation methods, particularly the Ilizarov method and newer dynamic distraction external fixators. The Wide-Awake Local Anesthesia No Tourniquet technique is highlighted for its effectiveness and cost-efficiency in surgical settings. Rehabilitation strategies, including mirror therapy, robotic exoskeletons, and the use of 3D printing for customfit splints, are also reviewed, offering insights into improving functional outcomes post-surgery. As a result of the review, it is concluded that despite the availability of various diagnostic and treatment methods, further research is necessary to establish more effective, evidence-based protocols, particularly in resource-limited settings. This review serves as a valuable resource for microsurgeons and healthcare providers, emphasizing the need for continued innovation and research to improve the quality of care for patients with complex hand fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Donkeys (Equus asinus) have been used extensively in agriculture and transportations since their domestication, ca. 5000–7000 years ago, but the increased mechanization of the last century has largely spoiled their role as burden animals, particularly in developed countries. Consequently, donkey breeds and population sizes have been declining for decades, and the diversity contributed by autochthonous gene pools has been eroded. Here, we examined coding-region data extracted from 164 complete mitogenomes and 1392 donkey mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control-region sequences to (i) assess worldwide diversity, (ii) evaluate geographical patterns of variation, and (iii) provide a new nomenclature of mtDNA haplogroups. The topology of the Maximum Parsimony tree confirmed the two previously identified major clades, i.e. Clades 1 and 2, but also highlighted the occurrence of a deep-diverging lineage within Clade 2 that left a marginal trace in modern donkeys. Thanks to the identification of stable and highly diagnostic coding-region mutational motifs, the two lineages were renamed as haplogroup A and haplogroup B, respectively, to harmonize clade nomenclature with the standard currently adopted for other livestock species. Control-region diversity and population expansion metrics varied considerably between geographical areas but confirmed North-eastern Africa as the likely domestication center. The patterns of geographical distribution of variation analyzed through phylogenetic networks and AMOVA confirmed the co-occurrence of both haplogroups in all sampled populations, while differences at the regional level point to the joint effects of demography, past human migrations and trade following the spread of donkeys out of the domestication center. Despite the strong decline that donkey populations have undergone for decades in many areas of the world, the sizeable mtDNA variability we scored, and the possible identification of a new early radiating lineage further stress the need for an extensive and large-scale characterization of donkey nuclear genome diversity to identify hotspots of variation and aid the conservation of local breeds worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated and compared the phytochemical and antioxidant properties of the solvent extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Vernonia amygdalina Del leaves. Methanolic and aqueous extracts showed high (P ≤ 0.05) extract yields (in %), compared to chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts from both V. amygdalina and A. indica leaves. The study exhibited high phytochemical content in methanol and aqueous extracts compared to chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts, confirming the potential for medicinal use. V. amygdalina methanol and aqueous extracts had higher (P ≤ 0.05) total phenolic content (TPC), in mg GAE/gDW, (158.810±0.846 and 217.883±0.265, respectively) than chloroform (37.574±0.118) and ethyl acetate (104.758±0.236) but higher ethyl acetate content in A. indica extracts. Low polar solvents extracted high (P ≤ 0.05) total flavonoids, in mgQE/gDW, (367.051±0.858 and 149.808±0.009) compared to high polar solvents (14.863±0.071 and 54.226±0.014) in V. amygdalina while as in A. indica leaf extracts, low polar solvents showed high TFC (658.469±3.451 and 275.288±10.490) compared to high polar solvents (26.312±0.063 and 48.858±0.063) respectively. In vitro total antioxidant capacity, in mg/g, was higher in polar solvents than in low-polar solvents, ranging from 34.300±1.784 to 121.015±6.839 for A. indica ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts. A strong correlation between TPC and tannic acid content was observed, except in A. indica methanolic extracts of A. indica. Ferric reducing power was high, except for V. amygdalina chloroform and methanol leaf extracts, which were lower (P≤ 0.05) than that of the standard ascorbic acid. The study revealed that high polar solvents, such as methanol and water, are more efficient in the extraction of antioxidants from A. indica but lower in V. amygdalina extracts. High phytochemical content and antioxidative capacity could be significant in treating various diseases in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycetoma profoundly affects marginalised communities, especially in impoverished and remote areas with limited access to healthcare. This chronic and debilitating inflammatory disease highlights the typical issues of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), such as insufficient attention, funding, and resources, which perpetuate neglect and suffering. Patients often delay seeking medical help, leading to advanced disease stages, severe complications, and lasting disabilities. The lack of medical infrastructure and skilled healthcare professionals worsens the situation, causing delays in diagnosis and inadequate treatment. Engaging affected communities in tailored interventions is essential to tackle these challenges, promote collaboration, raise awareness, and mobilise resources to improve healthcare access and enhance diagnostic and treatment capabilities. Since 1991, the Mycetoma Research Center (MRC) at the University of Khartoum, Sudan, has led community engagement initiatives aimed at improving the quality of life for mycetoma-affected individuals through education, advocacy, and local collaboration. In this communication, the MRC shares its extensive experience in community engagement to benefit mycetoma-affected communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, heavy metals especially arsenic (As) toxicity in staple crops like wheat has posed serious threats to human health, necessitating conducting fresh studies to find out biologically viable As toxicity mitigation strategies. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of foliar-applied silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) at the tillering stage on the activation of physiological and antioxidant regulation in wheat to induce tolerance against varying As toxicity levels. The trial comprised two promising wheat cultivars (Anaaj and Ghazi) and five SiNPs regimes including 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 ppm doses against As toxicity levels of 0 and 25 ppm. The recorded findings depicted that SiNPs regimes significantly improved morphological characteristics such as root length, fresh and dry weight, as well as shoot length, and fresh and dry weight of wheat cultivars. Additionally, the levels of chlorophyll pigments, including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents, were significantly increased in SiNPs-treated plants, indicating improved photosynthetic activity. The enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), played a vital role in combating oxidative stress induced by As toxicity. Moreover, SiNPs application resulted in a significant reduction in As concentration in both leaves and roots, highlighting the ability of SiNPs to regulate the uptake and accumulation of arsenic and mitigate its toxic effects. In conclusion, the foliar application of SiNPs during the tillering stage of wheat effectively activated physiological and antioxidant regulation, leading to enhanced tolerance against As toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recurrent dehydration causes chronic kidney disease in humans and animal models. The dromedary camel kidney has remarkable capacity to preserve water and solute during long-term dehydration. In this study, we investigated the effects of dehydration and subsequent rehydration in the camel's kidney histology/ultrastructure and changes in aquaporin/solute carrier proteins along with gene expression. Results: In light microscopy, dehydration induced few degenerative and necrotic changes in cells of the cortical tubules with unapparent or little effect on medullary cells. The ultrastructural changes encountered in the cortex were infrequent during dehydration and included nuclear chromatin condensation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, mitochondrial swelling, endoplasmic reticulum/ lysosomal degeneration and sometimes cell death. Some mRNA gene expressions involved in cell stability were upregulated by dehydration. Lesions in endothelial capillaries, glomerular membranes and podocyte tertiary processes in dehydrated camels indicated disruption of glomerular filtration barrier which were mostly corrected by rehydration. The changes in proximal tubules brush borders after dehydration, were accompanied by down regulation of ATP1A1 mRNA involved in Na + /K + pump that were corrected by rehydration. The increased serum Na, osmolality and vasopressin were paralleled by modulation in expression level for corresponding SLC genes with net Na retention in cortex which were corrected by rehydration. Medullary collecting ducts and interstitial connective tissue were mostly unaffected during dehydration. CKD, a chronic nephropathy induced by recurrent dehydration in human and animal models and characterized by interstitial fibrosis and glomerular sclerosis, were not observed in the dehydrated/rehydrated camel kidneys. The initiating factors, endogenous fructose, AVP/AVPR2 and uric acid levels were not much affected. TGF-β1 protein and TGF-β1gene expression showed no changes by dehydration in cortex/medulla to mediate fibrosis. KCNN4 gene expression level was hardly detected in the dehydrated camel's kidney; to encode for Ca + + -gated KCa3.1 channel for Ca + + influx to instigate TGF-β1. Modulation of AQP 1, 2, 3, 4, 9 and SLC protein and/or mRNAs expression levels during dehydration/rehydration was reported. Conclusions: Long-term dehydration induces reversible or irreversible ultrastructural changes in kidney cortex with minor effects in medulla. Modulation of AQP channels, SLC and their mRNAs expression levels during dehydration/rehydration have a role in water conservation. Cortex and medulla respond differently to dehydration/rehydration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and analysis of a metamaterial-based compact dual-band antenna for WBAN applications. The antenna is designed and fabricated on a 0.254 mm thick semi-flexible substrate, RT/Duroid® 5880, with a relative permittivity of 2.2 and a loss tangent of 0.0009. The total dimensions of the antenna are 0.26λo×0.19λo×0.002λo, where λo corresponds to the free space wavelength at 2.45 GHz. To enhance overall performance and isolate the antenna from adverse effects of the human body, it is backed by a 2×2 artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) plane. The total volume of the AMC integrated design is 0.55λo×0.55λo×0.002λo. The paper investigates the antenna's performance both with and without AMC integration, considering on- and off-body states, as well as various bending conditions in both E and H-planes. Results indicate that the AMC-integrated antenna gives improved measured gains of 6.61 dBi and 8.02 dBi, with bandwidths of 10.12% and 7.43% at 2.45 GHz and 5.80 GHz, respectively. Furthermore, the AMC integrated antenna reduces the specific absorption rate (SAR) to (>96%) and (>93%) at 2.45 GHz and 5.80 GHz, meeting FCC requirements for low SAR at both frequencies when placed in proximity to the human body. CST Microwave Studio (MWS) and Ansys High-Frequency Structure Simulation (HFSS), both full-wave simulation tools, are utilized to evaluate the antenna's performance and to characterize the AMC unit cell. The simulated and tested results are in mutual agreement. Due to its low profile, high gain, adequate bandwidth, low SAR values, and compact size, the AMC integrated antenna is considered suitable for WBAN applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the design, development and characterization of a broadband, wide incidence angle and polarization-insensitive metasurface, which consists of periodic resistive-ink pattern printed on top of FR-4 dielectric substrate as a RADAR absorber. Geometrical dimensions of the proposed unit cell have been optimized numerically using CST-Microwave Studio to achieve 99% absorptivity for X and Ku frequency spectrum (8–18 GHz) under the normal angle of incidence and to achieve almost 90% absorptivity under the oblique angle of incidence up to 50° within X-Band to Ku-Band spectrum. Furthermore, it is reported that by having fourfold rotation symmetry, the designed structure is insensitive to the polarization of the incident wave. An equivalent circuit analytical modeling has also been performed to understand and verify numerical findings that are nearly in agreement. The designed absorber is fabricated and characterized using ABmm VNA and free space measurement method, for both normal and oblique angle of incidence, and it is found that measured characteristics are in agreement with numerical-analytical findings. Furthermore, the monostatic and bistatic Radar Cross Section reduction capability of the designed absorbing structure for both planar and curved surface (cylinder) is studied extensively to assess its potential application in X-Band to Ku-Band Spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present emerging trends of 5G communication, long-distance communication cannot be accomplished with a single antenna. To enhance the gain and efficiency, a multi-band double hook shaped micro strip array antenna with defected ground structure has been designed and analyzed in this work for 5G communication applications. A quarter-wave transformer with a good impedance matching network is employed to provide the antenna's radiating components, and the designed antenna is prototyped on a 0.2 mm thick polyimide substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.9. Antenna resonating in the quad band with 10 GHz bandwidth at first resonant band and 1 GHz bandwidth at other three resonant bands. Gain of 8.8 dB at 22 GHz, 11 dB at 28 GHz, 13 dB at 32 GHz and 14.2 dB at 38 GHz is attained from radiation characteristics. The antenna is flexible and conformal with respect to the host surface, providing excellent correlation in simulation and protype real time measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to employ clam powder as an environmentally acceptable sorbent to capture lead(II) from an aquatic media. Mussel Brachidontes variabilis "Mytilus arabicus" shells collected from the intertidal zone of the Gulf of Suez for producing shellfish powder (SFP). Before and after lead loading, SFP sorbent was characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Maximum Pb(II) ion removal capacity of SFP sorbent was done as a function of shacking duration interval, SFP particle size, pH, Pb (II) ion concentration, SFP dose, temperature, and agitation rate. Numerous mathematical kinetic and isothermal approaches were used to equilibrium experimental data to validate the highest bio-sorption capabilities of SFP (in mg g-1). Optimal conditions were determined to be 90 min, 0.063 mm SFP particle size, pH 5.5, 130 mg L-1 Pb(II) ions in 50 mL solution, 0.05 g SFP, 25o C, and 250 rpm. In this sorption process, the Qasi-1st order and monolayer Langmuir isothermal simulations were prominent. In terms of thermodynamics, the capturing of Pb (II) by SFP was spontaneous (−ΔGo), endothermic (+ΔHo), and highly disordered at the interface of phases (+ΔSo). In addition, SFP sorbent was used well to uptake Pb ions from effluents wastewater and various water matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin diseases pose challenges in treatment due to the skin's complex structure and protective functions. Topical drug delivery has emerged as a preferred method for treating these conditions, offering localized therapy with minimal systemic side effects. However, the skin's barrier properties frequently limit topical treatments' efficacy by preventing drug penetration into deeper skin layers. In recent years, laser-assisted drug delivery (LADD) has gained attention as a promising strategy to overcome these limitations. LADD involves using lasers to create microchannels in the skin, facilitating the deposition of drugs and enhancing their penetration into the target tissue. Several lasers, such as fractional CO2, have been tested to see how well they work at delivering drugs. Despite the promising outcomes demonstrated in preclinical and clinical studies, several challenges persist in implementing LADD, including limited penetration depth, potential tissue damage, and the cost of LADD systems. Furthermore, selecting appropriate laser parameters and drug formulations is crucial to ensuring optimal therapeutic outcomes. Nevertheless, LADD holds significant potential for improving treatment efficacy for various skin conditions, including skin cancers, scars, and dermatological disorders. Future research efforts should focus on optimizing LADD techniques, addressing safety concerns, and exploring novel drug formulations to maximize the therapeutic benefits of this innovative approach. With continued advancements in laser technology and pharmaceutical science, LADD has the potential to revolutionize the field of dermatology and enhance patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MAOs are flavoenzymes that aid in the oxidative deamination of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and epinephrine. MAO inhibitors are antidepressants that act by inhibiting neurotransmitter breakdown in the brain and controlling mood. MAO inhibitors with the chlorophenyl-chromone-carboxamide structure have been shown in investigations to be extremely effective. The current study employs in-silico screening, MD simulation, and drug kinetics evaluation, all of which are evaluated using different criteria. The study comprised 37 ligands, and three stood out as the best, with greater binding scores above the threshold value. Docking analysis found that compound 34 had the highest docking score in the series (-13.60 kcal/mol) and interacted with the important amino acids TYR 435, CYS 397, CYS 172, PHE 343, TYR 398, and LYS 296 required for MAO inhibitory activity. The ADMET study revealed that the compounds had drug-like properties. The results of this study could be used to develop chromone drugs that target the MAO inhibitor. The top three ligands with the highest force and work were then simulated using molecular dynamics. The protein-ligand complexes had steady trajectories throughout the 100 ns simulation, according to the data. Furthermore, the drug likeliness predicted by ADMET analysis findings indicated that the top three lead compounds had strong inhibitory efficiency, superior pharmacokinetics, and were non-toxic under physiological settings. As a result, these compounds have the potential to be exploited as possible treatment medications for PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to analyze the efficacy of metformin on carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: A literature search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from inception to December 2023 was conducted. Then, after studies selection and data extraction, the mean difference (MD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to evaluate metformin efficacy in CIMT and FMD for PCOS patients. Heterogeneity was investigated through subgroup and sensitivity analysis. The protocol of our study has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024497239). Results: A total of 12 studies with 248 patients were included. CIMT was lower in the endpoint group (after metformin) compared with the baseline group (before metformin) (MD = -0.11, 95% CI = -0.21 to -0.01, p = 0.04). FMD was higher in the endpoint group compared with the baseline group (MD = 3.25, 95% CI = 1.85 to 4.66, p < 0.01). No statistically significant difference was observed in nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (NMD) between the two groups (MD = 0.65, p = 0.51). Subgroup analysis showed that a relatively lower MD of CIMT in PCOS patients from Europe in the endpoint group compared with the baseline group (MD = -0.09, 95% CI = -0.14 to -0.04, p < 0.001). However, the MD in CIMT was not significantly different between the endpoint group and baseline group in PCOS patients from Asia (p = 0.270). Conclusion: Metformin may have a beneficial effect on CIMT and FMD, but not on NMD, suggesting that metformin may help reduce cardiovascular events in PCOS patients. Notably, the clinical efficacy of metformin can be influenced by regional differences and study types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compact and pole-controllable resonators and bandpass filter (BPF) using a composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH-TL) are designed in this study. The distributed constant line in the CRLH-TL has applied a tap-coupling technique, and one tap-coupled stub is loaded with the left-handed (LH) circuit. Attenuation poles are generated when the input susceptance of the stub diverges. In the tap-coupled CRLH-TL resonator, the attenuation pole is controlled at either the desired lower or higher region frequency than a resonant frequency by adjusting the circuit parameters. Also, the BPF constructed by the CRLH-TL resonators is designed based on a filter design theory, where the attenuation poles are located at lower and higher region frequencies than a negative-first-order frequency. The BPF with microstrip structure is fabricated using MEGTRON6 R-5775 ( ε r : 3.7, h: 0.63 mm, t: 18 μm), chip capacitors, and wire inductors. The simulated results show that the desired characteristics are approximately satisfied, i.e., we can design the CRLH-TL BPF which is controllable for the attenuation poles at both lower and higher region frequencies than a resonant frequency. The measured results are good agreement with the simulation. The negative-first-order frequency is generated at 2.00 GHz with 133 MHz bandwidth, i.e., the fractional bandwidth is 6.65 %. The resonator lengths in the BPF are shortened by 81.5 % and 75.0 % in comparison with a conventional half-wavelength ( λ / 2 ) openstub, and the size of the fabricated BPF is 0.18 λ g × 0.17 λ g . Therefore, a compact BPF with two controllable attenuation poles is realized by the tap-coupled CRLH-TL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Circulating microRNAs have been implicated in a diverse array of biological and pathological phenomena. Their potential utility as noninvasive biomarkers for screening and diagnosing various diseases has been proposed. Objective: This study aimed to explore the potential role of the miRNAs miR-122 and miR-486 as molecular biomarkers in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Thus, miR-122 and miR-486 were detected in the serum of HCV patients and healthy controls. Moreover, the potential correlations of miR-122 and miR-486 with viral complications, such as physical activity, pain, muscle fatigue, and HCV infection, were identified. Methods: A total of 150 subjects aged 30 to 66 years were included in this study. The patients were classified as patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (CHC) (n = 110) or healthy controls (n = 40). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses were performed to determine miR-122 and miR-486 expression. Physical activity (PA), pain score, HCV genotyping, viral overload, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and antioxidant status were also estimated by using prevalidated questionnaires, PCR, and spectrophotometric analyses. Results: Compared with those in normal controls, significant increases in the serum levels of miR-122 and miR-486 were reported in patients with CHC. In physically active CHC patients, there was a significant correlation between the expression of miRNAs and increased alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), fibrosis scores, and inflammation activity, but no association was reported for hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA or viral load. Additionally, significant decreases in LDH, CK, GSSG, and pain scores and increases in TAC, GSH, and the GSH/GSSG ratio were reported. Moreover, the expression of miR-122 and miR-486 was positively correlated with changes in body mass index (BMI) and liver fibrosis stage, as well as negatively correlated with sex, PA, TAC, GSH, GSSG, and the GSH/GSSG ratio. Conclusion: MiR-122 and miR-486 expression levels were strongly correlated with physical activity, pain perception, and muscle fatigue biomarkers in HCV-infected patients. These miRNA levels were associated with elevated AST, ALT, fibrosis scores, LDH, CK, and antioxidant status, thus suggesting their potential as biomarkers for disease severity and oxidative stress. However, no correlation was observed with viral load or HCV-RNA expression, thus implying that these miRNAs may impact disease progression and symptoms through host factors, rather than directly affecting viral replication. In summary, the results demonstrated that molecular studies of miR-22 and miR-468 and their associations with PA, pain, adiposity, sex differences, and muscle fatigue, as well as routine biomarkers, could be useful as prognostic nanoninvasive biomarkers, thus providing novel therapeutic targets for CHC infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve future food security, reliable crop protection will be critically important. Development of biological control for soil borne disease is accepted as a safe, durable and ecofriendly alternative for chemical management strategy. Pseudomonads possess many traits like production antibiotics, lytic enzymes, siderophores, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) that make them well suited as biocontrol and growth-promoting agents. An attempt was taken to isolate and identify different fluorescent Pseudomonads and to evaluate their antagonistic ability. Twelve fluorescent Pseudomonads isolates were collected from different crop rhizosphere from different locations of northern parts of West Bengal. Isolates characterized morphologically and biochemically. All the isolates were gram negative rods with smooth and glossy colony on kings B and nutrient agar medium with convex elevation but variation was found in respect to pigment production. A huge variation was found in respect to biochemical characterization. From the result of biochemical analysis, the isolated sp. can be identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens or Pseudomonas putida or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Some of the isolate produce green, some isolates produce yellowish green and rest of them produce red/pink pigments. Isolates showed a huge variation in respect to pathogenicity against soil borne pathogen Slerotium rolfsii. Percent inhibition varied from 31 to 74 %. Isolate 3 and 8 can be efficient biocontrol agent as highest growth inhibition of the pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii was obtained by the isolate 8 (74.37%) followed by isolate 3 (63.15%). In respect to growth parameter isolate 8, 9 and 10 were found better among the isolates where as in respect to disease reduction isolate 3, 8, 9 and 11 were promising under in vivo study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Melasma is a chronic relapsing hyperpigmentary disorder. As the entire etiopathogenesis of melasma is not well understood, there are chances of development of new therapeutic modalities. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been used in a variety of formulations; nevertheless, there are few research, data and opinions regarding the optimal dosage of intralesional TXA in melasma. Methods Total 32 patients were enrolled in our study from January 2023 to June 2023. Injection TXA (0.05 ml) was given intralesionally 1cm apart on entire facial melasma lesion and repeated after every 4 weeks till lesions cleared or a maximum of 6 sessions. Follow up was done at every visit and after 3 months of last session for relapse. Clinical improvement was measured by percentage reduction in mMASI at baseline, at every session and at follow up. Results More than 50% patients showed good to very good response with significant reduction in mMASI from 8th week onwards as compared to baseline. Most of the patients were satisfied with their recovery following therapy and reported no significant adverse effects. Conclusion TXA was found to be efficacious in all types of melasma. Better response was seen in epidermal and mixed types in comparison to dermal melasma. We recommend a dosage of 50mg/ml at monthly intervals as optimal dosage for an effective therapy in all types of melasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the dangerous diseases of poultry that affects the bursa of Fabricius, which is an important organ of the bird’s immune system. IBD virus is resistant to many drugs, making its control difficult. Vaccination of IBD is in practice for a long time worldwide to control IBD, but secondary issues like vaccine failure and lower efficacy lead to their reduced use in the field. Multiple medicines are currently used, but the phytochemicals have emerged as promising agents for controlling IBD. The drugs to be developed should possess direct antiviral properties by targeting viral entry mechanisms, enhancing the host immune response, and inhibiting viral protein synthesis. Phytochemicals have potential to contribute to food security by minimizing the possibility of disease outbreaks and ensuring that consumers worldwide obtain healthy poultry products. It has been now claimed that direct and indirect activities of phytochemicals can be effective in the control of IBDV. Although available evidence suggest that the phytochemicals can contribute in controlling occurrence IBDV, there is a definite need of focused studies to gain more insight and develop rational strategies for their practical use. This review highlights the disease caused by IBDV, inhibition of viral replication, boosting the immune system, disruption of viral membrane, and important phytochemicals showing antiviral activities against IBDV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents a comprehensive study of sequential oxidative extraction (SOE) consisting of alkaline and acidic oxidation processes to extract nanocellulose from plant biomass. This proposed process is advantageous as its operation requires a minimum process with mild solvents, and yet successfully isolated high-quality nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) from raw OPEFB. The SOE involved ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, 2.6 M) and formic acid (HCOOH, 5.3 M) catalyzed by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 3.2 M). This approach was used to efficiently solubilize the lignin and hemicellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) at the temperature of 100°C and 1 h extraction time, which managed to retain fibrous NFC. The extracted solid and liquor at each stage were studied extensively through physiochemical analysis. The finding indicated that approximately 75.3%dwb of hemicellulose, 68.9%dwb of lignin, and 42.0%dwb of extractive were solubilized in the first SOE cycle, while the second SOE cycle resulted in 92.3%dwb, 99.6%dwb and 99.8%dwb of solubilized hemicellulose, lignin, and extractive/ash, respectively. High-quality NFC (75.52%dwb) was obtained for the final extracted solid with 76.4% crystallinity, which is near the crystallinity of standard commercial NFC. The proposed process possesses an effective synergy in producing NFC from raw OPEFB with less cellulose degradation, and most of the degraded hemicellulose and lignin are solubilized in the liquor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclic tetrapeptides c(Pro-Phe-Pro-Phe) obtained by the mechanosynthetic method using a ball mill were isolated in a pure stereochemical form as a homochiral system (all L-amino acids, sample A) and as a heterochiral system with D configuration at one of the stereogenic centers of Phe (sample B). The structure and stereochemistry of both samples were determined by X-ray diffraction studies of single crystals. In DMSO and acetonitrile, sample A exists as an equimolar mixture of two conformers, while only one is monitored for sample B. The conformational space and energetic preferences for possible conformers were calculated using DFT methods. The distinctly different conformational flexibility of the two samples was experimentally proven by Variable Temperature (VT) and 2D EXSY NMR measurements. Both samples were docked to histone deacetylase HDAC8. Cytotoxic studies proved that none of the tested cyclic peptide is toxic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complicated disease related to metabolism that results from resistance to insulin and sustained hyperglycemia. Traditional antidiabetic drugs cannot meet the demand of different diabetes patients for reaching the glycemic targets; thus, the identification of new antidiabetic drugs is urgently needed for the treatment of T2DM to enhance glycemic control and the prognosis of patients suffering from T2DM. Recently, glucokinase (GK) has attracted much attention and is considered to be an effective antidiabetic agent. Glucokinase activators (GKA) represented by dorzagliatin could activate GK and mimic its function that triggers a counter‐regulatory response to blood glucose changes. Dorzagliatin has shown great potential for glycemic control in diabetic patients in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled Phase 3 trial (SEED study) and had a favorable safety profile and was well tolerated (DAWN study). In the SEED study, dorzagliatin significantly reduced glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by 1.07% and postprandial blood glucose by 2.83 mol/L, showing the great potential of this drug to control blood glucose in diabetic patients, with good safety and good tolerance. An extension of the SEED study, the DREAM study, confirmed that dorzagliatin monotherapy significantly improved 24‐h glucose variability and increased time in range (TIR) to 83.7% over 46 weeks. Finally, the clinical study of dorzagliatin combined with metformin (DAWN study) confirmed that dorzagliatin could significantly reduce HbA1c by 1.02% and postprandial blood glucose by 5.45 mol/L. The current review summarizes the development of GK and GKA, as well as the prospects, trends, applications, and shortcomings of these treatments, especially future directions of clinical studies of dorzagliatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel, ultrathin, and compact pentamerous metamaterial absorber (PMA) designed for versatile applications across the electromagnetic spectrum. This design offers significant advantages over traditional absorbers, including enhanced tunability, reduced thickness, and improved absorption efficiency. The design of the PMA unit cell is relatively ultrathin and for various penta-band applications. This work emphasizes a 5 × 5 mm2 area unit cell and a substrate of 1 mm thick. The properties of the proposed design were simulated in high-frequency structure simulator (ANSYS HFSS) software and compared with the experimental results obtained from Vector Network Analyzer post-fabrication of unit cell PMA. The relative error attained between simulated and experimental findings was less than 2.1%. The absorption peaks of this design were found to be nearly perfect absorption, specifically at 10.39, 12.78, 21.00, 24.27, and 30.40 GHz frequencies with absorptivity ratios of almost 99.99%, 98.50%, 88.00%, 92.80%, and 93.70%, respectively, through mathematical deliberation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the growing need for higher speed data, the 5G terrestrial heterogeneous wireless network deployments are expected to happen quickly throughout the world in the next decade. In such type of networks, mm-wave small-cells overlapped the sub-6 GHz macro-cells being used to serve to population-rich areas. Subsequently, many problems appear with the antenna design technologies. The presented antenna is functioning at a frequency range from 24.8 to 31.6 GHz, with a 24% bandwidth and 8.5 dB peak gain at 27 GHz. It encompasses the complete 28 GHz frequency band utilized through 5G applications. Consequently, fifth-generation communication systems are best suited for it. The proposed Hamiltonian deep neural network optimized with pelican Optimization Algorithm-fostered Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Antenna Design for 5G (SIW-HDNN-POA-5G) is implemented, and performance of proposed technique is estimated based on several metrics, including resonant frequency (GHz), reflection coefficient (S11 in dB), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The proposed SIW-HDNN-POA-5G method provides 24.36%, 33.55% and 44.22% higher gain and 43.21%, 38.87% and 25.65% lesser mean absolute error comparing to the existing designs, like Design of Zero Clearance SIW End fire Antenna Array Based on Machine Learning-Assisted Optimization (SIW-MLAO-5G), SIW-Fed Wideband Filtering Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Applications (SIW-5G-MLOM), and Compact SIW Fed Dual-Port Single Element Annular Slot MIMO Antenna for 5G mm Wave Applications (SIW-FWFA-MMWA), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]