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Aims: This study investigates the influence of the automated insulin delivery system (AID) on glycaemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who do not reach optimal glycaemic control with traditional treatment options. Materials and Methods: All the patients aged 7 to 16 years with T1D who initiated the AID system between 24 October 2020 and 5 January 2022 in the Helsinki University Hospital and had haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) levels above 53 mmol/mol/7.0% (N = 79) were included. Time in tight range (TITR), time in range (TIR), HbA1c, mean sensor glucose (SG) value, time below range (TBR) and SG coefficient of variance (CV) were measured at 0, 3, 12 and 24 months. The changes in the outcome measures between the time points were included in the analyses, and statistically significant level was p‐value <0.01. Results: After the initiation of AID, glycaemic control improved, and the effect lasted throughout the study period. Between 0 and 3 months, TITR and TIR increased (mean 11.7% [10.6], mean 18.1% [standard deviation [SD] 13.7], p < 0.001), whereas HbA1c and mean SG values decreased significantly (−8.3 mmol/mol [8.7]/−2.9% [2.9], p < 0.001, −1.8 mmol/L [1.7], p < 0.001). These effects were sustainable and were still visible at 12 and 24 months. Conclusions: Glycaemic control in patients not reaching treatment goals improved significantly after the initiation of the AID system, and the favourable effect lasted throughout the follow‐up. AID treatment could be an option for also those paediatric patients with T1D who do not have good skills in diabetes management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar wind drives magnetospheric dynamics through coupling with the geospace system at the magnetopause. While upstream fluctuations correlate with geomagnetic activity, their impact on the magnetopause energy transfer is an open question. In this study, we examine three‐dimensional global magnetospheric simulations using the Geospace configuration of the Space Weather Modeling Framework. We examine the effects of solar wind fluctuations during a substorm event by running the model with four different driving conditions that vary in fluctuation frequency spectrum. We demonstrate that upstream fluctuations intensify the energy exchange at the magnetopause increasing both energy flux into and out of the system. The increased energy input is reflected in ground magnetic indices. Moreover, the fluctuations impact the magnetopause dynamics by regulating the energy exchange between the polar caps and lobes and energy transport within the magnetotail neutral sheet. Plain Language Summary: Earth's magnetic field shields the near‐Earth space plasma environments from the direct influence of solar wind. Solar wind however drives the magnetosphere when physical processes at the magnetopause boundary enable the transfer of energy between the plasmas. The coupling has global consequences in the magnetosphere system and its efficiency is particularly dependent on the orientation of interplanetary magnetic field and its magnitude but also on magnetic field fluctuation power. We capture the impact of upstream fluctuations on magnetopause energy exchange and nightside magnetotail dynamics by analyzing magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the global magnetosphere using various upstream driving conditions. We discover that more energy flows out from and into the system at the magnetopause when the upstream solar wind plasma include magnetic field fluctuations. The upstream fluctuation power is moreover reflected in nightside magnetotail, where flow patterns at the neutral sheet are regulated, as well as to ground indices with fluctuations driving a stronger geomagnetic response. Key Points: Solar wind magnetic field ULF fluctuations (2–8 mHz) increase energy transfer at the magnetopause boundary and into the inner magnetosphereThe upstream fluctuations regulate the lobe dynamics and plasma flows at the magnetotail neutral current sheetThe varying lobe and nightside dynamics are reflected in ground indices with solar wind fluctuations driving a stronger geomagnetic response [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture is becoming increasingly important for the world's food production. Recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) has a reduced water requirement and better possibilities for waste handling. Unfortunately, off‐flavours can be formed in RAS and concentrate on fish flesh. Off‐flavour compounds cause earthy, musty or other unwanted flavours to fish flesh that consumers find objectionable. Typically, off‐flavours are removed by depurating the fish in clean water, but it often takes from days to weeks to fully remove these unwanted flavours that causes additional costs to fish producers. Therefore, reliable methods to reduce the need for depuration are needed. In this study, two methods were investigated for the removal of off‐flavours in RAS rearing rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: an advanced oxidation process (AOP) using a combination of ozone (O3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and a treatment with H2O2 alone. Two treatments (AOP and H2O2) and a control without oxidants were applied across nine identical experimental RASs for 8 h day−1 over 10 days, and selected off‐flavour compounds in water and fish were analysed. In fish, the concentrations of GSM and MIB were on average 776 and 962 ng kg−1 (AOP) and 688 and 919 ng kg−1 (H2O2) compared to 1071 and 1205 ng kg−1 in the controls. The results showed that intensive oxidant treatments reduced the off‐flavour concentrations in the recirculating water and in fish, which can potentially lead to reduced depuration time and production costs. Further optimization of the treatment is needed to improve off‐flavour removal efficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic kagome materials provide a fascinating playground for exploring the interplay of magnetism, correlation and topology. Many magnetic kagome systems have been reported including the binary FemXn (X = Sn, Ge; m:n = 3:1, 3:2, 1:1) family and the rare earth RMn6Sn6 (R = rare earth) family, where their kagome flat bands are calculated to be near the Fermi level in the paramagnetic phase. While partially filling a kagome flat band is predicted to give rise to a Stoner-type ferromagnetism, experimental visualization of the magnetic splitting across the ordering temperature has not been reported for any of these systems due to the high ordering temperatures, hence leaving the nature of magnetism in kagome magnets an open question. Here, we probe the electronic structure with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy in a kagome magnet thin film FeSn synthesized using molecular beam epitaxy. We identify the exchange-split kagome flat bands, whose splitting persists above the magnetic ordering temperature, indicative of a local moment picture. Such local moments in the presence of the topological flat band are consistent with the compact molecular orbitals predicted in theory. We further observe a large spin-orbital selective band renormalization in the Fe d x y + d x 2 − y 2 spin majority channel reminiscent of the orbital selective correlation effects in the iron-based superconductors. Our discovery of the coexistence of local moments with topological flat bands in a kagome system echoes similar findings in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene, and provides a basis for theoretical effort towards modeling correlation effects in magnetic flat band systems. Spectroscopic study on a kagome magnet thin film uncovers the local-moment nature of the magnetism in the presence of topological flat bands, as well as a strong spin- and orbital-selective electronic correlation effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Maternal obesity, hypertensive pregnancy disorders, and gestational diabetes (GDM) are linked to an increased risk of negative offspring health outcomes. This association may be mediated by maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) activity, resulting in elevated maternal cortisol levels and fetal exposure, but evidence remains scarce. Objective We (1) examined maternal diurnal cortisol profiles longitudinally across gestation, and (2) explored associations with maternal cardiometabolic complications. Methods Women in the InTraUterine sampling in early pregnancy (ITU) study (n = 667) provided 7 salivary cortisol samples from awakening to bedtime up to 3 times during pregnancy (median gestational week 19.3, 25.7, and 38.1; n = 9356 samples). Changes in cortisol awakening response (CAR) and diurnal slope (indicative of HPA axis activity) and their associations with maternal body mass index (BMI), hypertensive pregnancy disorders and GDM were examined using linear mixed models. Results The CAR declined in 60% to 67% of women, and the diurnal slope attenuated from early to late pregnancy (b = 0.006; P =.001). Higher BMI was associated with less decline in CAR (b = 0.031; P =.0004) and less attenuation in diurnal slope from early to late pregnancy (b = −0.001; P =.006). Hypertensive pregnancy disorders and GDM were not significantly associated with diurnal cortisol profiles. Conclusion The attenuation in CAR and diurnal slope support HPA axis hyporesponsivity during pregnancy. Less attenuation of both markers in women with a higher BMI may indicate reduced adaption of the HPA axis to pregnancy, presenting a mechanistic link to offspring health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since it is impossible in practice to create a sampling frame for the population of forest trees, forest inventories have relied on indirect sampling methods. This indirect sampling uses two populations: the discrete populations of trees and the continuous population of points, from which trees are being sampled. Important works such as Mandallaz, Eriksson, and Stevens and Urquhart brought the fundamental elements in the formalization of the sampling of trees, by defining the duality principle that relates both populations. They led to the so-called continuous population approach where trees attributes are transformed into attribute density values. However, in these approaches, the trees quickly fade away despite being the target population, while their weight is calculated as the inverse of their inclusion probability. We explain how the generalized weight share method (GWSM) can be used to formalize the link between the two populations. GWSM allows to revisit previous concepts proposed to solve the question of how to produce estimations from tree-level attributes, under uniform random or more complex sampling designs. The principles of the method are explained, and its functioning is illustrated under a variety of points and trees sampling designs, including fixed-area, Bitterlich, and cluster sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the optical inverse problem of quantitative photoacoustic tomography is studied. Maximum a posteriori estimates for absorption and scattering are computed from absorbed energy density, and the reliability of the estimates is evaluated utilizing the Laplace's approximation. The forward operator and evaluation of the search direction in the minimization algorithm are based on the Monte Carlo method for light transport. Monte Carlo is a stochastic method where the solution of a light transport model is approximated by simulating paths of photon packets as they undergo absorption and scattering events in a scattering medium. This makes evaluation of the search direction also stochastic. In this work, we study an adaptive approach where the number of simulated photon packets on each iteration is determined by utilizing a so-called norm test. In the norm test, the variance of the gradient of the objective function is assessed and used to control the number of photon packets. The approach is studied with numerical simulations. The results show that the adaptive approach can be used to control the number of photon packets during an iterative solution of the inverse problem of quantitative photoacoustic tomography. Further, the adaptive approach can reduce the computational cost compared to a conventional approach where the number of photon packets is fixed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the observed associations of personality traits with levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior (SB), studies exploring whether the personality profiles differ in terms of the pattern of accumulation of physical behavior are lacking. The aim of this study was to identify adults' personality profiles and to characterize and investigate how these profiles differ in physical behavior. Methods: The study utilized the longitudinal data of the participants of the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development (n = 141–307). Information on the five-factor model of personality, including the traits of neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, openness, and agreeableness, was collected at ages 33, 42, 50, and 61 years, and used to create latent personality profiles. Physical behavior, operationalized as the amount and accumulation of MVPA and SB bouts, was captured using a triaxial accelerometer worn during waking hours at age 61 years. The differences in the behavior between the personality profiles were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Five personality profiles were identified: resilient (20.2%), brittle (14.0%), overcontrolled (9.8%), undercontrolled (15.3%), and ordinary (40.7%). Although there were no statistically significant differences between the personality profiles in the time spent in MVPA relative to SB (MVPA per hour of daily SB), individuals with resilient (low in neuroticism and high in other traits) and ordinary (average in each trait) profiles had MVPA-to-SB ratios of 0.12 (7 min) and those with a brittle (high in neuroticism and low in extraversion) profile had a ratio of 0.09 (5.5 min). The individuals in the resilient group exhibited a longer usual MVPA bout duration than those in the overcontrolled (low in extraversion, openness, and agreeableness) (8 min vs. 2 min) and undercontrolled (high in openness and low in conscientiousness) groups (8 min vs. 3 min). They also exhibited a longer usual SB bout duration than those in the ordinary group (29 min vs. 23 min). Conclusions: The resilient group displayed the most prolonged MVPA and SB bout patterns. The results suggest that personality characteristics may contribute to how MVPA and SB are accumulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global increase in aquaculture production has created a need to reduce its environmental impacts. Nutrients could be recycled especially at land-based recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) by cultivating green microalgae in aquaculture effluent. However, microalgae are difficult to harvest. As a multi-trophic solution, mussels could be used in harvesting microalgae. We tested three European freshwater mussels (duck mussel Anodonta anatina, swan mussel A. cygnea, and swollen river mussel Unio tumidus) for filtering two common green microalgae (Monoraphidium griffithii and Selenastrum sp.) grown in RAS effluent. Mussels decreased microalgal concentrations in the tanks 42–83% over three consecutive trials. Algal concentrations at the end of each trial were lowest for both microalgae in tanks containing Anodonta mussels. Clearance rates were higher for Anodonta mussels than for U. tumidus. Mussels biodeposited more microalgae to tank bottoms when M. griffithii was filtered. Ammonium concentration decreased or did not change in tanks with M. griffithii, but increased in tanks containing Selenastrum sp. These results suggest that of the tested species Anodonta mussels and M. griffithii show best potential for RAS effluent bioremediation application. We conclude that a co-culture of microalgae and unionid mussels could be used for recycling nutrients in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluid therapy is a fundamental part of supportive therapy in critical care. However, it is also a suspected risk for endothelial glycocalyx degradation which is associated with poor clinical outcomes. This secondary analysis of RESPONSE randomized trial compares the effect of follow-up strategy (FU) on endothelial biomarkers to that of 500 ml crystalloid fluid bolus (FB) in oliguric, hemodynamically optimized intensive care unit (ICU) patients. 130 adult subjects were enrolled in two Finnish ICUs from January 2017 to November 2020. Blood and urine samples of 63 patients in FU group and 67 patients in FB group were collected before and after the intervention and analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Single fluid bolus, given after median of 3887 ml (interquartile range 2842; 5359 ml) resuscitation fluids in the preceding 24 h, increased plasma hyaluronan concentration compared to the follow-up strategy (difference in medians 29.2 ng/ml with 95% CI [14.5ng/ml; 55.5ng/ml], P < 0.001). No treatment effect was detected in the plasma levels of syndecan-1, , angiopoietin-2, angiopoietin receptors Tie2 and Tie1, or in soluble thrombomodulin in the adjusted median regression analysis. The increase in hyaluronan was independent of its simultaneous renal clearance but correlated moderately with the increase in endothelium-specific Tie1. The follow-up strategy did not show consistent endothelium-sparing effect but protected against hyaluronan increase. The mechanisms and consequences of hyaluronan fluctuations need further clarification. Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02860572. Registered 1 August 2016, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02860572?term=NCT02860572&rank=1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid temporal evolution of convective rainfall poses a challenge for rainfall nowcasting models. With the growing potential of machine learning models for precipitation nowcasting to produce realistic-looking nowcasts for long lead times, it is important to investigate whether the nowcasts also produce realistic development for convective rainfall. Common verification metrics traditionally used to validate nowcasting models are often dominated by large-scale stratiform rainfall, and averaging the metrics across entire precipitation fields obscures how accurately the models replicate individual convective cells, which makes it difficult to distinguish the model skill for the growth and decay of convective rainfall. In this study, we present a convective cell tracking-based framework to investigate how accurately nowcasting models reproduce the development of convective rainfall. The framework consists of first identifying and tracking the convective cells in the input observation rainfall fields, and then identifying and tracking the cells separately in the target observations and the nowcast rainfall fields by continuing the cell tracks identified in the observations. Features describing the cells and cell tracks, such as the cell volume rain rate and area, are then extracted. In addition to the errors in these feature values, the models' skill in reproducing the existence of convective cells is estimated by calculating several contingency-table metrics, such as the Critical Success Index. The results allow the analysis of how accurately the models reproduce the growth and decay of convective rainfall and quantify the differences between the models, for example, due to differences in how the models smooth the nowcasts, i.e., blurring. The framework also allows differentiation of the results based on the initial conditions of the cell tracks, demonstrated here by separating the tracks into decaying or growing cell tracks based on the cell status when the nowcast is created. The framework is demonstrated using four open-source advection-based models: the advection nowcast, S-PROG, and LINDA implemented in the pysteps library, and L-CNN, with data from the Swiss radar network. The results indicate that the L-CNN model reproduced the existence of convective cells best among the models and had smaller errors in the cell volume rain rate than LINDA and S-PROG. LINDA had the smallest underestimation in the cell mean rain rate, whereas S-PROG significantly overestimated the cell volume rain rate and area because of blurring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a case study of the Tracking Refugees Information System (TRIS) that has been introduced in Malaysia for undocumented migrants and refugees, including the large Rohingya population being hosted in the country. It argues that the TRIS digital identity management system for Rohingya and other refugees in Malaysia in this period potentially shifts these groups from the protection of UNHCR to a new national surveillance project and fundamentally changes their status. The article highlights possible risks and concerns attached to such a digital ID system, and provides a contextual history of the evolution of dispossession of the Rohingya of identity documents in their own homeland as well as issues that have emerged concerning digital identity issuance in other asylum states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maternal psychological distress during pregnancy is associated with infant temperament. Whether associations persist into late childhood, whether maternal distress is associated with temperament change from infancy to late childhood, whether associations are independent of maternal concurrent distress, and whether maternal distress has sensitive exposure periods on child temperament remain unclear. Methods: Our study includes mother‐child dyads from Finnish, prospective Prediction and Prevention of Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction study. The mothers completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, State Anxiety Inventory and Perceived Stress Scale: biweekly up to 14 times during pregnancy; once in infancy (at child age 4–12 months); and once in late childhood (at child age 7–11 years). They also completed the Infant Behavior Questionnaire Revised at the infancy (n = 2538) and Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire at the late childhood (n = 2004; 1693 children had data at both follow‐ups) follow‐up on child negative affectivity, extraversion and effortful control. We examined the associations of maternal distress with child temperament with linear regression, linear mixed and Bayesian relevant lifecourse exposure models. Results: Maternal distress during pregnancy was associated with higher negative affectivity and lower effortful control in children in infancy and late childhood. Maternal distress during pregnancy was also associated with increases in negative affectivity, decreases in effortful Control, and smaller decreases in extraversion from infancy to late childhood. The associations with late childhood temperament and temperament change were independent of maternal concurrent distress. Late childhood was a sensitive period for lifetime‐to‐date effects of maternal distress on late childhood negative affectivity and effortful control. Distress during pregnancy and infancy had smaller contributions. Conclusions: Maternal psychological distress during pregnancy is associated with individual differences and change in child temperament from infancy to late childhood. However, distress during pregnancy has a smaller effect on late childhood temperament than maternal concurrent distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omega bands are mesoscale auroral structures emerging as eastward moving quasi‐periodic poleward protrusions well within the closed field line region of the auroral oval. Neither specific conditions of their appearance nor their causes are well understood. We perform a superposed epoch analysis of OMNI and SuperMAG measurements taken during 28 omega band events recorded by auroral all‐sky imager observations from 2006 to 2013 to identify their solar wind drivers. We find local enhancements in the solar wind flow speed, magnetic field, pressure, and proton density at the time of the omega band observation. In the magnetosphere‐ionosphere, we see enhancements in the ring current, partial ring current, and auroral electrojets. These features are consistent with geomagnetic activity caused by stream interaction regions (SIRs). 19 of our events overlap with SIRs from published event catalogs. Our findings suggest that omega bands are driven by compression regions commonly associated with SIR events. Plain Language Summary: Omega bands are eastward moving wave‐like structures in the aurora that typically appear at the equatorward border of the auroral oval during periods of enhanced activity in Earth's magnetosphere. However, the specific drivers of these structures are not well understood. In this work, we perform a statistical analysis of spacecraft observations taken from multiple omega band events to identify potential drivers of these structures. We find that the solar wind exhibits increased speed, pressure, and particle density when omega bands appear overhead. These features are consistent with localized compression in the solar wind generated when a fast solar wind stream interacts with a slower leading stream. Our work suggests that the appearance of omega bands is driven by this compression. Key Points: A statistical analysis of 28 omega band events shows that they are driven by extended periods of enhanced solar wind density19 of the 28 omega band events studied occurred during documented stream interaction region events in the solar windAnalysis of the flow speed during all 28 events indicate that omega bands are driven by compression regions rather than high speed streams [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Depressive symptoms during pregnancy increase the risk for adverse outcomes in women and children. Lower vitamin D levels are suggested to be associated with higher depressive symptoms in nonpregnant populations. We studied if the level of or change in serum of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was associated with the levels of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Methods. The participants of this prospective longitudinal study came from the Prediction and Prevention of Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction (PREDO) study. The analytic sample comprised 307 women (mean age = 32.5 (range 20.3–44.3)) who reported depressive symptoms concurrently with serum 25(OH)D measurements at a median of 13.0, 19.3, and 27.0 gestational weeks. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Linear and mixed‐model regression analyses were used to study the associations. Results. The 25(OH)D levels were not associated with depressive symptoms cross‐sectionally (p values > 0.58) or across the three assessment points during pregnancy (B = −0.05; 95% CI, −0.12, 0.01; and p = 0.12). Yet, a higher increase in 25(OH)D during pregnancy was associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms (B = −1.41; 95% CI, −2.75, −0.07; and p = 0.04) but not after adjusting for covariates (p = 0.08). Conclusions. The 25(OH)D levels and depressive symptoms were not associated among pregnant women throughout the pregnancy. However, there is a need for randomized controlled trials to fully exclude the possibility of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of depression during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to public IS/IT procurement challenges, many public sector organisations have ventured into establishing and orchestrating free and open-source software (FOSS) ecosystems. While these initiatives hold significant promise, they frequently encounter hurdles like poor productivity, leading to premature demise. This study explores activities that contribute to the long-term well-being of public-sector FOSS ecosystems, focusing on public-sector entities as orchestrators and keystone players. A qualitative multi-case study of three ecosystems was conducted, with data collected through interviews, participant observation, and analysis of online discussion forums. The study presents a model for health-sustaining activities in public-sector FOSS ecosystems. Orchestrators and keystone players are found to engage in health-sustaining activities through rulemaking, role creation, and tool provision, hinting at the explanatory potential of Activity Theory. Furthermore, the study identifies key challenges in orchestrating public sector FOSS ecosystems, such as institutional misalignment and conflicting policy frameworks, highlighting these as critical areas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1859 Carrington event is the most intense geomagnetic storm in recorded history, and the literature provides numerous explanations for what drove the negative H perturbation on the Earth. There is debate on what dominated the event. Our analysis shows a combination of causes of similar orders of magnitude. Previous analyses generally rely upon the observed H perturbation at Colaba, India; historic newspaper reports; and empirical models. We expand the analysis using two Space Weather Modeling Framework simulations to examine what drove the event. We compute contributions from currents and geospace regions to the northward B field on Earth's surface, BN. We examine magnetospheric currents parallel and perpendicular to the local B field, ionospheric currents, and gap region field–aligned currents (FACs). We also evaluate contributions from the magnetosheath, near–Earth, and neutral sheet regions. A combination of currents and geospace regions significantly contribute to BN on the Earth's surface, changing as the storm evolves. At storm onset, magnetospheric currents and gap–region FACs dominate in the equatorial region. At auroral latitudes, gap–region FACs and ionospheric currents are the largest contributors. At storm peak, azimuthal magnetospheric currents and gap–region FACs dominate at equatorial latitudes. Gap–region FACs and ionospheric currents dominate in the auroral zone, down to mid‐latitudes. Both the magnetosheath and FACs contribute at storm peak, but are less significant than that from the near–Earth ring current. During recovery, the near–Earth ring current is the largest contributor at equatorial latitudes. Ionospheric currents and gap–region FACs dominate in the auroral zone. Key Points: Prior Carrington event analyses attributed the ΔH perturbation observed on Earth to various causes, with debate on which dominatedUsing MHD simulations, we compute how currents in various systems and geospace regions contribute to ΔHRather than a dominant contributor, we find that multiple current systems and regions contribute with the same order of magnitude [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maternal anxiety, depression, and stress during and after pregnancy are negatively associated with child cognitive development. However, the contribution of positive maternal experiences, such as social support, to child cognitive development has received less attention. Furthermore, how maternal experience of social support during specific developmental periods impacts child cognitive development is largely unknown. Methods: Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC; n = 5784) and the Prediction and Prevention of Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction study (PREDO; n = 420), we investigated the associations between maternal perceived social support during and after pregnancy and child's general cognitive ability at 8 years of age, assessed with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Bayesian relevant life course modeling was used to investigate timing effects of maternal social support on child cognitive ability. Results: In both cohorts, higher maternal perceived social support during pregnancy was associated with higher performance on the WISC, independent of sociodemographic factors and concurrent maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety. In ALSPAC, pregnancy emerged as a sensitive period for the effects of perceived social support on child cognitive ability, with a stronger effect of social support during pregnancy than after pregnancy on child cognitive ability. Conclusions: Our findings, supported from two prospective longitudinal cohorts, suggest a distinct role of maternal perceived social support during pregnancy for cognitive development in children. Our study suggests that interventions aimed at increasing maternal social support during pregnancy may be an important strategy for promoting maternal and child well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To investigate whether the positive effects on glycaemic outcomes of 3‐month automated insulin delivery (AID) achieved in 2‐ to 6‐year‐old children endure over an extended duration and how AID treatment affects time in tight range (TITR), defined as 3.9–7.8 mmol/L. Research Design and Methods: We analysed 18 months of follow‐up data from a non‐randomized, prospective, single‐arm clinical trial (n = 35) conducted between 2021 and 2023. The main outcome measures were changes in time in range (TIR), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), time above range (TAR), TITR, and mean sensor glucose (SG) value during follow‐up visits (at 0, 6, 12 and 18 months). The MiniMed 780G AID system in SmartGuard Mode was used for 18 months. Parental diabetes distress was evaluated at 3 and 18 months with the validated Problem Areas in Diabetes—Parent, revised (PAID‐PR) survey. Results: Between 0 and 6 months, TIR and TITR increased, and HbA1c, mean SG value and TAR decreased significantly (p < 0.001); the favourable effect persisted through 18 months of follow‐up. Between 3 and 18 months, PAID‐PR score declined significantly (0 months: mean score 37.5; 3 months: mean score 28.6 [p = 0.06]; 18 months: mean score 24.6 [p < 0.001]). Conclusions: Treatment with AID significantly increased TITR and TIR in young children. The positive effect of AID on glycaemic control observed after 6 months persisted throughout the 18 months of follow‐up. Similarly, parental diabetes distress remained reduced during 18 months follow‐up. These findings are reassuring and suggest that AID treatment improves glycaemic control and reduces parental diabetes distress in young children over an extended 18‐month follow‐up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first high resolution global MHD with coupled inner magnetosphere simulation results of an observed theta aurora event. We use the Space Weather Modeling Framework in the Geospace configuration, which produces accurate field aligned current closure in the ionosphere that is integral to theta aurora formation. At the location of the observed theta aurora, the simulation produces a narrow channel of Joule heating along both open and closed field lines, and between a pair of oppositely directed field‐aligned current sheets in the ionosphere. We demonstrate that this Joule heating pattern that we identify as theta aurora maps to a reconnection region at the magnetotail flanks as well as in the distant magnetotail. The theta aurora maps to a cross‐tail current disruption and field‐aligned current source region in a highly twisted magnetotail. Plain Language Summary: The light of the aurora observed in the Earth's atmosphere is a signature of magnetic processes in outer space. The Sun produces hot magnetized plasma that blows through the solar system like a wind. The Earth's magnetic field shields us from the harmful impacts of the Sun's magnetized plasma wind. The interaction between the Earth's magnetic field and the Sun's plasma wind causes the ring of auroral light we see in the polar regions. Sometimes the ring of auroral light grows a bar of auroral light across its center (over the Earth's magnetic poles), transforming the ring into a structure like the Greek letter theta. We call this the theta aurora. It is unknown what physical processes in the Earth's magnetic field create the theta aurora. In this study we show the first realistic simulation that uses solar wind driver conditions of an observed theta aurora event, and demonstrate that we can successfully produce the theta aurora structure in the simulation. We find that the theta aurora's center bar of auroral light comes from multiple regions in the vast Earth's magnetotail. This new result helps us better understand the dynamics of the Earth's space environment and better protect ourselves against the Sun's hazardous plasma wind effects. Key Points: We show first global MHD simulation event study that successfully produces a Joule heating signature that we identify as theta auroraSimulation associates transpolar arc signatures with reconnection at the magnetospheric flank and in the distant magnetotailThe transpolar arc maps to a cross‐tail current disruption and field‐aligned current source region in a highly twisted magnetotail [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: There are no studies assessing the long-term quality of life (QoL) following three-dimensional laparoscopy cholecystectomy (3D-LC) in patients with cholelithiasis (Chole). Patients and Methods: A cohort of 200 patients with Chole were randomized into 3D-LC or minilaparotomy cholecystectomy (MC) groups. RAND-36 survey was performed before randomization, four weeks and five years postoperatively. Results: Similar postoperative five years RAND-36 scores were reported in the 3D-LC and MC groups. The MC and 3D-LC groups combined analysis, social functioning (SF, p=0.007), mental health (MH, p=0.001), role physical (RP, p<0.001) and bodily pain (BP, p<0.001) domains increased significantly. In comparison to the Finnish reference RAND-36 (FRR) scores, the scores at five years increased significantly in the MH domain, while four RAND-36 domains; Physical functioning (PF), general health (GH), RP, BP remained significantly lower in comparison to the FRR scores. Conclusion: A relatively similar long-term outcome in the 3D-LC and MC patients is shown. Interestingly, five RAND-36 domains increased during five years follow-up, while four RAND-36 domains remained lower than FRR scores, which may indicate onset of possible new symptoms following cholecystectomy in long-term follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to quantify the magnetospheric magnetic flux contents under moderate to intense space weather conditions using global simulations. This study is a companion to Akhavan‐Tafti, Atilaw, et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JA031832) where magnetic flux evolution is presented for a catalog of storm events, using Heliophysics System Observatory (HSO) observations. For this study, we used the Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF) in Geospace configuration to study magnetic flux dynamics for a subset of their storm events (15 events). Simulations reliably resolve the storm‐time magnetic flux Bz and current density |J| asymmetries across the different storm phases. It is revealed that: relative to the quiet period, flux content is enhanced during the storm sudden commencement (SSC) phase in the dayside by ΔBz/Bz, quiet = +17%, and reduced in the nightside magnetosphere (r[RE] < −6 RE) by −15%. At the same time, the cross‐tail current is found to enhance (|J| = 2 nA/m2), which suggests the storm impact in the nightside magnetosphere is much earlier in the storm cycle than previously shown. Concurring with previous studies, a significant depletion of magnetic flux by up to −40%, with day‐night and dawn‐dusk asymmetries, can be seen during the main and recovery phases. This corresponds to the enhanced current density (|J| = 5–8 nA/m2) at ∼6 RE further confirming the role of ring current in driving magnetospheric dynamics during the main and recovery phases. This is in contrast with the SSC phase wherein the Chapman‐Ferraro and cross‐tail currents are the dominant current systems. Key Points: The nightside magnetospheric flux is impacted by the storm event earlier in the storm cycle than expected, (i.e., the SSC phase)Decrease in flux content of up to −40% within the inner magnetosphere for the main and recovery phases is associated with the enhanced ring currentStorm‐time asymmetries in magnetic flux and current density are well‐resolved throughout the storm phases [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precipitation nowcasting (forecasting locally for 0–6 h) serves both public security and industries, facilitating the mitigation of losses incurred due to, e.g., flash floods and is usually done by predicting weather radar echoes, which provide better performance than numerical weather prediction (NWP) at that scale. Probabilistic nowcasts are especially useful as they provide a desirable framework for operational decision-making. Many extrapolation-based statistical nowcasting methods exist, but they all suffer from a limited ability to capture the nonlinear growth and decay of precipitation, leading to a recent paradigm shift towards deep-learning methods which are more capable of representing these patterns. Despite its potential advantages, the application of deep learning in probabilistic nowcasting has only recently started to be explored. Here we develop a novel probabilistic precipitation nowcasting method, based on Bayesian neural networks with variational inference and the U-Net architecture, named DEUCE. The method estimates the total predictive uncertainty in the precipitation by combining estimates of the epistemic (knowledge-related and reducible) and heteroscedastic aleatoric (data-dependent and irreducible) uncertainties, using them to produce an ensemble of development scenarios for the following 60 min. DEUCE is trained and verified using Finnish Meteorological Institute radar composites compared to established classical models. Our model is found to produce both skillful and reliable probabilistic nowcasts based on various evaluation criteria. It improves the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve scores 1 %–5 % over STEPS and LINDA-P baselines and comes close to the best-performer STEPS on a continuous ranked probability score (CRPS) metric. The reliability of DEUCE is demonstrated with, e.g., having the lowest expected calibration error at 20 and 25 dBZ reflectivity thresholds and coming second at 35 dBZ. On the other hand, the deterministic performance of ensemble means is found to be worse than that of extrapolation and LINDA-D baselines. Last, the composition of the predictive uncertainty is analyzed and described, with the conclusion that aleatoric uncertainty is more significant and informative than epistemic uncertainty in the DEUCE model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate variations in the position of the magnetopause in response to the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and different phases of magnetospheric substorms. The average location of magnetopause is examined using magnetic field observations from multiple satellites (THEMIS, RBSP, and MMS), and the Shue model utilizing OMNI solar wind data for a period of five years from 2016–2020. We estimate average position of the magnetopause using Shue model through superposed epoch analysis of standoff distance and tail flaring angle at different substorm timings (onset, peak and end) and from in-situ measurements through 2D equatorial maps of average Δ BZ under IMF | Bz |> 0 conditions. Our findings reveal the occurrence of substorms during both northward and southward IMF orientations and highlight an earthward movement of the magnetopause during substorm onset and peak, followed by a relaxation during the substorm end time, for both northward and southward IMF orientations. Notably, the magnetopause undergoes significant compression and reaches its closest point to the Earth during instances of strong southward IMF (BZ < -5), particularly during the substorm peak. The empirical model provides accurate estimation of the magnetopause location during periods of both strong northward and southward IMF | Bz |>5, as the model curve traverses a distinct location (Δ BZ = 0) representing the magnetopause shown in the 2D average map of Δ BZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At around age 60, people are approaching late adulthood and are typically going through or anticipating life transitions such as grandparenthood, retirement, or changes in health and functioning. The timing and perception of transitions are individual and based on current circumstances and earlier life history and may link to well-being. The TRAILS (Developmental Psychological Perspectives on Transitions at Age 60: Individuals Navigating Across the Lifespan) study, which is presented in the current article, examines the diversity and underlying factors of different transitions at around age 60 and how they associate with mental well-being. It also investigates whether these transitions link to personality characteristics, contextual resources, and/or societal challenges. The role of earlier life history in the studied associations requires a prospective multiwave design where the same participants are followed over time. Only a few longitudinal studies have examined the developmental pathways from childhood to the beginning of late adulthood. The TRAILS study continues the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development (JYLS). The JYLS was initiated in 1968 and includes earlier data collected from ages 8 to 50. At age 61, in 2020-21, 206 of the JYLS participants (of the initial 369 children) took part in TRAILS. The data collection included a Life Situation Questionnaire, a psychological interview, self-report inventories, a health examination and physical activity surveillance covering major areas of adult life. TRAILS extends the JYLS study to over 52 years of follow-up time and provides unique opportunities for studying individual development throughout the lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some space weather models, such as the Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF) used in this study, use solar wind propagated from the first Lagrange point (L1) to the bow shock nose (BSN) to forecast geomagnetic storms. The SWMF is a highly coupled framework of space weather models that include multiple facets of the Geospace environment, such as the magnetosphere and ionosphere. The propagated solar wind measurements are used as a boundary condition for SWMF. The solar wind propagation method is a timeshift based on the calculated phase front normal (PFN) which leads to some uncertainties. For example, the propagated solar wind could have evolved during this timeshift. We use a data set of 123 geomagnetic storms between 2010 and 2019 run by the SWMF Geospace configuration to analyze the impact solar wind propagation and solar wind driving has on the geomagnetic indices. We look at the probability distributions of errors in SYM-H, cross polar cap potential (CPCP), and auroral electrojet indices AL and AU. Through studying the median errors (MdE), standard deviations and standardized regression coefficients, we find that the errors depend on the propagation parameters. Among the results, we show that the accuracy of the simulated SYM-H depends on the spacecraft distance from the Sun-Earth line. We also quantify the dependence of the standard deviation in SYM-H errors on the PFN and solar wind pressure. These statistics provide an insight into how the propagation method affects the final product of the simulation, which are the geomagnetic indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems is associated with an increased risk of pathogen infection via increased pathogen growth and host exposure via increased pathogen doses. Here, we studied the effect of nutrients on the virulence of an opportunistic bacterial pathogen of fish, Flavobacterium columnare , in challenge experiments with rainbow trout fingerlings. We hypothesized that removing all nutrients by washing the bacteria would reduce virulence as compared to unwashed bacteria, but adding nutrients to the tank water would increase the virulence of the bacterium. Nutrient addition and increase in bacterial dose increased virulence for both unwashed and washed bacteria. For unwashed bacteria, the addition of nutrients reduced the survival probability of fish challenged with low bacterial doses more than for fish challenged with higher bacterial doses, suggesting activation of bacterial virulence factors. Washing and centrifugation reduced viable bacterial counts, and the addition of washed bacteria alone did not lead to fish mortality. However, a small addition of nutrient medium, 0.05% of the total water volume, added separately to the fish container, restored the virulence of the washed bacteria. Our results show that human-induced eutrophication could trigger epidemics of aquatic pathogens at the limits of their survival and affect their ecology and evolution by altering the dynamics between strains that differ in their growth characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present a statistical study of substorms covering a five‐year period 2016–2020. Substorm phases were identified from time series of the SuperMAG AL (SML) index using a list of 5,077 previously identified substorm onsets, the SML peak value marking transition from expansion to recovery phase, and the recovery identified as return to activity less than −100 nT in the SML index. Magnetic field observations from THEMIS, RBSP, and MMS missions were used to study the magnetotail characteristics during the substorm evolution. A superposed epoch analysis indicates that the substorm onset occurs almost simultaneously with a few minutes of uncertainty throughout the magnetotail, ranging from geostationary orbit to 20 RE. The onset in the transition region precedes the ground onset by a few minutes. The peak SML time coincides with the peak of the outer transition region ΔBZ, which suggests that the field‐aligned currents driving the SML activity arise from the outer transition region. Analysis of 2D maps of the tail magnetic field shows that the magnetotail current changes are limited to the center of the tail within |Y| < 10RE. The substorm recovery is fastest in the inner transition region and lasts longer when moving further out. We did not find major asymmetries in the substorm signatures associated with IMF BY or BZ. Plain Language Summary: We use a large data set of magnetic field measurements in the Earth's geomagnetic tail to study the dynamic sequence of events during substorms. Substorms are large reconfiguration events in the magnetotail, which inject particles into the inner magnetosphere and ionosphere, while blowing part of the magnetospheric plasma out along the magnetotail. We establish the statistical location of the onset of the activity and the typical durations of the field reconfiguration. We compare the results in the magnetotail to substorm signatures in the ionosphere. Key Points: Substorm onset nearly simultaneous across magnetotail (10 min uncertainty); transition region onsets precede ground onset by a few minutesField‐aligned currents driving the SuperMAG AL activity arise from the outer transition regionThe field dipolarization is limited to the near‐Earth region and shows no major dawn‐dusk asymmetries [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A substantial proportion of maternal pregnancy complications, adverse birth outcomes and neurodevelopmental delay in children may be attributable to high maternal pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index (BMI). However, BMI alone is insufficient for the identification of all at-risk mothers and children as many women with non-obesity(< 30 kg/m2) or normal weight(18.5–24.99 kg/m2) and their children may suffer from adversities. Evidence suggests that BMI-related metabolic changes during pregnancy may predict adverse mother–child outcomes better than maternal anthropometric BMI. Methods: In a cohort of 425 mother–child dyads, we identified maternal BMI-defined metabolome based on associations of 95 metabolic measures measured three times during pregnancy with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. We then examined whether maternal BMI-defined metabolome performed better than anthropometric BMI in predicting gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, gestational weight gain (GWG), Caesarian section delivery, child gestational age and weight at birth, preterm birth, admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and childhood neurodevelopment. Based on metabolic measures with the highest contributions to BMI-defined metabolome, including inflammatory and glycolysis-related measures, fatty acids, fluid balance, ketone bodies, lipids and amino acids, we created a set of maternal high BMI-related polymetabolic risk scores (PMRSs), and in an independent replication cohort of 489 mother–child dyads tested their performance in predicting the same set of mother–child outcomes in comparison to anthropometric BMI. Results: BMI-defined metabolome predicted all of the studied mother–child outcomes and improved their prediction over anthropometric BMI, except for gestational hypertension and GWG. BMI-related PMRSs predicted gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, Caesarian section delivery, admission to NICU, lower gestational age at birth, lower cognitive development score of the child, and improved their prediction over anthropometric BMI. BMI-related PMRSs predicted gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, Caesarean section delivery, NICU admission and child's lower gestational age at birth even at the levels of maternal non-obesity and normal weight. Conclusions: Maternal BMI-defined metabolome improves the prediction of pregnancy complications, birth outcomes, and neurodevelopment in children over anthropometric BMI. The novel, BMI-related PMRSs generated based on the BMI-defined metabolome have the potential to become biomarkers identifying at-risk mothers and their children for timely targeted interventions even at the level of maternal non-obesity and normal weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science communication is an important part of research, including in the geosciences, as it can benefit society, science, and make science more publicly accountable. However, much of this work takes place in "shadowlands" that are neither fully seen nor understood. These shadowlands are spaces, aspects, and practices of science communication which are not clearly defined and may be harmful with respect to the science being communicated or for the science communicators themselves. With the increasing expectation in academia that researchers should participate in science communication, there is a need to address some of the major issues that lurk in these shadowlands. Here the editorial team of Geoscience Communication seeks to shine a light on the shadowlands of geoscience communication and suggest some solutions and examples of effective practice. The issues broadly fall under three categories: 1) harmful or unclear objectives; 2) poor quality and lack of rigor; and 3) exploitation of science communicators working within academia. Ameliorating these will require: 1) clarifying objectives and audiences; 2) adequately training science communicators; and 3) giving science communication equivalent recognition to other professional activities. By shining a light on the shadowlands of science communication in academia and proposing potential remedies, our aim is to cultivate a more transparent and responsible landscape for geoscience communication—a transformation that will ultimately benefit the progress of science, the welfare of scientists, and more broadly society at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we investigate the practices and capacities that define successful societal interaction of research groups with stakeholders in mutually beneficial processes. We studied the Finnish Strategic Research Council's (SRC) first funded projects through a dynamic governance lens. The aim of the paper is to explore how the societal interaction was designed and commenced at the onset of the projects in order to understand the logic through which the consortia expected broad impacts to occur. The Finnish SRC introduced a societal interaction plan (SIP) approach, which requires research consortia to consider societal interaction alongside research activities in a way that exceeds conventional research plans. Hence, the first SRC projects' SIPs and the implemented activities and working logics discussed in the interviews provide a window into exploring how active societal interaction reflects the call for dynamic, sustainable practices and new capabilities to better link research to societal development. We found that the capacities of dynamic governance were implemented by integrating societal interaction into research, in particular through a 'drizzling' approach. In these emerging practices SIP designs function as platforms for the formation of communities of experts, rather than traditional project management models or mere communication tools. The research groups utilized the benefits of pooling academic knowledge and skills with other types of expertise for mutual gain. They embraced the limits of expertise and reached out to societal partners to truly broker knowledge, and exchange and develop capacities and perspectives to solve grand societal challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is one of the arenaviruses infecting humans. LCMV infections have been reported worldwide in humans with varying levels of severity. To detect arenavirus RNA and LCMV-reactive antibodies in different geographical regions of Finland, we screened human serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples, taken from suspected tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases, using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence assay (IFA). No arenavirus nucleic acids were detected, and the overall LCMV seroprevalence was 4.5%. No seroconversions were detected in paired serum samples. The highest seroprevalence (5.2%) was detected among individuals of age group III (40–59 years), followed by age group I (under-20-year-olds, 4.9%), while the lowest seroprevalence (3.8%) was found in age group IV (60 years or older). A lower LCMV seroprevalence in older age groups may suggest waning of immunity over time. The observation of a higher seroprevalence in the younger age group and the decreasing population size of the main reservoir host, the house mouse, may suggest exposure to another LCMV-like virus in Finland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological sex is a key variable influencing many physiological systems. Disease prevalence as well as treatment success can be modified by sex. Differences emerge already early in life and include pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes. The placenta is a critical organ for fetal development and shows sex-based differences in the expression of hormones and cytokines. Epigenetic regulation, such as DNA methylation (DNAm), may underlie the previously reported placental sexual dimorphism. We associated placental DNAm with fetal sex in three cohorts. Individual cohort results were meta-analyzed with random-effects modelling. CpG-sites differentially methylated with sex were further investigated regarding pathway enrichment, overlap with methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs), and hits from phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS). We evaluated the consistency of findings across tissues (CVS, i.e. chorionic villus sampling from early placenta, and cord blood) as well as with gene expression. We identified 10,320 epigenome-wide significant sex-differentially methylated probes (DMPs) spread throughout the epigenome of the placenta at birth. Most DMPs presented with lower DNAm levels in females. DMPs mapped to genes upregulated in brain, were enriched for neurodevelopmental pathways and significantly overlapped with meQTLs and PheWAS hits. Effect sizes were moderately correlated between CVS and placenta at birth, but only weakly correlated between birth placenta and cord blood. Sex differential gene expression in birth placenta was less pronounced and implicated genetic regions only marginally overlapped with those associated with differential DNAm. Our study provides an integrative perspective on sex-differential DNAm in perinatal tissues underscoring the possible link between placenta and brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enormous potential of renewable bioresources is expected to play a key role in the development of the EU's sustainable circular economy. In this context, inexhaustible, biodegradable, non-toxic, and carbon-neutral forest-origin resources are very attractive for the development of novel sustainable products. The main structural component of wood is cellulose, which, in turn, is the feedstock of nanocellulose, one of the most explored nanomaterials. Different applications of nanocellulose have been proposed, including packaging, functional coatings, insulating materials, nanocomposites and nanohybrids manufacturing, among others. However, the intrinsic flammability of nanocellulose restricts its use in some areas where fire risk is a concern. This paper overviews the most recent studies of the fire resistance of nanocellulose-based materials, focusing on thin films, coatings, and aerogels. Along with effectiveness, increased attention to sustainable approaches is considered in developing novel fire-resistant coatings. The great potential of bio-based fire-resistant materials, combined with conventional non-halogenated fire retardants (FRs), has been established. The formulation methods, types of FRs and their action modes, and methods used for analysing fireproof are discussed in the frame of this overview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To avoid the surrounding pollination, seed orchards of Finnish plus trees have been established in Ukraine, i.e., far from their natural distribution. However, it is unknown whether the pollination site affects the frost hardiness (FH) of the progenies and thus their use in forest regeneration in Finland. Using whole-plant freezing tests, we examined the FH of plus tree seed orchard progenies in Finland and Ukraine, with three lots of seeds from each orchard, twice during cold acclimation in controlled conditions. The FH of needles, as assessed immediately after the freezing tests, was higher in the Finnish than Ukrainian seed orchard progenies. The variation in the FH of needles was high among the progenies, ranging from − 44 to − 79 °C by relative electrolyte leakage (REL), and from − 29 to − 46 °C by chlorophyll fluorescence (CF). However, when FH was assessed based on the growth of shoots and roots in the greenhouse after three weeks, the differences between the progenies and orchards disappeared. The FH was then between − 10 and − 15 °C based on shoot growth, between − 6 and − 12 °C based on root growth, and between − 8 and − 16 °C based on the number of new root tips. The results imply an epigenetic effect on FH of needles but no effect of progeny or orchard on FH of roots. In summary, it seems to be possible to use seed produced in southern Ukraine in practical reforestation actions in southern Finland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background-oriented schlieren imaging is a recently proposed noninvasive optical method for imaging of full ultrasound fields. In this work, the impact of uncertainty in geometrical parameters of a background-oriented schlieren measurement setup for imaging of full ultrasound fields is studied using numerical simulations. The studied parameters are focal length of the camera and positions and orientations of the camera, water tank, and ultrasound field. The results demonstrate that the most sensitive parameters affecting the accuracy of the reconstructed ultrasound fields are the orientations of the camera that change the direction of an effective optical axis. Other sensitive parameters are the focal length of the camera and the position of the ultrasound field in perpendicular directions of an optical axis. This synthetic study demonstrates the accuracy requirements for calibrating the geometrical parameters of a measurement setup that would be required to achieve accuracy comparable to that of hydrophone measurements using the background-oriented schlieren imaging. Explicitly, limits of the variation ranges of the geometrical parameters resulting in relative error ranges of 5% and 10% are given. The results of this study may contribute to help design future background-oriented schlieren measurement setups intended for measurement of full ultrasound fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to maltreatment in childhood is associated with lifelong risk of mental and behavioral disorders. Whether the effects extend to the next generation remains unclear. We examined whether maternal exposure to childhood abuse and neglect in her own childhood were associated with mental and behavioral disorders and psychiatric symptoms in her children, and whether maternal lifetime mental and behavioral disorders or lower education level mediated or added to the effects. Mothers (n = 2252) of the Prediction and Prevention of Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction cohort study completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and reported on their education and their 7.0–12.1-year-old children's psychiatric symptoms using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. We identified lifetime mental and behavioral disorder diagnoses for the mothers and diagnoses for their children from birth (2006–2010) until 8.4–12.8 years (12/31/2018) from Care Register for Health Care. We found that maternal exposure to childhood abuse, but not neglect, was associated with higher hazards of mental and behavioral disorders (hazard ratio 1.20, 95% confidence interval 1.06–1.37) in children. These associations were partially mediated by maternal mental and behavioral disorders and education (proportion of effect size mediated: 23.8% and 15.1%, respectively), which together with maternal exposure to childhood abuse added to the hazard of mental and behavioral disorders in children. Similar associations were found for maternal exposure to childhood abuse and neglect with psychiatric symptoms in children. To conclude, maternal exposure to childhood maltreatment is associated with mental and behavioral disorders and psychiatric symptoms in children. Our findings call for interventions to prevent intergenerational transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in the design of boronated amino acids has emerged, partly due to the utilization of boronophenylalanine (BPA), one of the two agents employed in clinical Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). The boronated amino acids synthesized thus far for BNCT investigations can be classified into two categories based on the source of boron: boronic acids or carboranes. Amino acid-based boron carriers, employed in the context of BNCT treatment, demonstrate significant potential in the treatment of challenging tumors, such as those located in the brain. This review aims to shed light on the developmental journey and challenges encountered over the years in the field of amino acid-based boron delivery compound development. The primary focus centers on the utilization of the large amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) as a target for boron carriers in BNCT. The development of efficient carriers remains a critical objective, addressing challenges related to tumor specificity, effective boron delivery, and rapid clearance from normal tissue and blood. LAT1 presents an intriguing and promising target for boron delivery, given its numerous characteristics that make it well suited for drug delivery into tumor tissues, particularly in the case of brain tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This longitudinal study investigated the pathways from childhood socioemotional characteristics and cognitive skills to health behaviours in midlife. Methods: Participants in the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development (JYLS) were followed from age 8 (n = 369) to age 50 (n = 271). Outcomes included physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption and body mass index (BMI) assessed at ages 36, 42 and 50. Predictors were socioemotional characteristics (behavioural activity, negative emotionality, and well-controlled behaviour) and parents' occupational status collected at age 8, cognitive skills (school success at age 14 and the highest education at age 27) and adulthood personality traits (extraversion, neuroticism and conscientiousness). Longitudinal path modelling was used for analyses. Results: Well-controlled behaviour and extraversion predicted physical activity in women. Behavioural activity predicted alcohol consumption in women and smoking in men. Negative emotionality was not directly connected to health behaviours. Adulthood neuroticism was associated with smoking in men and with alcohol-related problems in both men and women. There were some indirect paths from childhood socioemotional characteristics to midlife health behaviours through cognitive skills. None of the study variables predicted midlife BMI. Conclusions: Childhood socioemotional characteristics have some predictive value on midlife health behaviours, both directly and through cognitive skills. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2022.2041639. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider two cobalt-based full-Heusler compounds, CoFeTiAl and Co 2 FeSi, for which Coulomb correlation effects play an important role. Since the standard GGA scheme does not provide a precise description of the electronic properties near the Fermi level, we use a meta-GGA functional capable to improve the description of the electronic properties of CoFeTiAl and Co 2 FeSi. In particular, we find a better agreement with the experiment for the magnetic moment and the energy bandgap. Moreover, our calculations show that pressure enhances the insulating properties of Co 2 FeSi and CoTiFeAl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: In non-pregnant population, nonobese individuals with obesity-related metabolome have increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The risk of these diseases is also increased after gestational diabetes. Objective: This work aimed to examine whether nonobese (body mass index [BMI] < 30) and obese (BMI = 30) women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and obese non-GDM women differ in metabolomic profiles from nonobese non-GDM controls. Methods: Levels of 66 metabolic measures were assessed in early (median 13, IQR 12.4-13.7 gestation weeks), and across early, mid (20, 19.3-23.0), and late (28, 27.0-35.0) pregnancy blood samples in 755 pregnant women from the PREDO and RADIEL studies. The independent replication cohort comprised 490 pregnant women. Results: Nonobese and obese GDM, and obese non-GDM women differed similarly from the controls across early, mid, and late pregnancy in 13 measures, including very low-density lipoprotein-related measures, and fatty acids. In 6 measures, including fatty acid (FA) ratios, glycolysisrelated measures, valine, and 3-hydroxybutyrate, the differences between obese GDM women and controls were more pronounced than the differences between nonobese GDM or obese non-GDM women and controls. In 16 measures, including HDL-related measures, FA ratios, amino acids, and inflammation, differences between obese GDM or obese non-GDM women and controls were more pronounced than the differences between nonobese GDM women and controls. Most differences were evident in early pregnancy, and in the replication cohort were more often in the same direction than would be expected by chance alone. Conclusion: Differences between nonobese and obese GDM, or obese non-GDM women and controls in metabolomic profiles may allow detection of high-risk women for timely targeted preventive interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: The diagnostic score models (DMs) for patients with acute diverticulitis (AcDi) have been rarely evaluated. Therefore, we tried to develop diagnostic models (DMs) to enhance the diagnostic accuracy (DA) of AcDi. Patients and Methods: In this AAP (acute abdominal pain) cohort, 30 AcDi patients were compared to 1,303 non- AcDi patients, with regard to their i) clinical symptoms (n=22), ii) signs and tests (n=14) as well as iii) laboratory analyses (n=3). The triage was performed at patient arrival to the emergency department (ED) (triage I) and at follow-up (triage II) before final decision. The triage included a suggested diagnosis of the AAP patient. Bivariate random effects metaanalysis was performed separately for 1) the pooled symptoms (n=22), 2) signs & tests (n=17) as well as 3) pooled DMs (IV) with different cut-offs (with or without triage) to assess the diagnostic accuracy (DA) in detection of AcDi by HSROC (hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic) curves. Results: In the conventional receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis (for test optimization and finding optimal cut-off points), the area under curve (AUC) reached the following values for AcDi: i) DM without triage, AUC=0.843, ii) DM with triage I, AUC=0.866 and iii) DM with triage I and II, AUC=0.926. In the HSROC analysis, the AUC values for detection of AcDi were as follows; i) pooled clinical symptoms, AUC=0.540, ii) pooled clinical signs & tests, AUC=0.556 and iii) pooled DMs globally, AUC=0.853. In roccomp analysis for differences in AUC values: i) and iii) p<0.0001; between ii) and iii) p<0.0001. Conclusion: As confirmed by ROC and HSROC analysis, the new DMs with triage mode proved to be far superior in their DA for AcDi as compared to both symptoms and signs & tests. In the lack of earlier studies, these data report the first evidence that the DM including triage at an ED could improve the detection of AcDi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present new analysis methods of 3D MHD output data from the Space Weather Modeling Framework during a simulated storm event. Earth's magnetosphere is identified in the simulation domain and divided based on magnetic topology and the bounding magnetopause definition. Volume energy contents and surface energy fluxes are analyzed for each subregion to track the energy transport in the system as the driving solar wind conditions change. Two energy pathways are revealed, one external and one internal. The external pathway between the magnetosheath and magnetosphere has magnetic energy flux entering the lobes and escaping through the closed field region and is consistent with previous work and theory. The internal pathway, which has never been studied in this manner, reveals magnetically dominated energy recirculating between open and closed field lines. The energy enters the lobes across the dayside magnetospheric cusps and escapes the lobes through the nightside plasmasheet boundary layer. This internal circulation directly controls the energy content in the lobes and the partitioning of the total energy between lobes and closed field line regions. Qualitative analysis of four‐field junction neighborhoods indicate the internal circulation pathway is controlled via the reconnection X‐line(s), and by extension, the interplanetary magnetic field orientation. These results allow us to make clear and quantifiable arguments about the energy dynamics of Earth's magnetosphere, and the role of the lobes as an expandable reservoir that cannot retain energy for long periods of time but can grow and shrink in energy content due to mismatch between incoming and outgoing energy flux. Plain Language Summary: Results of computer simulation of near Earth space is looked at in a new way to understand how energy moves around the global system. It is found that in addition to a pathway of energy from the outside into the system and back again there is an internal loop which recirculates energy. These new methods will greatly improve our understanding how the whole magnetosphere system evolves and will help address evolution of processes that have space weather impacts. Key Points: Simulation results are used to quantify the global energy dynamics of Earth's magnetosphere in terms of energy pathwaysExternally during main phase most energy lost is from the closed region due to magnetopause erosion while most energy gained is through the lobe boundaryInternally, large amounts of energy is recirculated at the cusp from the closed to open field, then passed back to the closed region in the tail [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A characteristic feature of the main phase of geomagnetic storms is the dawn‐dusk asymmetric depression of low‐ and mid‐latitude ground magnetic fields, with largest depression in the dusk sector. Recent work has shown, using data taken from hundreds of storms, that this dawn‐dusk asymmetry is strongly correlated with enhancements of the dawnside westward electrojet and this has been interpreted as a "dawnside current wedge" (DCW). Its ubiquity suggests it is an important aspect of stormtime magnetosphere‐ionosphere (MI) coupling. In this work we simulate a moderate geomagnetic storm to investigate the mechanisms that give rise to the formation of the DCW. Using synthetic SuperMAG indices we show that the model reproduces the observed phenomenology of the DCW, namely the correlation between asymmetry in the low‐latitude ground perturbation and the dawnside high‐latitude ground perturbation. We further show that these periods are characterized by the penetration of mesoscale bursty bulk flows (BBFs) into the dawnside inner magnetosphere. In the context of this event we find that the development of the asymmetric ring current, which inflates the dusk‐side magnetotail, leads to asymmetric reconnection and dawnward‐biased flow bursts. This results in an eastward expansion and multiscale enhancement of the dawnside electrojet. The electrojet enhancement extends across the dawn quadrant with localized enhancements associated with the wedgelet current systems of the penetrating BBFs. Finally, we connect this work with recent studies that have shown rapid, localized ground variability on the dawnside which can lead to hazardous geomagnetically induced currents. Plain Language Summary: During geomagnetic storms, electric currents in space can have a dramatic effect on the magnetic field on the ground, causing so‐called geomagnetic disturbances (GMDs). Storm‐time GMDs exhibit a lopsided asymmetry: dusk‐biased near the equator and dawn‐biased at high latitudes where aurora usually occur. This asymmetry has been interpreted as a giant wedge‐like current system, a dawnside current wedge (DCW). Using a high‐resolution supercomputer model, we successfully reproduced the DCW and showed that it occurred during a period of intense, localized flow bursts, akin to bubbles, on the nightside of near‐Earth space. The bubbles' buoyancy propels them from the nightside inwards toward dawn, driving intense currents into the Earth's atmosphere. Our simulations suggest that the causal agent of these dawnside bubbles is magnetic reconnection, typically symmetric but skewed dawnward due to asymmetry in the ring current, a crescent‐shaped population of energetic ions in space which intensifies during geomagnetic storms. Understanding the cause of stormtime GMD asymmetry is not only important to characterize how electric currents bind the magnetosphere and upper atmosphere, but also to mitigate space weather hazards, as intense GMDs can disrupt and damage power systems on Earth. Key Points: Global model reproduces correlation between ring current asymmetry and dawnside electrojet inferred from hundreds of geomagnetic stormsAnalysis of the model reveals a dawnside current wedge mediated by mesoscale flow bursts and driven by an asymmetric substorm‐like processModel reveals multiscale enhancement of dawnside electrojet with space weather implications due to rapid, localized ground variability [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the existence and the size of the giant component in the stationary state of a Markovian model for bipartite multigraphs, in which the movement of the edge ends on one set of vertices of the bipartite graph is a zero-range process, the degrees being static on the other set. The analysis is based on approximations by independent variables and on the results of Molloy and Reed for graphs with prescribed degree sequences. The possible types of phase diagrams are identified by studying the behavior below the zero-range condensation point. As a specific example, we consider the so-called Evans interaction. In particular, we examine the values of a critical exponent, describing the growth of the giant component as the value of the dilution parameter controlling the connectivity is increased above the critical threshold. Rigorous analysis spans a large portion of the parameter space of the model exactly at the point of zero-range condensation. These results, supplemented with conjectures supported by Monte Carlo simulations, suggest that the phenomenological Landau theory for percolation on graphs is not broken by the fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]