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Purpose of Review: This is a general review of the disease in this article, especially of the clinical features, diagnosis, new treatments and preventive measures. Recent Findings: Diagnostic methods in pediatric population to confirm the diagnosis of aspergillosis and typify the etiologic agent are based on the use of molecular biology through PCR techniques. Currently, the treatment of choice for cases of primary cutaneous aspergillosis is liposomal amphotericin B or itraconazole alone or synergistically, uuse of voriconazole, posaconazole, or caspofungin is recommended as a second-line management. Summary: Cutaneous aspergillosis is a rare condition in immunocompetent individuals and is more frequently observed in immunosuppressed patients. Considering the pediatric population as a specific case, it more commonly occurs in individuals suffering from a hemato-oncological disease. Asperillus flavus and A. fumigatus are the main pathogens responsible for primary and secondary (invasive) cutaneous aspergillosis, respectively. The clinical picture develops after direct inoculation of the fungus by contiguity of infected cavities or secondary to the presence of a distant mycotic focus that reaches the skin and its annexes by hematogenous dissemination. Owing to the rapid progression of the disease, a delay in initiating proper management impacts patient mortality. In case of children and adolescents, clinical suspicion in individuals with risk factors should be the main argument for starting pharmacological management in a timely manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: We have created a general review of the disease in this article, especially of the clinical features, diagnosis, new treatments and preventive measures. Summary: Congenital cutaneous candidiasis is a vertically transmitted fungal infection which affects term and premature newborn. It is considered as an underdiagnosed pathology, and infection caused by Candida albicans is considered the most common aetiology. Recent Findings: Clinically characterized by erythematous papular lesions and pustules with collarette scale. It can also affect other organs and systems by causing an invasive fungal infection. Diagnosis is clinical, and the agent can be isolated; other tools of diagnosis include direct examination and skin biopsy. Regarding the treatment, this infection can be self-limiting in a majority of cases and topical antifungals constitute the treatment of choice. However, in the case of a systemic condition, the first-line treatment is amphotericin B. Prognosis is good, although it is unfavourable in the case of a systemic condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Secondary hypertension accounts for 5% of all cases of hypertension. Renal artery stenosis is one of the common causes of secondary hypertension. Atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysplasia are the commonest types of stenosis associated with renal vascular hypertension, with the former accounting for 70-80% of all cases and the latter accounting for 10% of the incidence. The greatest incidence atherosclerosis is in men over the age of 40 years, mostly affecting the proximal part of the renal arteries, whereas fibromuscular dysplasia affects women ranging in age from 30 to 50 years. Currently, possible treatments are medical treatment using blood pressure-lowering drugs, balloon angioplasty with or without stent insertion, and surgery to reconstruct the artery.Case Presentation: We report a case of a 46-year-old Asian woman with stenosis of two branches of renal artery bifurcation treated by percutaneous balloon dilatation and stenting of both branches after referral to our department for a renal angiogram following 8 months of uncontrolled hypertension despite receiving medications. Initially, the patient presented with severe headache and fatigue. She was a known nonsmoker, was not diabetic, and had no history of diabetes in her family. She had no history of atherosclerosis. Apart from high blood pressure, the result of her physical examination was unremarkable. Laboratory investigations revealed normal serum cholesterol, lipid profile, and serum creatinine. She had been attending a hypertension clinic and receiving antihypertensive drugs for the past 8 months on a regular basis under close observation. Despite this treatment and care, her blood pressure remained high at 175/110 mmHg, which the attending doctor concluded to be uncontrolled blood pressure. Initial imaging indicated left renal artery stenosis, and the patient was referred to our department.Conclusions: For patients with uncontrolled hypertension despite receiving medications, renal Doppler ultrasound should be included in the diagnostic workup for secondary hypertension. Once renal artery stenosis is suspected, renal angiography is highly recommended because the technique is able to accurately diagnose stenosis in the branch arteries, unlike computed tomographic angiography and magnetic resonance angiography. Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty is the treatment of choice for renal artery stenosis in patients with renovascular hypertension or renal dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]