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Purpose: This population‐based study examines the associations between physical activity (PA), residential environmental greenness, and cardiac health measured by resting short‐term heart rate variability (HRV). Methods: Residential greenness of a birth cohort sample (n = 5433) at 46 years was measured with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) by fixing a 1 km buffer around each participant's home. Daily light PA (LPA), moderate PA (MPA), vigorous PA (VPA), and the combination of both (MVPA) were measured using a wrist‐worn accelerometer for 14 days. Resting HRV was measured with a heart rate monitor, and generalized additive modeling (GAM) was used to examine the association between PA, NDVI, and resting HRV. Results: In nongreen areas, men had less PA at all intensity levels compared to men in green areas. Women had more LPA and total PA and less MPA, MVPA, and VPA in green residential areas compared to nongreen areas. In green residential areas, men had more MPA, MVPA, and VPA than women, whereas women had more LPA than men. GAM showed positive linear associations between LPA, MVPA and HRV in all models. Conclusions: Higher LPA and MVPA were significantly associated with increased HRV, irrespective of residential greenness. Greenness was positively associated with PA at all intensity levels in men, whereas in women, a positive association was found for LPA and total PA. A positive relationship of PA with resting HRV and greenness with PA was found. Residential greenness for promoting PA and heart health in adults should be considered in city planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A politician was fined for not removing Islamophobic comments posted by third parties on his public Facebook 'wall'. Whereas the Court had previously given special protection to political debate, it now found that the impact of racist and xenophobic discourse was greater and more damaging in the context of elections and that, as a politician, Mr Sanchez should have been more vigilant in the removal of illegal comments. The judgment has raised concerns about over-censorship and the possibility of third parties deliberately posting illegal content to harm a politician's online presence. However, the ruling does not address such a situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart cities rely on data, wireless technology, and connectivity; therefore, the radio spectrum is essential for their future development. This article provides an overview of the regulatory framework and relevant actors related to spectrum use, thereby promoting foreseeability and thus investment in the smart city ecosystem. The focus is the EU-level, but due to the importance of national and local levels, Finland functions as an example. The article highlights the important role of network slicing, infrastructure and spectrum sharing, other forms of cooperation for smart city development, and various operational models and alternatives. The article concludes that smart city operations are both possible and also supported by current regulation and allocation. Despite international and EU-level frameworks, national approaches remain relatively critical. Future real-life experiences will indicate the direction of spectrum regulation, but clearly smart cities require dynamic, local and flexible (use of) networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the associations of sedentary time, and substituting sedentary time with physical activity and sleep, with cardiometabolic health markers while accounting for a full 24 h of movement and non‐movement behaviors, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and other potential confounders. The participants were 4585 members of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, who wore a hip‐worn accelerometer at the age of 46 years for 14 consecutive days. Time spent in sedentary behaviors, light‐intensity physical activity (LPA), and moderate‐to‐vigorous‐intensity physical activity (MVPA) were determined from the accelerometer and combined with self‐reported sleep duration to obtain the 24‐h time use. CRF was estimated from the peak heart rate in a submaximal step test. An isotemporal substitution paradigm was used to examine how sedentary time and substituting sedentary time with an equal amount of LPA, MVPA, or sleep were associated with adiposity markers, blood lipid levels, and fasting glucose and insulin. Sedentary time was independently and adversely associated with the markers of cardiometabolic health, even after adjustment for CRF, but not in partition models including LPA, MVPA, sleep, and CRF. Substituting 60, 45, 30, and 15 min/day of sedentary time with LPA or MVPA was associated with 0.2%–13.7% favorable differences in the cardiometabolic health markers after accounting for LPA, MVPA, sleep, CRF, and other confounders. After adjustment for movement and non‐movement behaviors within the 24‐h cycle, reallocating additional time to both LPA and MVPA was beneficially associated with markers of cardiometabolic health in middle‐aged adults regardless of their CRF level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a Finnish Supreme Administrative Court judgment involving data processing by the company S Oy, which manages rental housing. The company collected personal identification codes of residents and their children. The Deputy Data Protection Ombudsman banned processing children's data without proper justification.

While social media services offer a useful platform for obtaining information as well as presenting and commenting on opinions, people can still be silenced by fear of hate speech and insults on the Internet. As a result, the expanded freedom of expression can also reduce the range of opinions and information. This article identifies and analyses the conditions under which online communication platform administrators can be held liable for user-generated content. The focus is on the criteria laid down by the ECtHR in recent cases. The outcome is that liability is exceptional, arising mainly in cases of inciting hatred and violence. Although the Digital Services Act, with its notice-and-action mechanism, offers a cheaper, faster, and often more effective way of reducing insulting and defamatory speech than court proceedings, the impact of the mechanism on freedom of expression and freedom to conduct business must be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeologists have been using luminescence to date pottery in South America since the late 1970s, inspired by early success in northern Chile. However, luminescence dates have not been rigorously compared to independent dating methods, which this paper's goal. First, we present a compilation of 94 paired 14C and luminescence dates from the southern Andes, which reveals discrepancies across a range of contexts and ages. Second, we compare two Bayesian models of sets of 14C and thermoluminescence (TL) dates from three ceramic styles in the Azapa Valley, Chile, and the Inca occupation of Mendoza, Argentina. We find that only the 14C models produce results that agree with expectations based on independent data. Third, we present results from a pilot study in Mendoza that dated 6 sherds with 3 luminescence methods each and closely associated 14C dates. The reasons for disagreement between methods remain unclear, but Andean sediments with low and unstable luminescence sensitivity seem to be an important factor. Even though some luminescence ages are accurate, the clear trend of inconsistent results leads us to recommend that archaeologists use 14C rather than luminescence dates to build cultural chronologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical and mineralogical characterization of seven ceramic fragments produced within Tiwanaku state (c.500–1000 ce) is reported. The instrumental techniques used included X‐ray elemental and mineralogical chemical analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning and light microscopy. The results indicate there are several clay types, although they show similarities, such as the use of a plant‐based temper. The red colour of the decoration is hematite, and manganese oxides such as jacobsite are present in the black. The white colour is a mixture of gypsum and clay, and the orange is a mixture of hematite and clay. The use of colours, the quality of the clays and the temperatures reached during pottery firing point to expertise in ceramic production and to complex decision‐making processes. The multi‐elemental archaeometric approach documented here could become an important tool to shed a light on ancient ceramic technology and the internal variance of Tiwanaku pottery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers an overview of the implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union (EU) in Finland. The government has used the GDPR and the country's Data Protection Act to protect personal data. The legal basis for data processing in certain cases applying the act is discussed, as well as the authority of the Office of the Data Protection Ombudsman in enforcing both measures.

Protection of privacy is currently a debated topic with regard to collecting and processing of location data via smartphones. This article seeks to discover whether meaningful protection of privacy is fostered by default location settings and the practice of seeking users' permission by requiring approval of general terms and conditions, or if these instead cause users to unknowingly share location data. The article also asks whether such practices comply with human rights law and European Union (EU) data protection law. Moreover, the article discusses whether it is feasible to adopt transparent, explicit and specific steps to secure user privacy at all levels of smartphone usage, and argues that users should enjoy some control over personal data associated with smartphone usage, including location, and that this control should be executed under a legal arrangement which also secures users' privacy and enables app developers' or operating system providers' lawful purposes with regard to processing location data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]