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In this paper, the analytical technique is adopted to investigate the behaviours of the various patients in the non-Newtonian type model of a Walters' B fluid through a porous medium with the interactive impact of thermal radiation, heat generation/absorption and diffusion thermo impact in the presence of thermal diffusion and chemical reaction. The highly nonlinear systems of equations responsible for the behaviours of the model are modified to the system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations via the fluid variables. The converted equations are executed by Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM). The significance of magnetic parameter, local Weissenberg number as well as other parameters encountered are discussed accordingly. Among the major finding is the variation in thermal buoyancy parameter, which accelerates the motion of the fluid and cools the problem with a significant role of cooling of the system and other electronic panels in the science-related field while the quiescent-fluid gained thermal-effect on the account of the penetration of strong convective-heating for different values of convective-heat parameter which contributes to the drying of material components in technological-related disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates heat and mass transfer in a Magnetohydrodynamic flow over a moving vertical plate with convective boundary condition in the presence of thermal radiation. Similarity method is used to transform the system of coupled non-linear partial differential equations, governing the flow, heat and mass transfer problems to a system of coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations. The resulting equation is then solved, using Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM). The effect of thermal radiation, Magnetic Parameter and all other parameters encountered in the course of the investigation were examined on the fluid flow, heat and mass transfer. The results show among all other obtained that higher values of radiation parameter pioneer the dominance of conduction over radiation and consequently depressed the thermal boundary layer thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive set of photon fluence-to-dose response functions (DRFs) is presented for two radiosensitive skeletal tissues--active and total shallow marrow--within 15 and 32 bone sites, respectively, of the ICRP reference adult male. The functions were developed using fractional skeletal masses and associated electron-absorbed fractions as reported for the UF hybrid adult male phantom, which in turn is based upon micro-CT images of trabecular spongiosa taken from a 40 year male cadaver. The new DRFs expand upon both the original set of seven functions produced in 1985, and a 2007 update calculated under the assumption of secondary electron escape from spongiosa. In this study, it is assumed that photon irradiation of the skeleton will yield charged particle equilibrium across all spongiosa regions at energies exceeding 200 keV. Kerma coefficients for active marrow, inactive marrow, trabecular bone and spongiosa at higher energies are calculated using the DRF algorithm setting the electron-absorbed fraction for self-irradiation to unity. By comparing kerma coefficients and DRF functions, dose enhancement factors and mass energy-absorption coefficient (MEAC) ratios for active marrow to spongiosa were derived. These MEAC ratios compared well with those provided by the NIST Physical Reference Data Library (mean difference of 0.8%), and the dose enhancement factors for active marrow compared favorably with values calculated in the well-known study published by King and Spiers (1985 Br. J. Radiol. 58 345-56) (mean absolute difference of 1.9 percentage points). Additionally, dose enhancement factors for active marrow were shown to correlate well with the shallow marrow volume fraction (R2 = 0.91). Dose enhancement factors for the total shallow marrow were also calculated for 32 bone sites representing the first such derivation for this target tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjective:To evaluate current practice patterns in U.S. emergency departments (EDs) for the diagnosis, treatment, and counseling of patients with ureteral calculi.Methods:Hospital-based ED physicians were invited by e-mail to participate in a Survey-Monkey survey. E-mails were delivered in March 2008 by Direct Medical Data using a listserv provided by the American Medical Association. Of the e-mails sent, 173 e-mails were opened, and 135 physicians responded. Physicians were compensated with a $10 Amazon.com gift card.Results:Ninety percent of ED physicians use noncontrast CT as their initial imaging modality, and 63% use alpha-blockers for medical expulsive therapy. Only 13% of evaluated EDs have guidelines for the management of renal colic, and only 58% of these guidelines that recommend the use of an alpha-blocker. Alpha-blocker use was more common with physicians who have been practicing fewer than 5 years (81%) compared with those with more than 10 years of experience (56%). The majority of physicians used ketorolac and morphine to achieve effective analgesia. Although the average responses concerning the chance of spontaneous stone passage for stones ≤4 mm (87%) and >4 mm (44%) were close to evidence-based values, great variation in the answers was noted (standard deviations: 12% and 22%, respectively). Indeed, 38% of respondents stated that stones ≤4 mm had a >95% chance of passage. Twenty-eight percent of ED physicians would arrange follow-up with a primary care physician, while the remainder would arrange follow-up with a urologist.Conclusions:This study establishes a need for educational opportunities for ED physicians in the management of renal colic. The development of collaborative practice guidelines between urology and emergency medicine associations may be warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of Lipschitz $p$-summing operator is introduced. A nonlinear Pietsch factorization theorem is proved for such operators, and it is shown that a Lipschitz $p$-summing operator that is linear is a $p$-summing operator in the usual sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Placing a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt in children with hydrocephalus is the standard of care. Many of these children will require revision of this portion of the shunt for a variety of reasons. Previously, it was thought that in a child with multiple previous ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (VPS) revisions, laparoscopy was contraindicated. This study aims to show that laparoscopy can be used safely and effectively in children with multiple previous ventriculo-peritoneal shunt surgeries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Laparoscopically assisted placement of the peritoneal portion of the ventriculo-peritoneal shunt in children with multiple previous VPS revisions was performed in 8 consecutive children (4 female) with ages ranging from 7 months to 18 years between May 2003 and September 2007. All eight children had undergone more than two previous VPS operations. All shunts were placed in areas free of adhesions and flow was observed under direct visualization. RESULTS: All of the procedures were successful; none needed conversion to the standard mini-laparotomy approach. No obvious or occult injury to the abdominal components was noted during hospitalization or during follow-up. Six of 8 patients required lysis of adhesions at the time of the revision. Average length of hospital stay was 2.6 days and no revisions of the abdominal portion of the VPS have been required by any of the 8 patients after laparoscopic revision. Previously unknown complications of shunt surgery were corrected in 1 of 8 children. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic placement of the peritoneal portion of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt can be done safely and effectively in children with multiple previous VPS revisions due to improved visualization and placement of the shunt tip in a virgin area of the abdomen. Additionally, any known or unknown complications from previous VPS surgeries can be corrected with the laparoscopic approach. When combined with the reduction in pain, shorter hospital stay, and fewer immediate and future complications, this is the procedure of choice for patients requiring revision VPS surgeries in our hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone-eating worms of the genus Osedax colonized and grew on cow bones deployed at depths ranging from 385 to 2893m in Monterey Bay, California. Colonization occurred as rapidly as two months following deployment of the cow bones, similar to the time it takes to colonize exposed whalebones. Some Osedax females found on the cow bones were producing eggs and some hosted dwarf males in their tubes. Morphological and molecular examinations of these worms confirmed the presence of six Osedax species, out of the eight species presently known from Monterey Bay. The ability of Osedax species to colonize, grow and reproduce on cow bones challenges previous notions that these worms are ‘whale-fall specialists.’ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract   Objective The study aimed to assess adherence of prescribed medication in primary care to nationally recognised guideline criteria using case note review applying a previously developed medication assessment tool for coronary heart disease (MAT-CHD). Setting Primary care medical centre serving 17,991 patients. A sample of 208 from 463 patients with type 2 diabetes aged 20–75 years with or without a history of ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Method Patients’ records were accessed via medical and pharmacy databases. The criteria of the 23-item audit tool were applied to medical records from case notes in order to quantify adherence to individual guideline criteria. Main outcome measure Frequency of adherence to agreed definitions of medication use quality criteria. Results A total of 1,433 guideline criteria were applied and 1,107 (77.2%, CI: 75.0, 79.4) criteria standards were met with 326 (22.7%, CI: 20.6, 25.0) non-adherences. The overall adherence to guideline criteria was significantly lower for secondary prevention than for primary prevention (74.4 vs. 80.1%, P Conclusion The MAT-CHD highlighted areas for review and possible improvement. The tool can be used in primary care from case record examination and offers a means of co-operation between community pharmacists and general practitioners in clinical guideline implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract.  Honey bees store their large supply of honey at the top and, to a lesser extent, along the edges of their nests. Whether this pattern is the result of preferences for where nectar is deposited is unclear. Camazine, in a path breaking study of pattern formation, found evidence that workers deposit nectar at random, while Free and Williams in an earlier study found evidence that bees prefer to deposit nectar into particular types of comb. Here we reexamine this question. We tested three hypotheses, all of which posit that bees have adaptive biases which allow them to deposit nectar directly into the most useful locations. We found that bees have preferences for depositing nectar into cells at the top of the nest, into old vs. new comb, and into interior facing comb vs. comb facing the exterior environment. These preferences may ensure that nectar is placed directly into those regions where it will ultimately be stored. They may also result in an optimal pattern of comb usage with respect to brood rearing. This work, along with the results of previous studies, suggests that comb usage patterns may reflect competing selective pressures and be more complicated than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveTo report on the fruit, vegetable and salad intakes of Liverpool schoolchildren aged 9?10 years over a 5-year period (2000?2005).DesignCross-sectional observational study.SettingBetween 75 and 100 Liverpool primary schools took part in each survey year.SubjectsSubjects consisted of five separate cohorts of 9?10-year-old children from all areas of the city.Main outcome measuresNumber and proportion of boys and girls who reported eating fruit, vegetables and salad on the previous day.ResultsThere was an upward trend in the reported intake of fruit between 2002 and 2005. Girls were more likely than boys to report eating fruit (P?

An adult male dromedary bull was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis (Tb). The dromedary was severely emaciated and died 2 months after the onset of the disease. It exhibited typical Tb lesions in both lungs and lung lymph nodes. A guinea pig inoculated with lung tissue from the Tb camel died after 3 weeks from typical Tb. Mycobacteria were isolated from the dromedary's lung and lung lymph nodes and also from different organs of the guinea pig. The microorganism was identified as member of the antelope clade of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells have been developed extensively since their introduction over thirty years ago. A key component, the polymer electrolyte membrane, acts as both a separator and an electrolyte in the operating fuel cell. Composite membranes offer the capability of using a wide variety of ionomeric polymers that may be mechanically too weak to use as freestanding films. These thinner membranes can replace thicker non‐reinforced membranes, thereby increasing performance while simultaneously increasing durability. However, additional advancements will be necessary to meet aggressive operating conditions of higher temperatures and/or lower humidities, as well as longer operating lifetimes demanded in both stationary and automotive applications. In this paper, these challenges for fuel cell membranes are considered.PEM membrane requirements are discussed in terms of two different parameters: temperature and relative humidity. The effect of these two operating parameters on the proton conductivity of PEM fuel cell membranes and the resulting effect on fuel cell performance are examined using experimental observations. Numerical simulations are used to assess the influence of water transport properties on the local hydration state of the membrane inside the running fuel cell. Finally, the challenge of longer membrane life is explored by examination of recent studies on reinforced and non‐reinforced membranes. These results illustrate the benefit of reinforced membranes in terms of membrane durability and therefore cell lifetime. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract An ad hoc network is a group of wireless mobile computers (or nodes), in which individual nodes cooperate by forwarding packets for each other to allow nodes to communicate beyond direct wireless transmission range. Prior research in ad hoc networking has generally studied the routing problem in a non-adversarial setting, assuming a trusted environment. In this paper, we present attacks against routing in ad hoc networks, and we present the design and performance evaluation of a new secure on-demand ad hoc network routing protocol, called Ariadne. Ariadne prevents attackers or compromised nodes from tampering with uncompromised routes consisting of uncompromised nodes, and also prevents many types of Denial-of-Service attacks. In addition, Ariadne is efficient, using only highly efficient symmetric cryptographic primitives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stromboli Volcano in Italy is a persistently active, complex volcanic system. In May 2002 activity was confined to 3 major summit craters within which several active vents hosted multiple explosions each hour. During a 5-day field campaign an array of 3 low-frequency microphones was installed to investigate the coherent infrasound produced by degassing from these vents. Consistent phase lags across the 3 stations indicate distinct sources that are subsequently investigated to determine the associated vent location, apparent depth, and origin time. The cross-correlation routine allows for variations in comparison window length, waveform filtering bandwidth, and correlation and consistency thresholds, allowing for improved detection of certain types of degassing sources. Identification of activity at the various vents could be subsequently corroborated with 3 channels of synchronously acquired thermal data and video. During the May 2002 experiment persistent, energetic infrasound was observed from a passive degassing source within the Central Crater (CC) and transient infrasound, produced by discrete Strombolian explosions, was identified at 4 additional vents. The continuous infrasound produced by the CC exhibits variable frequency-dependent correlation lag times that are interpreted as a diffraction effect due to the acoustic radiator’s recessed location within a steep-walled crater. Such dispersion has important implications for accurate eruption source modeling because it indicates that infrasonic waveforms may be significantly filtered during propagation. Transient explosion signals from the Northeast Crater (NEC) and Southwest Crater (SWC) vents also exhibit dynamic correlation lag times, but this scatter may be more reasonably attributed to variable epicentral locations. Explosions from the NEC west vent, for instance, appear to emanate from a diffuse zone with a lateral extent in excess of 10 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snow water equivalent (SWE) sensors can experience errors when the base of the snow cover is at the melting temperature, the snow can support shear stresses (assumed to occur at densities greater than 200 kg m-3), and the rate of snowmelt on the sensor is different than on the surrounding ground. Either undermeasurement or overmeasurement errors may occur at critical times when the snow cover transitions from winter to spring conditions and at the start of periods of rapid snowmelt. Parameters to determine the onset of SWE sensor undermeasurement errors are defined by a negative rate of change for SWE, a negative rate of change for snow density, and an increasing snow depth. For the onset of overmeasurement errors, the rate of change for SWE will be positive while snow depth decreases and the snow density rate of change exceeds a defined positive threshold. When the snow temperature and density error conditions and the three under- or over-measurement error-indicator parameters are satisfied at the same time, an SWE sensor error has started. Real-time correction of the errors is done by multiplying the average snow cover density, set at the start of the error, with the snow depth. Once the error event ends, when the corrected SWE and SWE sensor data intersect, SWE is again determined from SWE sensor measurements. SWE sensor errors were accurately detected and corrected for five different sensors located in maritime and intermountain climatic zones when high-quality SWE sensor, snow or air temperature, and snow depth measurements were available. Implementation of the error detection and correction method requires simultaneous measurements of SWE, snow depth, and snow temperature near the ground. Improved error correction can be achieved by incorporating precipitation data and estimates of snow density due to retained rain or snow melt. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of 2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran (DHF) as a temperature-controlled gelation agent for chitosan under acidic conditions has been examined by dynamic oscillatory and viscometry techniques. In particular, the rate and extent of gelation have been examined over a range of different temperatures (40?98 °C), DHF concentrations (10?100 mM) and pH conditions (0.9?2.1). The gelation time, t G, decreases, and the maximum gelation rate increases substantially as a function of rising temperature. When fit with a simple Arrhenius function, the t G data yield an activation energy for gelation of 55±8 kJ mol -1. Gelation is found to occur on the shortest time-scale, and the strongest gels result, at the highest DHF concentrations investigated. Similarly, the gelation rate and gel strength are highest for the most acidic solution conditions examined. Experimental findings are interpreted in terms of a competition between the crosslinking reaction (which drives gel formation, and is initially dominant) and protolytic decomposition of chitosan (which disrupts the gel structure, and becomes increasingly important as time progresses). Syneresis phenomena additionally impact results obtained at DHF concentrations =50 mM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2 was isolated from wilting and dying plants of sulla (Hedysarum coronarium), which is currently being assessed in eastern and southern Australia for its potential as a pasture and forage legume. Infected plants in the field had extensive rotting of the taproot, lateral roots and crown. Koch's postulates were fulfilled using three inoculation methods. The disease may pose a considerable threat to the potential use of H. coronarium in the dryland, grazing farming systems of Australia, with resistance offering the most viable option for minimising its impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We construct a Taylor tower for functors from pointed categories to abelian categories via cotriples associated to cross effect functors. The tower was inspired by Goodwillie's Taylor tower for functors of spaces, and is related to Dold and Puppe's stable derived functors and Mac Lane's $Q$-construction. We study the layers, $D_{n}F=\text{\rm fiber}(P_{n}F\rightarrow P_{n-1}F)$, and the limit of the tower. For the latter we determine a condition on the cross effects that guarantees convergence. We define differentials for functors, and establish chain and product rules for them. We conclude by studying exponential functors in this setting and describing their Taylor towers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theory of pressure sensor response in snow is derived and used to examine the sources of measurement errors in snow water equivalent (SWE) pressure sensors. Measurement errors in SWE are caused by differences in the compressibility of the pressure sensor and the adjacent snow layer, which produces a shear stress along the perimeter of the sensor. When the temperature at the base of the snow cover equals 0 °C, differences in the snowmelt rate between the snow–SWE sensor interface and the adjacent snow–soil interface may also produce a shear stress along the sensor's perimeter. This shear stress perturbs the pressure field over the sensor, producing SWE measurement errors. Snow creep acts to reduce shear stresses along the SWE sensor's perimeter at a rate that is inversely proportional to the snow viscosity. For sustained periods of differential snowmelt, a difference in the mass of snow over the sensor compared with the surrounding soil will develop, producing additional permanent errors in SWE measurements. The theory indicates that SWE pressure sensor performance can be improved by designing a sensor with a high Young's modulus (low compressibility), low aspect ratio, large diameter and thermal properties that match those of the surrounding soil. Simulations of SWE pressure sensor errors using the theory are in close agreement with observed errors and may provide a means to correct historical SWE measurements for use in hydrological hindcast or climate studies. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oncology nursing is a long-established specialty in the practice of professional nursing. The paradigm shift to a more holistic perspective in health care is affecting not only the delivery of care but also the beliefs and value of nurses who work with people experiencing cancer. This article will examine the role of holistic theory and complementary therapies as innovations in nursing education and nursing practice. Suggestions for assessing and planning for an integrative approach to intervention will be discussed. Outcomes from a senior nursing student survey concerning the integration of holistic nursing and complementary therapies will be described. The future offers many challenges for professional nursing as a major player in today's health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chaetognath species composition, diversity and depth distribution were investigated inside and outside a warm-core ring off the north-east coast of Japan. Time series samples were collected at a station inside a Kuroshio warm-core ring (KWCR) and at a station in the surrounding Oyashio water. Greater mean abundance of 2.51 ± 0.116 (mean ± SE) chaetognaths m-3 was found outside the ring compared with 1.75 ± 0.321 chaetognaths m-3 collected within the ring. However, species diversity values were higher within the KWCR (Shannon-Weaver index). Eukrohnia hamata was the dominant species outside the ring, comprising 79.8-87.9% of the total chaetognaths per haul. Inside, Sagitta minima was dominant, comprising 35.1-44.3%. Most E. hamata were collected in deeper layers within the KWCR and their abundance was on average only 9% of that found in the Oyashio region. Only E. hamata and Sagitta scrippsae had different depth distributions in the KWCR. The vertical distribution of E. hamata by body size appeared altered by the KWCR. Although the mean length of E. hamata was not significantly different between regions, sexual development appeared inhibited in the ring. Sagitta elegans collected in the KWCR were mostly small in size (<10 mm), significantly smaller than in the Oyashio water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female green swordtails, Xiphophorus helleri, show a mating preference for males with brightly colored, elongated swords. This preference is thought to be due to a preexisting receiver bias favoring longer sworded males. In this study, we examined variation in the expression of this sword bias in females. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that an increase in perceived predation risk will decrease female response to males with longer swords. We used a video playback experiment to evaluate female choice between two recordings of a displaying male that differed only in sword length. We scored responses of females to these recordings immediately before and after they had been exposed to a video recording of a predation event between a cichlid and a male possessing a long sword. We found that prior to exposure to this predation event, females preferred the male with the longer sword. However, after exposure to the predator, females altered their mating response, preferring the male with the sword removed. Exposure to the predator also caused an increase in the frequency with which females moved from potential mating positions to a neutral zone. The results presented here suggest that the female preference for males with longer swords can be modulated based on the perceived risk of predation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove that for 1 = p < r < 2, every n-dimensional subspace E of L r, in particular l r n , well-embeds into l p m for some m = (1 + $$\epsilon$$) n, where ?well? depends on p, r, and the arbitrary $$\epsilon$$ > 0, but not on n. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Primary Care Informatics Working Group (PCIWG) of the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) has identified the absence of a national strategy for primary care informatics. Under PCIWG leadership, major national and international societies have come together to create the National Alliance for Primary Care Informatics (NAPCI), to promote a connection between the informatics community and the organisations that support primary care. The PCIWG clinical practice subcommittee has recognised the necessity of a global needs assessment, and proposed work in point-of-care technology, clinical vocabularies, and ambulatory electronic medical record development. Educational needs include a consensus statement on informatics competencies, recommendations for curriculum and teaching methods, and methodologies to evaluate their effectiveness. The research subcommittee seeks to define a primary care informatics research agenda, and to support and disseminate informatics research throughout the primary care community. The AMIA board of directors has enthusiastically endorsed the conceptual basis for this White Paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following Davie's example of a Banach space failing the approximation property (1973), we show how to construct a Banach space $E$ which is asymptotically Hilbertian and fails the approximation property. Moreover, the space $E$ is shown to be a subspace of a space with an unconditional basis which is ``almost'' a weak Hilbert space and which can be written as the direct sum of two subspaces all of whose subspaces have the approximation property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The best constant and the extreme cases in an inequality of H.P. Rosenthal, relating the $p$ moment of a sum of independent symmetric random variables to that of the $p$ and $2$ moments of the individual variables, are computed in the range $24$. The qualitative nature of the extreme cases turns out to be different for $p<4$ than for $p>4$. The method developed yields results in some more general and other related moment inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A renorming of $\ell _{1}$, explored here in detail, shows that the copies of $\ell _{1}$ produced in the proof of the Kadec-Pe{l }czy{n}ski theorem inside nonreflexive subspaces of $L_{1}[0,1]$ cannot be produced inside general nonreflexive spaces that contain copies of $\ell _{1}$. Put differently, James's distortion theorem producing one-plus-epsilon-isomorphic copies of $\ell _{1}$ inside any isomorphic copy of $\ell _{1}$ is, in a certain sense, optimal. A similar renorming of $c_{0}$ shows that James's distortion theorem for $c_{0}$ is likewise optimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]